Research Process | Step By Step | Variables In Research |
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The document outlines the steps involved in the research process, including observation, theoretical framework development, hypothesis generation, and research design. It distinguishes between various types of variables such as dependent, independent, moderating, and intervening variables, providing definitions and examples for each. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of developing a theoretical framework that logically connects these variables to guide research and hypothesis testing.
Research Process | Step By Step | Variables In Research |
- 1. The Research Process –The Research Process – Steps 4 to 6Steps 4 to 6
- 2. 2 11/13/18 ObjectivesObjectives Identify & label variables associated with anyIdentify & label variables associated with any given situationgiven situation Trace & establish the links among the variablesTrace & establish the links among the variables and evolve a theoretical frameworkand evolve a theoretical framework Develop a set of hypothesis to be tested andDevelop a set of hypothesis to be tested and state them in the null and the alternatestate them in the null and the alternate Apply what has been learned to a researchApply what has been learned to a research projectproject
- 3. 3 11/13/18 The Research Process for Basic & Applied Research1. Observation Broad area of research interest identified 1. Observation Broad area of research interest identified 2. Preliminary Data Gathering Interviewing Literature survey 2. Preliminary Data Gathering Interviewing Literature survey 3. Problem Definition Research problem delineated 3. Problem Definition Research problem delineated 7. Data Collection Analysis, and Interpretation 7. Data Collection Analysis, and Interpretation 8. Deduction Hypotheses substantiated? Research question answered? 8. Deduction Hypotheses substantiated? Research question answered? 4. Theoretical Framework Variables clearly identified and labelled 4. Theoretical Framework Variables clearly identified and labelled 5. Generation of Hypothesis 5. Generation of Hypothesis 6. Scientific Research Design 6. Scientific Research Design 9. Report Writing 9. Report Writing 10. Report Presentation 10. Report Presentation 11. Managerial Decision Making 11. Managerial Decision Making NoNo YesYes
- 4. 4 11/13/18 Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework A theoretical framework is a conceptual framework of howA theoretical framework is a conceptual framework of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationshipsone theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among the several factors that have been identified asamong the several factors that have been identified as important to the problemimportant to the problem From the theoretical framework, then, testable hypothesisFrom the theoretical framework, then, testable hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theorycan be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or notformulated is valid or not
- 5. 5 11/13/18 VariablesVariables A variable is anything that can take on varyingA variable is anything that can take on varying values. The values can differ at various times forvalues. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same timethe same object or person, or at the same time for the different objects or persons.for the different objects or persons.
- 6. 6 11/13/18 Examples of VariablesExamples of Variables Production UnitsProduction Units AbsenteeismAbsenteeism MotivationMotivation
- 7. 7 11/13/18 Types of VariablesTypes of Variables The dependent variable (criterion variable)The dependent variable (criterion variable) The independent variable (predictor variable)The independent variable (predictor variable) The moderating variableThe moderating variable The intervening variableThe intervening variable
- 8. 8 11/13/18 Dependent VariableDependent Variable The main variable that lends itself for investigationThe main variable that lends itself for investigation (the variable of primary interest of research)(the variable of primary interest of research) Through the analysis of dependent variable, it isThrough the analysis of dependent variable, it is possible to find solutions to the problempossible to find solutions to the problem
- 9. 9 11/13/18 Exercises of Dependent VariableExercises of Dependent Variable An applied researcherAn applied researcher wants to increase thewants to increase the performance ofperformance of organizational members inorganizational members in a particular banka particular bank What would be theWhat would be the dependent variable in thisdependent variable in this case?case? A marketing managerA marketing manager wonders why the recentwonders why the recent advertisement strategyadvertisement strategy does not workdoes not work What would be theWhat would be the dependent variable here?dependent variable here?
- 10. 10 11/13/18 Independent VariableIndependent Variable An independent variable is one that influencesAn independent variable is one that influences the dependent variable in either a positive orthe dependent variable in either a positive or negative waynegative way Therefore, when independent variable is present,Therefore, when independent variable is present, dependent variable is also present, and with eachdependent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the independent variable, thereunit of increase in the independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in the dependentis an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also. e-g,variable also. e-g, Stock market price Stock market price New product success New product success Independent Variable Dependent Variable
- 11. 11 11/13/18 Exercises of Independent VariableExercises of Independent Variable A manager believes thatA manager believes that good supervision andgood supervision and training would increasetraining would increase the production level ofthe production level of workersworkers the managers believesthe managers believes customer purchasecustomer purchase intention would possibleintention would possible with quick response, wordwith quick response, word of mouth, promotions,of mouth, promotions, brand image and productbrand image and product quality.quality. List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises,List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises, individually, and label them as dependent or independent,individually, and label them as dependent or independent, explaining why they are so labeled.explaining why they are so labeled.
- 12. 12 11/13/18 Moderating VariableModerating Variable Moderating variable is a variable, the presence ofModerating variable is a variable, the presence of which, modifies the original relationship betweenwhich, modifies the original relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.the independent and the dependent variables. e-g,e-g, Organizational Effectiveness Organizational Effectiveness Workforce Diversity Workforce Diversity Independent Variable Dependent Variable Managerial Expertise Managerial Expertise Moderating Variable
- 13. 13 11/13/18 Exercises of Moderating VariableExercises of Moderating Variable A manager finds that off-the-A manager finds that off-the- job class room training has ajob class room training has a great impact on thegreat impact on the productivity of employees inproductivity of employees in her department. However,her department. However, she also observes thatshe also observes that employees over 60 years ofemployees over 60 years of age do not seem to deriveage do not seem to derive much benefit and do notmuch benefit and do not improve with such trainingimprove with such training A visitor to a factory observesA visitor to a factory observes that the workers in the packingthat the workers in the packing department have to interactdepartment have to interact with one another to get theirwith one another to get their jobs done.The more theyjobs done.The more they interact, the more they seeminteract, the more they seem to tend to stay after hours &to tend to stay after hours & go to the local pub together forgo to the local pub together for a drink. However the womena drink. However the women packers, even though theypackers, even though they interact with the others asinteract with the others as much as the men, do not staymuch as the men, do not stay late, nor do they visit the publate, nor do they visit the pub after working hoursafter working hours List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises,List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises, individually, and label them as dependent or independent,individually, and label them as dependent or independent, also drawing a diagram of relationships.also drawing a diagram of relationships.
- 14. 14 11/13/18 Intervening VariableIntervening Variable The intervening variable surfaces as a function ofThe intervening variable surfaces as a function of independent variable(s) operating in any situation,independent variable(s) operating in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain theand helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of independent variable(s) on theinfluence of independent variable(s) on the dependent variable. e-g,dependent variable. e-g, Organizational Effectiveness Organizational Effectiveness Workforce Diversity Workforce Diversity Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Creative Synergy Creative Synergy
- 15. 15 11/13/18 Effect of Four VariablesEffect of Four Variables Organizational Effectiveness Organizational Effectiveness Workforce Diversity Workforce Diversity Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Creative Synergy Creative Synergy Managerial Expertise Managerial Expertise Moderating Variable
- 16. 16 11/13/18 ExerciseExercise Make up three different situations in whichMake up three different situations in which motivation to work would be an independentmotivation to work would be an independent variable, an intervening variable, and avariable, an intervening variable, and a moderating variablemoderating variable
- 17. 17 11/13/18 Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework Theoretical Framework is the foundation on whichTheoretical Framework is the foundation on which whole research is basedwhole research is based It is a logically developed, described & elaboratedIt is a logically developed, described & elaborated network of associations among the variablesnetwork of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation anddeemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews,identified through such processes as interviews, observations and literature surveyobservations and literature survey
- 18. 18 11/13/18 The Components of the TheoreticalThe Components of the Theoretical FrameworkFramework 1.1. The variables considered relevant to the study should beThe variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussionsclearly identified and labeled in the discussions 2.2. The discussions should state how two or more variablesThe discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another. This should be done forare related to one another. This should be done for important relationships that are theorized to exist amongimportant relationships that are theorized to exist among the variablesthe variables 3.3. If the nature and direction of the relationships can beIf the nature and direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the findings of previoustheorized on the basis of the findings of previous research, then there should be an indication in theresearch, then there should be an indication in the discussion as to whether the relationships would bediscussion as to whether the relationships would be positive or negativepositive or negative
- 19. 19 11/13/18 The Components of the TheoreticalThe Components of the Theoretical FrameworkFramework 4.4. There should be a clear explanation of why we shouldThere should be a clear explanation of why we should expect these relationships to exist. The arguments couldexpect these relationships to exist. The arguments could be drawn from the previous research findingsbe drawn from the previous research findings 5.5. A schematic diagram of theoretical framework should beA schematic diagram of theoretical framework should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehendgiven so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationshipsthe theorized relationships
- 20. 20 11/13/18 Theoretical Framework – DELTATheoretical Framework – DELTA AIRLINESAIRLINES With airline deregulation, there were price wars among theWith airline deregulation, there were price wars among the various airlines that cut costs in different ways. Accordingvarious airlines that cut costs in different ways. According to reports, Delta airlines faced charges of air-safetyto reports, Delta airlines faced charges of air-safety violations when there were several near collisions inviolations when there were several near collisions in midair, and one accident that resulted in 137 deaths inmidair, and one accident that resulted in 137 deaths in 1987. Four important factors that seem to have influenced1987. Four important factors that seem to have influenced these are poor communications among the cockpit crewthese are poor communications among the cockpit crew members themselves, poor coordination between groundmembers themselves, poor coordination between ground staff and cockpit crew,minimal training given to the cockpitstaff and cockpit crew,minimal training given to the cockpit crew,and management philosophy that encouraged acrew,and management philosophy that encouraged a decentralized structure. It would be nice to know if thesedecentralized structure. It would be nice to know if these factors did indeed contribute to the safety violations, and iffactors did indeed contribute to the safety violations, and if so, to what extent.so, to what extent.
- 21. 21 11/13/18 Delta AirlinesDelta Airlines Communication among cockpit members Communication among cockpit members Communication between ground control and cockpit Communication between ground control and cockpit DecentralizationDecentralization Training of cockpit crewTraining of cockpit crew Air-safety Violations Air-safety Violations Independent variables Dependent variable
- 22. 22 11/13/18 Delta AirlinesDelta Airlines Communication among cockpit members Communication among cockpit members Communication between ground control and cockpit Communication between ground control and cockpit DecentralizationDecentralization Training of cockpit crewTraining of cockpit crew Air-safety Violations Air-safety Violations Independent variables Dependent variable Nervousness and diffidence Nervousness and diffidence Intervening variable
- 23. 23 11/13/18 Delta AirlinesDelta Airlines Communication among cockpit members Communication among cockpit members Communication between ground control and cockpit Communication between ground control and cockpit DecentralizationDecentralization Air-safety Violations Air-safety Violations Independent variables Dependent variable Moderating variable TrainingTraining
- 24. 24 11/13/18 HypothesisHypothesis A logically conjectured relationship between twoA logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form ofor more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationships aretestable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network ofconjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoreticalassociations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study. Byframework formulated for the research study. By testing the hypothesis and confirming thetesting the hypothesis and confirming the conjectured relationships, it is expected thatconjectured relationships, it is expected that solutions can be found to correct the problemsolutions can be found to correct the problem encounteredencountered
- 25. 25 11/13/18 Examples of HypothesisExamples of Hypothesis Employees who are more healthy will take sickEmployees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequentlyleave less frequently IfIf employees are more healthy,employees are more healthy, thenthen they willthey will take sick leave less frequentlytake sick leave less frequently
- 26. 26 11/13/18 Directional HypothesisDirectional Hypothesis If, in stating the relationship between twoIf, in stating the relationship between two variables or comparing two groups, terms suchvariables or comparing two groups, terms such asas positive, negative, more than, less thanpositive, negative, more than, less than andand the like are used, then these hypothesis arethe like are used, then these hypothesis are directionaldirectional e-g,e-g, The greater the stress experienced in theThe greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employeesjob, the lower the job satisfaction of employees
- 27. 27 11/13/18 Non-directional HypothesisNon-directional Hypothesis Non-directional Hypotheses are those that doNon-directional Hypotheses are those that do postulate a relationship, but offer no indication ofpostulate a relationship, but offer no indication of the direction of these relationships.the direction of these relationships. e-g,e-g, There is a relationship between age and jobThere is a relationship between age and job satisfactionsatisfaction
- 29. The Research Process –The Research Process – Step 6Step 6
- 30. To understand the different aspects of researchTo understand the different aspects of research designdesign To identify the scope of any given study & the endTo identify the scope of any given study & the end use of resultsuse of results To decide for any given situation the type ofTo decide for any given situation the type of investigation needed, the study setting, the extent ofinvestigation needed, the study setting, the extent of researcher interference, the unit of analysis, and theresearcher interference, the unit of analysis, and the time horizon of the studytime horizon of the study To identify which of the two, a causal or aTo identify which of the two, a causal or a correlational study, would be more appropriate in acorrelational study, would be more appropriate in a given situationgiven situation
- 31. 1. Observation Broad area of research interest identified 1. Observation Broad area of research interest identified 2. Preliminary Data Gathering Interviewing Literature survey 2. Preliminary Data Gathering Interviewing Literature survey 3. Problem Definition Research problem delineated 3. Problem Definition Research problem delineated 7. Data Collection Analysis, and Interpretation 7. Data Collection Analysis, and Interpretation 8. Deduction Hypotheses substantiated? Research question answered? 8. Deduction Hypotheses substantiated? Research question answered? 4. Theoretical Framework Variables clearly identified and labelled 4. Theoretical Framework Variables clearly identified and labelled 5. Generation of Hypothesis 5. Generation of Hypothesis 6. Scientific Research Design 6. Scientific Research Design 9. Report Writing 9. Report Writing 10. Report Presentation 10. Report Presentation 11. Managerial Decision Making 11. Managerial Decision Making NoNo YesYes The Research Process for BasicThe Research Process for Basic & Applied Research& Applied Research
- 32. The Research DesignThe Research Design ProblemStatementProblemStatement Purpose of the study •Exploration •Description •Hypothesis Testing Purpose of the study •Exploration •Description •Hypothesis Testing Types of investigation Establishing: •Causal relationships •Correlations Types of investigation Establishing: •Causal relationships •Correlations Study setting •Contrived •Non- contrived Study setting •Contrived •Non- contrived Measurement & Measures Operational definition: •Items •Scaling •Categorizing •Coding Measurement & Measures Operational definition: •Items •Scaling •Categorizing •Coding Population to be studied •Individuals •Groups •Companies •Machines etc… Population to be studied •Individuals •Groups •Companies •Machines etc… Sampling design •Probability/ Nonprobability •Sample size (n) Sampling design •Probability/ Nonprobability •Sample size (n) Time horizon •One-short •Longitudinal Time horizon •One-short •Longitudinal Data collection method •Observation •Interview •Questionnaire •Physical measurement •Unobtrusive Data collection method •Observation •Interview •Questionnaire •Physical measurement •Unobtrusive Extent of researcher interference •Minimal: Studying events as they normally occur •Manipulation 1. Feel for data 2. Goodness of data 3. Hypothesis testing 1. Feel for data 2. Goodness of data 3. Hypothesis testing Data Analysis MeasurementDetails of Study
- 33. Purpose of the StudyPurpose of the Study Exploratory StudyExploratory Study Descriptive StudyDescriptive Study Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing
- 34. Types of InvestigationTypes of Investigation Causal StudyCausal Study – e,g. Does smokinge,g. Does smoking causecause cancercancer Correlational StudyCorrelational Study – e,g. Are smoking and cancer relatede,g. Are smoking and cancer related
- 35. Extent of Researcher InterferenceExtent of Researcher Interference Minimal InterferenceMinimal Interference Moderate InterferenceModerate Interference Excessive InterferenceExcessive Interference
- 37. Unit of AnalysisUnit of Analysis IndividualsIndividuals DyadsDyads GroupsGroups OrganizationsOrganizations CulturesCultures
- 38. Time HorizonTime Horizon Cross-sectional StudiesCross-sectional Studies Longitudinal StudiesLongitudinal Studies