Methods of investigation of structure

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmadabad Afflicted
Sarvajanik college of Engineering & Technology
A
PowerPoint presentation
On
Methods of investigation of structure.
Under subject of Fiber Physic
B.E.II, Semester- IV
(Textile Technology)
Submitted by
Group:
Submitted By:
Parth Khachariya 130420129017
Parth Chaklashiya 130420129006
---Faculty Guide---
Mr.Hiren Amin

WHAT IS STRUCTURE INVESTIGATION OF
FIBRE
•The structure investigation of fibre means, measuring of
fibre structure manly introduce the fibre composition, length,
weight, thickness, fineness, flexibility, stability etc…
•Its is also study of the structure and physical property of
fibers
•Investigation of fiber structure help to acquire knowledge
about fiber an its composition for improving use of fiber in
textile.
•Investigation is done by using different method to determine
the chemical group, molecular spacing, chemical bonding,
crystalline, orientation, apical turn, molecular packing, cross-
section …

METHODS OF FIBER STRUCTURE
INVESTIGATION:
Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)
Infra red rendition method
Optical and x-ray diffraction
Thermal analysis
Optical microscopy
Optical properties
Density
Electron microscopy and electron diffraction

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE(NMR)
•Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mostly
commonly known's as NMR spectroscopy.
•Is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties
of certain atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical
property of atom or molecules of fiber.
•NMR provide detailed information about the structure,
dynamic , reaction state and chemical environment of
molecules
•In resonance phenomena the energy absorbed can be caused
to varying two way:
1) Either by scanning through a range of frequency, with
maximum at the resonant frequency
2) by running through a change of magnetic field at
constant frequency

•Differentiation of the curve aids interpretation. The ratio of
the intensity of the broad band to the intensity of the narrow
band gives a measure of the crystalline/non- crystalline ratio
in the material
•What is ever more interesting is
the fact that the width of the broad
band give a measure of the rigidity
of the more highly ordered
material. statton has shown crystal
lattice ,but it is also interesting that
it increases on drawing nylon and
increases still more on hot
stretching.

•Statton as indication in fig terms the parameter derived from
the broadband width the matrix rigidity, since the width
depend on how firmly the resonating atom is held within the
surrounding matrix of highly ordered material. In a perfect
crystal, the width would be firmly in small or defective
crystal, it would be less .In a similar way, the width of the
narrow band could indicate how firmly individual atoms are
held within their matrix of less ordered regions.

OPTICAL DIFFRACTION
•When a beam of light is passed through
a photographic slide, the light is scattered
in many directions.
•By using a lens in the right place, we
can recombine this scattered information
about the picture into an image on a
screen.
•Example: There is a characteristic
diffraction pattern from a single slit. The
difference between the image that must
be focused at a particular place and the
angular diffraction pattern that can be
intercepted anywhere is shown in Fig.

•The use of polarized light in either of the
above two techniques changes the pattern
and thus, in principle, increases the
available information about structure if it
can be interpreted.
•A diffraction grating of regularly spaced
lines, illuminated normally by parallel light,
will give a set of fringes, with the maxima
of the bright bands at angles φ defined by
the relation:
nλ = a sinφ
Where n is an integer, λ the wavelength
of light and a the spacing of the lines in
the grating

X-RAY DIFFRACTION
 In Bragg’s law, when x-rays are scattered
from a crystal lattice, peaks of scattered
intensity are observed which correspond to
the following conditions:
 The angle of incidence = angle of
scattering.
 The path length difference is equal to an
integer number of wavelengths.
 The condition for maximum intensity
contained in Bragg's law above allow us
to calculate details about the crystal
structure, or if the crystal structure is
known, to determine the wavelength of
the x-rays incident upon the crystal.
 n λ = 2d sin θ

X-RAY DIFFRACTION
 The condition that a
particular reflection should
occur is that the layer of
atoms should make the
required angle with the X-
ray beam. This will happen
for a series of orientations
of the crystals distributed
around a cone. The X-rays
will be reflected around a
cone of twice this angle, as
shown in Fig.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRON
DIFFRACTION
 Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons.
However, from a technical or practical point of view, it may be
regarded as a technique used to study matter by firing electrons
at a sample and observing the resulting interference pattern. This
phenomenon is commonly known as the wave-particle duality,
which states that the behavior of a particle of matter can be
described by a wave.
 Normal optical microscope we can find out up to 0.5 Å only.
 By using of electron microscope we can able to find out up to 5
Å.
 The rays from electron source are condensed on the specimen.
 Contrast in the image depends on the variation in scattering of
the electrons by parts of the specimen of differing density.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRON
DIFFRACTION
 Electron microscope method
is better to examining the
surface of the fiber
 The main use of EM in fiber
science has been in the range
of medium to high
magnification, which is near
or beyond the limit of the
microscope .

Methods of investigation of structure

Methods of investigation of structure

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Methods of investigation of structure