Methods of Psychology.pptx
- 1. Methods of Psychology Presenter Chairperson Yatheesh Bharadwaj H S Dr. S.R.Koujalgi 1st Mphil PSW Associate Professor(PSW) DIMHANS DIMHANS
- 2. Content • Meaning and definition of Psychology • Importance of Psychology • Methods in Psychology
- 3. What is psychology? • Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes • Scientific studies people and their behaviour in a systematic manner through careful and controlled observations. • Each human being is unique and different from the other one cannot predict with 100% accuracy
- 4. • Psychology -4 goals 1. what is happening? 2. why it is happening? 3. when will it happen again? 4. how human behavior can be changed?
- 5. Early schools… • Wilhelm Wundt started a laboratory at university of Liepzig in Germany experimental apparatus to measure reaction time He observed that people take longer time to be aware of their awareness sensation • Edward Bradford Titchener interested in discovering structure of mind self-reflective introspection (looking inwards) • William James- functionism- evolved functions of thoughts and feelings has a purpose
- 6. New schools aroused • Behaviourism- John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner rejected the method of introspection • redefined psychology as scientific study of observable behavior. • Cant observe sensation, feelings, emotions, thoughts , but can observe behavior. • Humanistic psychologists- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow “Current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential”
- 7. IMPORTANCE OF METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY • How Psychologists study the behavior and mental processes? • What methods they use ? • To describe, predict, explain and control what they study • Questions about human behavior are numerous…! • to develop principles and theories, test them and apply for solving different human problems. • Scientific: Objectivity/testable/self-correction/ replication
- 8. Methods of psychological inquiry 1. Introspection Method 2. Observation Method 3. Experimental Method 4. Clinical Method/Case History Method 5. Survey Method 6. correlation Method 7. Testing Method
- 9. Introspection method • “To look within” - Introduced by EB Titchener • Also known as self – observation method • Here the subject is asked to systematically observe his/her own behavior and reports the same thoughts, emotions, judgments, and perception
- 10. Merits & Demerits Merits Gives immediate, direct & exact knowledge of our own mental processes Enable-understand ->behavior Inexpensive, easy, doesn’t need laboratory Can be used anytime, anywhere. first – hand information. Demerits • Continuously changing • Private affair – cant be verified • Data is highly subjective • NA - children, animals and persons suffering from mental disorders • No insight
- 11. OBSERVATION METHOD • Powerful tool of inquiry • the action or process of carefully watching someone or something • Difference between see and observe • objective method of studying the behaviour of individuals. • SELECTION/RECORDING/ANAYLSIS • Good observer- what/when/whom/where/how/why
- 12. Types of observation I. Participant v/s Non-participant II. Covert v/s Overt III. Naturalist v/s Controlled
- 13. STEPS • Observation of behaviour. • Noting of behaviour. • Interpretation and analysis of behaviour. • Generalization.
- 14. MERITS Economical, natural and flexible Data can be analyzed,measured, classified and interpreted. Data can be verified and is reliable. Suitable in observing developmental characteristics children habits etc DEMERITS • Subjective report • Observer’s prejudice!? • Problems of the past cannot be studied • Requires more time, energy and money • Lacks repeatability– each natural situation occurs only once • Cannot study opinions and attitudes
- 15. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD • The word “experiment” comes from a Latin word meaning “To try” or “To put to test.” • Most scientific and most objective • Rapid development of the subject field itself Must to able to explain why we act the way we do cause & effect relationship Formal trial undertaken to confirm or dis-confirm a hypothesis about the causes of behavior
- 16. Cont… • Carefully regulated procedure in which changes are made in one factor and its effect is studied on another factor, while keeping other related factors constant. • Cause-event being changed or manipulated • Effect- behavior that changes because of manipulation Variable any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment. • An object by itself is not a variable, but its attributes are.
- 17. Types of variables • Independent variable • Dependent variable • Extraneous variable- exclude from influence Ex- cell phone use and driving ABARK and Utilization (use/misuse) Types of groups • Experimental group- exposed to independent variable manipulation. • Controlled group- absent of manipulation (criteria must be met)
- 19. Steps Stating the problem Formulation of hypothesis Find out the independent and dependent variable. Arranging the environment Analysis of the results Summarize and conclude
- 20. Merits It follows scientific principles. Replication and repetition can be done. Finds out cause and effect relationship. Data is reliable and verifiable Demerits -All problems of psychology can not be studied. -Costly. -Time consuming -Fails to study behaviour in natural conditions -Experiments may harm the subjects
- 21. Clinical or Case History Method - in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. -provide rich qualitative data – single subject - have high levels of ecological validity -It aims at studying the cause and basis of people’s anxieties, fears and personal maladjustments. Phineas gage case- 13 pound steel rod impaled into the front of his brain by a dynamite explosion – personality changed!
- 22. Components Patient profile Chief complaints Precipitating factors Present history (psychiatric, medical and surgical) Past history (psychiatric, medical and surgical) Family history Personal history Socio – economic history Premorbid personality history
- 23. Why case study method is used? -Patient assessment -To perform various tests -To provide proper treatment -Identify the cause and basis of patient’s illness - pattern of socialization - provides detailed in-depth depictions of people’s lives • Valuable method in psychiatry • Records must be maintained for individual cases
- 24. Merits • Find out the actual cause of illness • Acts as a baseline data • Useful for further investigation • Helps understand patient better demerits • Conditions may not permit proper history collection • Patient may not be cooperative.
- 25. Survey method • gather the info. From large population • KAP • Opinion Tools – Questionnaires, Checklists, Rating scales,interview Methods - By post,Face – to – face, telephone, Videophone Through the internet Correlation method • Two factors are measured, then statistical technique is used to find their degree of correlation. Amount of study time academic achievement r/s of variables – associated or not Correlational coefficient : +1.0, 0,- 1.0
- 26. Psychological testing method • Psychological Tests are of different types: Intelligence Tests, Aptitude Tests, Vocational Tests, Attitude Tests, and Personality Tests, amongst others. • Psychological Testing is mainly used for psychological diagnosis, screening job candidates, academic placements, identifying certain behaviour, research purposes, etc. • Questions – “items” • Standarised and objective instruments • Reliability, validity, norms • verbal or nonverbal (performance).
- 27. conclusions There are different approaches to explain, describe, predict and control behaviour and mental processes. Different methods are used to understand human behaviour. As psychiatric social workers/ trainees, we need to know about and use these methods in our daily work,so that we can understand the problem, help effectively the persons having problem.
- 28. Reference • Introduction to psychology- gateways to mind and behavior 13edition – Dennis coon and john o mitterer • NCERT psychology Textbook • IGNOU Psychology textbook • Annual review of psychology. (1950 present). Stanford, Ca: Annual Reviews.