Metode Penelitian: Theoretical Framework.ppt
- 1. 1 1 Chapter 4 The Research Process - Theoretical Framework & Hypothesis Development © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 2. Theoretical Framework A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation on why you believe that these variables are associated to each other (a theory). 2 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 3. Theoretical Framework Basic steps: – Identify and label the variables correctly – State the relationships among the variables: formulate hypotheses – Explain how or why you expect these relationships 3 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 4. Variable Any concept or construct that varies or changes in value Main types of variables: – Dependent variable – Independent variable – Moderating variable – Mediating variable 4 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 5. (In)dependent Variables Dependent variable (DV) – Is of primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the research project is to understand, predict or explain the variability of this variable. Independent variable (IV) – Influences the DV in either positive or negative way. The variance in the DV is accounted for by the IV. 5 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 6. Example 6 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 7. Moderators Moderating variable Moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class) or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of relation between independent and dependent variable. 7 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 8. Mediating Variable Mediating variable – surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it. 8 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 9. Hypothesis A proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement concerned with the relationship among variables. Good hypothesis: – Must be adequate for its purpose – Must be testable – Must be better than its rivals Can be: – Directional – Non-directional 9 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 10. Exercise 10 Give the hypotheses for the following framework: Service quality Customer switching Switching cost © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 11. Exercise 11 Give the hypotheses for the following framework: Customer satisfaction Service quality Customer switching © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 12. Argumentation The expected relationships / hypotheses are an integration of: – Exploratory research – Common sense and logical reasoning 12 © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran