Methods-of-Philosophizing1.1.pptxhahahaha
- 1. kto12lrm Methods of Philosophizing 1.1 Evaluate truth from opinions
- 2. kto12lrm MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY: Distinguish opinion from truth. PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
- 3. kto12lrm Opinions are statement that go beyond providing facts. A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts. Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
- 4. kto12lrm The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself could still be contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things such a person’s experiences and views. Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examine points of view. Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public opinion is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two extremes (Plato) Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle) Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz) Opinion is abeliefthatisconscious of beinginsufficient both subjectively and objectively (Kant) An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes) Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure. (Freund)
- 5. The following are the examples of fallacies. Fallacy Characteristics Ad hominem Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. Appeal to force Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument. Appeal to emotion Using emotions such as pity or sympathy. Appeal to the popular The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it. Appeal to tradition The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time. Begging the question Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as circular argument. Cause-and-effect Assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole Fallacy of division Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.
- 6. kto12lrm The following are the examples of biases. Bias Characteristics Correspondence bias or attribution effect Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions, without regard for the external factors or influence. Confirmation bias Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it. Framing Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects. Hindsight - The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events. Conflict of interest A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed. Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.
- 7. kto12lrm Present the characteristics of Fact and Opinion leading to Philosophizing through a SmartArt SmartArt On Fact Vs. Opinion
- 8. kto12lrm Scoring Rubric CATEGORY 5 3 1 Content The content is relevant, complete and substantial The content is relevant, and substantial yet incomplete The topic is irrelevant, unsubstantial and incomplete Readability of Text All texts are readable and legibly written Some texts are readable and not legibly written Most of the texts are not readable and not legibly written Spelling and Grammar No errors in grammar and spelling 2-3 errors in grammar and spelling More than 5 errors in grammar and spelling
- 9. kto12lrm Direction: Read an article/watch TV/listen to radio channel and follow the guide questions below: 1 whole yellow pad Guide Questions: 1.How do you assess the words and statement uttered/stated in the article, tv and radio? 2. Which of their statements can be considered truth? Why?
- 10. kto12lrm Rubrics for Short Answer 4 6 8 10 Correct answer but not in a sentence Correct answer written in a sentence but no supporting detail Correct answer written in a sentence with 1 supporting detail from the text Correct answer written in a sentence with 2 supporting details from the text