methods of philosophizing in the introduction to the philosophy
- 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1 2.2. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth PPT11/12-Id-2.2 2.3. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth PPT11/12-Id-2.3 2.4. Evaluate opinions PPT11/12-Ie-2.4
- 3. ACTIVITY 1. The sun is the center of the solar system. 2. Asia is the largest continent in the world. 3. God made the world in seven days 4. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 5. China’s continued presence in the Spratlys is a violation of international law. 6. A person must always consider the interest of his or her family before his or her own happiness. 7. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an oppressive government. 8. The President has done very little to uphold democracy and look after the interests of the Filipino people. Which of the following statements are TRUE?
- 4. Today, we encounter a lot of information from various sources such as media and the internet.
- 5. Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. Knowledge must be fruitful to gain validity and acceptance.
- 6. Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value. PROPOSITIONS are statements about the world or reality and may or may not carry truth.
- 7. What is truth and why is it important?
- 8. KNOWLEDG E-Is the clear awareness and understanding of something … the product of questioning that seeks for clear answers provided by facts.. … our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true…
- 9. BIRDS Let’s talk about your knowledge of: I know that …. I know how …. I know why ….
- 10. LOVE Let’s talk about your knowledge of: I know that …. I know how …. I know why ….
- 11. HUMAN PERSON Let’s talk about your knowledge of: I know that …. I know how …. I know why ….
- 12. There are statements that are not evidently or immediately known to be true. These are called CLAIMS. Further examination is required to establish its truthfulness.
- 13. TRUTHFUL STATEMENTS Statements that are based on facts. Science considers truth as something observable and empirical. While, Philosophy has various views.
- 14. TRUTHFUL STATEMENTS •Philosophers emphasize the importance of beliefs as a basis for the determining the truth. One perspective on truth-- Belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. .
- 16. • Exist in Reality • INDISPUTIBLE . - A fact is a reality that cannot be logically disputed or rejected.
- 17. • UNCHANGEABLE - Facts are concrete realities that no amount of reasoning will change. • Facts are not discovered, facts are not created, facts are simply acknowledged.
- 18. How do we know if something is true? Can be justified or proven Based on facts Getting a consensus of many people
- 19. Determining truth inthis case requires apersontoprove a statementthroughanaction. This canbetrueif they canbe applied inreallife.
- 20. Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests to determine truth and to prove their validity.
- 21. How do we discover truths?
- 22. Discovering truths aboutoneself is merely theFIRST steptoward exploring knowledgeand truth.
- 23. DOUBT Has a very important purpose. Doubt helps determine the truth Claims, evidence and experience is scrutinized and analyzed Nothing is taken as TRUE unless there is sufficient reason and evidence to prove it.
- 24. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion?
- 25. 1.Teenagers, like you, are emotional and irresponsible. 2. Men are more likely to cheat than women. 3. A cheater is always a cheater.
- 26. FACT or OPINION??? 1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school. 2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for transportation. 3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. 4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me. 5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs. 6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes our police force.
- 27. Good Afternoon
- 28. Why are we having a misunderstanding?
- 29. OPINION - Statements that provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations CONCLUSION - A judgement based on certain facts but can still be contested or questioned. BELIEFS - Statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.
- 30. ARGUMENT - Series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader/listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. LOGIC A branch of Philosophy that focuses on the analysis of arguments EXPLANATION - Statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why.
- 31. Fallacies are called errors in reasoning. Fallacy comes from the word Fallo or Fallere which means “Error in Reasoning”
- 32. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM Attacking the person’s character instead of the argument itself. Example: “Do not believe the Senator. Whatever she says are lies because she is having an affair with her driver and they have a video scandal.”
- 33. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM Use of threat or force to advance an argument. Example: “If you don’t kiss me I’ll post your picture on the internet.”
- 34. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM Using emotions as pity or sympathy . Example: “Sir, maawa na kayo, if you won’t pass me in your subject, my parents will disown me”
- 35. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM OR MOB FALLACY An attempt to influence the judgment of people by appealing to the prejudices and attitudes or as endorsed by a celebrity. Example: •Many believed that…. •So, I will believe in it….
- 36. APPEAL TO TRADITION An idea is acceptable because it has been practiced for a long time. Example: “Chinese people will only marry Chinese people.”
- 37. FALLACY OF HASTY GENERALIZATION OR FALLACY OF ACCIDENT This fallacy arises as the result of the conclusion “what is true of the whole is true of the parts”. Example: “Sonny belongs to an intelligent family. For sure he is also very intelligent.”
- 38. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT Assuming a “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events. Example: “Ever since you moved to that house, you have become so problematic!”
- 39. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION This fallacy arises as the result of the conclusion “what is true of the parts is true of the whole. Example: “Sonny is a very intelligent person”. I believe he belongs to a family of intelligent people. “
- 40. FALLACY OF WEAK ANALOGY This fallacy rests on analogies . Example: There was a lady who believed she will get rich without doing anything…. So, she did become rich…. And so, shall we.
- 41. FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION Equal (Equi) sound (Vocare) but different meaning. Example: •“A king is a ruler.” •“A ruler is a measuring device.”
- 42. IGNORANTIAM An argument is true if it cannot be proven false.. Example: •Aswang exists. If they don’t, prove it.
- 43. BEGGING THE QUESTION OR PETITIO PRINCIPII This fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an argument merely restates the same query. -circular argument Example: I have the right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking
- 45. What should we consider when looking at arguments or opinions?
- 46. • Improve understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas. • Help to form one’s own personal point of view • Help determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable HOW CAN UNDERSTANDING of the DIFFERENCE between TRUTH and OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM?
- 72. What is that one truth that you regret not telling someone? (Ano yung isang katotohanan na pinagsisihan mong hindi nasabi sa isang tao?)
- 73. What is that one truth/reality in your life that is difficult for you to accept? (Ano ang isang katotohanan sa buhay mo na hindi mo matangap)
- 74. What is that one truth about yourself that you wish the others would see on you? (Ano ang isang katotohanan sa iyo, sa sarili mo o sa buhay mo na ninanais mong makita rin ing ibang tao sa iyo?)
Editor's Notes
- #3: Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Why? Which of the statements are obviously true? Which one required more thought to determine their truthfulness? Which of these statements may be true for others but not true in your judgement? Which of these statements do you personally believe to be true but maybe disputed by other people?
- #4: Most of the information is helpful, some mislead or may be utterly false. Example: Misled by claims of “miracle drugs” which were eventually proven no significant effects, fake news in Internet or sensational headlines which often twist and distort the truth
- #7: Before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, since “it is through knowing that we are able to determine the truth”.
- #18: Proven – through the use of senses and FACTS - facts to guide us in our search for truth Consensus – has limitations, not all agreed upon are true Truths are highly relative
- #19: *experiences– that is why truths vary. What is true to you may not be true to me.
- #20: Not all truths are facts; but all facts are true Research, Stats, Experiments are tested to prove their validity. Research is an evidence of facts. Facts are therefore true!
- #21: Underlying philosophy: “everything starts from within”
- #23: Ancient greek philosphers approached the problem of truth by looking at the nature of knowledge and how we know what we know. Assume that everything we know is true, but philosophers doubted everything. It is said that there are some instance that we need to unlearn something so that we may learn anew.
- #29: Opinions are also bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is fact. In judging the truthfulness of belief, we must consider a person’s experiences and views.
- #30: Arguments are made with assumptions that the truth of the claim or opinion is still to be determined. It conveys ideas that can influence the thinking, actions and behavior of people. Some can have ill intentions and wish to manipulate to suit their own purpose.
- #72: Before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, since “it is through knowing that we are able to determine the truth”.
- #73: Before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, since “it is through knowing that we are able to determ ine the truth”.
- #74: Before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, since “it is through knowing that we are able to determine the truth”.