Methods of Population Data Collection-dania
- 1. DATA COLLECTION METHODS BY DANIA AMJAD
- 2. INTRODUCTION Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
- 3. Data-collection methods allow us to systematically collect information about our objects of study (people, objects, phenomena) and about the settings in which they occur. In the collection of data we have to be systematic. If data are collected haphazardly, it will be difficult to answer our research questions in a conclusive way.
- 4. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES VITAL Registration Questionnaires Interviews Direct observations Reporting
- 5. CENSUS detailed and important information source. The word “census” is derived from a Latin word “censere” meaning value or tax. Can be defined as: “A census is a counting or enumeration or the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording and disseminating information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population.” Or “A census may be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining to all persons in a country or in a well delimited part of a country at a specified time.“
- 6. HISTORY /WHY WE NEED DATA? Bckground:The idea of holding a periodic enumeration of people is not new to this world. 1. Census in Egypt are said to have been taken during the early Pharaonic period in 3340 BC and in 3056 BC. 2. Censuses or census like operations are mentioned in the Bible. 3. The world's oldest surviving census data comes from China. China was the first to have a recorded census over 4000 years ago. 4. The oldest recorded census in India is thought to have occurred around 300 BC during the reign of the Emperor Chandragupta 5. In the Islamic history Hazrt Umar ,second caliph of Islam began conducting regular censuses which continued till the later periods.
- 7. CENSUS: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Century Years Areas 18th century • Germany, • Scandinavian countries • Italy 1790 USA 19th century 1801 France Britain 1968 to onwards Afghanistan Vietnam SouthernYemen etc @ John.I.Clarke
- 8. 8 HISTORY OF CENSUSTAKING IN PAKISTANN First regular census in the areas now comprising Pakistan was held in 1881. Since then regular censuses have been conducted after every ten years up to 1981. After independence six censuses have been undertaken first in 1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998, and the last in 2017. 6th Population & Housing Census was scheduled to be held in September, 2011 but was conducted n 2017.
- 9. APPROCHES OF CENSUS DE FACTO -UK (BY FACT) DE JURE- USA (BY LAW) Date system Period system Allocates them to the place where enumerated— normally where they spend the night of the day enumerated. It allocates persons according to their location at the time of enumeration. This method is sometime termed as “householder” or “self enumerator method” Tallies people according to their regular or legal residence, it assigns persons according to their usual place of residence. It is also used in Pakistan and is also called “canvasser” method, Data source: Basic Statistics By B L Agarwal i-e The United States uses a de jure enumeration because it provides a better indication of the permanent population and household composition of an area. For example, a professor who lives in Lahore, Pakistan but is permanent residential of kasur. On the day of a de facto census, she would be assigned to Lahore. If a de jure census were used, she would be assigned to Kasur
- 10. IMPORTANCE In order to asses military strenght,levy taxes or for a variety of other purposes, the ruler of the country, occasionally counted and require data related to population for different reasons in view. Like other empirical sciences population geography is basically quantitative in nature ,largely dependent upon statistical data. Therefore population data today is used in every aspect of human life and its development. Data are required for planning and development of a region/country.
- 11. 11 TOPICSTO BE COVERED IN CENSUS A) DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS Age - Sex - Relationship to the head - Marital status - Religion - Mother tongue (language) - Nationality B) EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS (for 5 years +) Literacy status - School attendance - Level of education completed - Field of education
- 12. C) GEOGRAPHICAL / MIGRATION CHARACTERISTICS Usual residence - District of birth - Duration of continuous residence in district - District of previous residence - Reason of migration. D) ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS (for 10 years +) Usual Activity - Part time Activity – Occupation - Industry, Employment status - Reason of unemployment
- 13. 13 E) FERTILITY / MORTALITY (females 15-49Years) No. of children ever born by sex No. of children still living by sex No. of children born during last 12 months by sex No. of children still living by sex F) MISCELLANEOUS Nature and Type of Disability if any Holding of CNI Card by persons of 18 years plus Member of a household living abroad for more than 6 months.
- 14. 14 G) HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS - Information about living quarters; number of rooms, sex of the owner, tenure status, period since constructed and construction material used in outer walls & roofs. - Data on source of drinking water, source of lighting and cooking fuel used. - Availability of proper kitchen, bathroom, latrine and type of latrine. - Media of information such as T.V., Radio, Newspaper, Telephone and Mobile.
- 15. VITAL REGISTRATION The main data collection methods is Registration The registration of some events are compulsory at the time of occurrence or within time limit, by law. Registration when a new car is purchased, registration of a new birth, marriage and death are compulsory by law. This method is valuable for complete enumeration, but are limited to variables that change slowly, such as numbers of births, deaths, new car purchase. Usually a specific form is filled by the informer.
- 16. • Registration of births made in this world provides all details on the place of birth, sex, age and religion of parents, legitimacy, number of earlier issues and their respective sexes, father's occupation, and the birth place of parents. • Similarly, the death registration provides all information on the place of death, age, sex, marital status, birth place, occupation, number of issues, and the cause of death. • Registration of a new car provide all details of make, engine power, type etc.
- 17. MERITS AND DEMERITS Merits This method is most reliable because it is enforced by law. Demerits In some countries the registration of some events is not compulsory. The data remains incomplete if some events are not reported or not recorded.
- 18. SAMPLE SURVEYS: The value of sample surveys in collection of population data is well known. Since it is expensive to interview in the country, demographers and other social scientist frequently use sample surveys/studies which greatly reduce costs without substantial reduction in accuracy. Although it is not a continuous method, therefore sample surveys are increasingly used for national enumerations, particularly in the census. Sampling consists of selecting part of a social category to represent the entire category. Making that sample truly representative, however, is surprisingly difficult. Sample surveys can be traced back to eighteenth century in France 1765.
- 19. QUESTIONNAIRE This is the most common method of data collection. In this method a series of questions designed about the information required, called questionnaire.These questionnaire are conveyed to source in printed form and source return these after filling blanks.This questionnaire may be conveyed and received back through electronic media. Questionnaire must well designed and must covered all the information required.
- 20. MERITS AND DEMERITS Merits Relatively simple method of collection of data. Less time and cost consumed. The data collection is easy if sources are widly scattered. Demerits Some times response is very poor. Source may avoid some questions.
- 21. • If question is of multiple choice some times source is forced to select a choice that is not his actual choice. • The length of Questionnaire must be limited. Some person avoid lengthy Questionnaire. • This method can be use only for literate persons. • Data is limited to the information that is voluntarily supplied by the source. • Some items may be misunderstood and required clarification.
- 22. INTERVIEW In interviews information is obtained through inquiry and recorded by enumerators. Interviews are of two types Structured and Open. Structured interviews are performed by using survey forms. Open interviews are notes taken while talking with source. The notes are subsequently structured (interpreted) for further analysis. Open-ended interviews, which need to be interpreted and analysed even during the interview, have to be carried out by well-trained observers and/or enumerators.
- 23. MERITS AND DEMERITS Merits Depth of response can be assured. Clarification possible if required. Higher proportion of response is ensured. No items are overlooked. Demerits It is costly, time consuming and required a team of highly traind persons.
- 24. REPORTING In this method the concerned departments, persons, institutions are asked to provide information. For example if our survey is about students in University than we ask all the chairmen of departments to provide the required information about the students in their departments. In agriculture survey the reports about crops are obtained from officials officials of agriculture department.
- 25. MERITS AND DEMERITS Merits An easy and fast method of data collection. Demerits Some time the source do not response in time. The information provided may be wrong.