MI Unit-1.pdf a detailed presentation on microprocessors

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
First Year Engineering
23CS1006-Microprocessor and Interfacing
Class - F.Y (SEM-II), <Division>
Unit - I OVERVIEW OF MICROCOMPUTERS SYSTEM
MIT Art Design and Technology University
MIT School of Computing, Pune
AY 2023-2024 SEM-II
Dr. Nitish Das

Unit I - Syllabus
⮚Functional block: CPU, Memory, Input/Out devices (Key board,
Floppy drive, Hard disk drive, Tape drive, Printer, Plotter)
⮚Concept of program and data memory: Registers (general purpose)
⮚External memory for storing data and results
⮚Data transfer between registers
⮚Concept of tristate bus
⮚Control on registers.

Structure - MICROCOMPUTER
SYSTEM
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer

Structure - The CPU
Computer
ALU
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU

Structure - The CPU
● Control unit: Control the operation of CPU and hence the computer.
● Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU): Performs computers data processing
function.
● Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU
● CPU Interconnection: some mechanisms that provide for
communication among the control unit, ALU and registers

Processor Basics:
CPU:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −
• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
• CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

CPU Organization :
• Inside every computer is a central processing unit and inside every
CPU are small components that carry out all the instructions for
every program you run.
• These components include AND gates, OR gates, NOT gates,
Clock, Multiplexer, ALU (arithmetic logic unit), etc.
• Data bus performs data transfer within a CPU and a computer. As
shown in Fig. 8-1, CPU is organized with Program Counter (PC),
Instruction Register (IR), Instruction Decoder, Control Unit,
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Registers, and Buses.
• PC holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched from
Memory.
• IR holds each instruction after it is fetched from Memory.

CPU Organization
• Instruction Decoder decodes and interprets the contents of the IR,
and splits a whole instruction into fields for the Control Unit to
interpret
• Control Unit co-ordinates all activities within the CPU, has
connections to all parts of the CPU, and includes a sophisticated
timing circuit.
• ALU carries out arithmetic and logical operations, exemplified
with addition, comparison, Boolean AND/OR/NOT operations.
Within ALU, input registers hold the input operands and output
register holds the result of an ALU operation. Once completing
ALU operation, the result is copied from the ALU output register
to its final destination.

MI Unit-1.pdf a detailed presentation on microprocessors

• General-purpose registers are available for the programmer to use
in their programs within CPU. Typically, the programmer tries to
maximize the use of these registers in order to speed program
execution.
• Busses serve as communication highways for passing information
in the computer.
• The computer has memory which memorize data in a similar way
we remember the past events. The register is the fastest memory
which is located within CPU of the computer.

Von Neumann Architecture
◻ In 1946, von Neumann and his colleagues began the design of a
new stored program computer, referred to as the IAS computer,
at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
◻ The IAS computer, general-purpose computers.

● Control Unit –
A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all
input and output flow, fetches code for instructions, and controls how data
moves around the system.
● Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –
The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the CPU that handles all the
calculations the CPU may need, e.g. Addition, Subtraction, Comparisons.
It performs Logical Operations, Bit Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic
operations.
● Input/Output Devices – Program or data is read into main memory from
the input device or secondary storage under the control of CPU input
instruction.

•Main Memory Unit (Registers) –
•Accumulator: Stores the results of calculations made by ALU.
•Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory location of
the next instructions to be dealt with. The PC then passes this
next address to Memory Address Register (MAR).
•Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores the memory
locations of instructions that need to be fetched from memory or
stored into memory.
•Memory Data Register (MDR): It stores instructions fetched
from memory or any data that is to be transferred to, and stored
in, memory.
•Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): The instruction that is not
to be executed immediately is placed in the instruction buffer
register IBR.

Features
• Uses stored program concept.
• The program & data are stored in the same memory unit.
• Program memory= EPROM, Data memory=RAM
• Each location of the memory can be addressed
independently.
• Execution of instruction in this machine is carried out in
a sequential fashion from one instruction to the next.

Computer Components
There are 5 main computer components that are given below:
● Input Devices
● CPU
● Output Devices
● Primary Memory
● Secondary Memory

● Input Unit :The input unit consists of input devices that are attached to the
computer. These devices take input and convert it into binary language that
the computer understands.
● Central Processing Unit (CPU) : Once the information is entered into the
computer by the input device, the processor processes it. The CPU is called
the brain of the computer because it is the control center of the computer. It
first fetches instructions from memory and then interprets them so as to
know what is to be done.
● Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) : The ALU, as its name suggests
performs mathematical calculations and takes logical decisions. Arithmetic
calculations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Logical decisions involve comparison of two data items to see which one is
larger or smaller or equal.

Control Unit : The Control unit coordinates and controls the data flow in and
out of CPU and also controls all the operations of ALU, memory registers
and also input/output units. A control unit (CU) handles all processor control
signals. It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions, and
controls how data moves around the system.
Memory Registers : A register is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU.
These are used to store the data which is directly used by the processor.
Registers can be of different sizes(16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on) and each
register inside the CPU has a specific function like storing data, storing an
instruction, storing address of a location in memory etc.
Memory : Memory attached to the CPU is used for storage of data and
instructions and is called internal memory The internal memory is divided
into many storage locations, each of which can store data or instructions.
Each memory location is of the same size and has an address. With the help
of the address, the computer can read any memory location easily without
having to search the entire memory.

❑A register is a very small amount of very fast memory
that is built into the CPU (central processing
unit).
❑Contents can be accessed at extremely high speeds.
❑Registers are used to store data temporarily
during the execution of a program.
❑Different processors have different register sizes.
❑Registers are normally measured by the number of bits
they can hold, for example, an 8-bit register means it
can store 8 bits of data or a 32-bit register means it can
store 32 bit of data.

Register Symbol Register Name Description
AC Accumulator Processor Register
DR Data Register Hold memory data
TR Temporary Register Holds temporary
Data
IR Instruction Register Holds Instruction
Code
AR Address Register Holds memory
address
PC Program Counter Holds address of next
instruction
INPR Input Register Holds Input data
OUTR Output Register Holds Output data

DATA REGISTER (DR):
The register DR consists of n-bits and it is used to hold
memory operands (data). This register contains the data to be
written into memory or receives the data read from memory.
ACCUMULATOR (AC):
The processor register AC consists of n-bits. It is used to
hold the results or partial results of arithmetic and logical
operations. An accumulator is a register in which intermediate
arithmetic and logic results are stored.

5
TEMPORARY REGISTER (TR):
Temporary register have n-bits and it provides temporary storage of
variables or results.
INSTRUCTION REGISTER (IR):
The instruction register (IR) consists of n-bits. The purpose of
the instruction register is to hold a copy of the instruction which
is being executed. In our basic computer, instruction register
(IR) holds instruction code which is read from memory.

⦁ ADDRESS REGISTER (AR):
⦁This register specifies the address in memory for next read or
writes operations. The address register consists of n-bits.
⦁ PROGRAM COUNTER (PC):
⦁Program counter has n-bits and it holds the address of the next
instruction to be read from memory after the current
execution is executed. The instructions are readsequentially
because the program counter automatically increments after
fetching the current instruction.

INPUT REGISTER (INPR):
Input register has n-bits. INPR register receives a
character from an input device and delivers it to the
AC.
OUTPUT REGISTER (OUTR):
Output register has n-bits. The output register
receives information from AC and transfer it to the
output device.

TYPES OF OPERATIONS
• The number of different opcodes varies widely from machine
to machine. However,
the same general types of operations are found on all
machines. A useful and typical
categorization is the following:
• • Data transfer
• Arithmetic
• Logical
• Conversion
• I/O
• System control
• Transfer of control

Type Operation name Description
Data Transfer
Move(transfer) Transfer word or block from S to D
Store
Transfer word from memory to
processor
Load(Fetch)
Transfer word from processor to
memory
Exchange Swap content of S and D
Clear (reset) Transfer word of 0s to destination
Set Transfer word of 1s to destination
Push
Transfer word from source to top of
stack
Pop
Transfer word from top of stack to
source

Arithmetic
Add Compute sum to two
operand
Subtract Compute difference of
two operand
Multiply Compute product of two
operand
Divide Compute quotient of two
operand
Absolute Replace operand by its
absolute value
Negate Change sign of operand
Increment Add 1 to operand
Decrement Subtract 1 from operand

Logical
AND Perform logical AND
OR Perform logical OR
NOT Perform logical NOT
EXCLUSIVE-OR Perform logical XOR
Test Set flag based on outcome
Compare Make logical and arithmetic
comparison of two or more
operands; Set flag based on
outcome
Set control variable Class of instruction to set of
control for protection
purpose, time control,
interrupt handling etc
Shift Left, right shift operand,
introducing constant at end
Rotate Left, right shift operand ,
with wraparound end.

Type Operation
name
Description
Transfer of control
Jump (Branch ) Unconditional transfer, load PC with
specified address
Jump
Conditional
Test Specified condition, either load
PC with specified address or do
nothing
Jump to
subroutine
Place current program control
information in know location, jump to
specified address.
Return Replace content of PC and other
register from know location.
Execute Fetch operand from specified location
and execute as instruction, do not
modify PC
Skip Increment PC to skip instruction
Halt Stop program execution

I/o
Input ( read) Transfer data from specified I/O port or
device to destination (Main memory or
processor register)
Output (Write ) Transfer data from specified source to I/O
port or device
Start I/O Transfer instruction to I/O processor to
initiate I/O operation
Test I/O Transfer status information from I/O system
to specified destination.
Conversion
Translate Translate value in section of memory based
on a table of corresponding
Convert Convert the content of a word from one
form to another (decimal to binary)

1) Data transfer:
• The most fundamental type of machine instruction is the data transfer
instruction. The data transfer instruction must specify several things.
• The location of the source and destination operands must be specified.
Each location could be memory. a register, or the lop of the stack.
• The length of data to be transferred must be indicated.
• As with all instructions with operands, the mode of addressing for
each operand must be specified.
• In term of CPU action, data transfer operations are perhaps the
simplest type. If both source and destination are registers, then the
CPU simply causes data to be transferred from one register to another;
this is an operation internal to the CPU

If one or both operands are in memory, then (he CPU must
perform some or all of following actions:
1. Calculate the memory address, based on the address
mode
2. If the address refers to virtual memory, translate from
virtual to actual memory address.
3. Determine whether the addressed item is in cache.
4. If not, issue a command lo the memory module.

2) Arithmetic:
• Most machines provide the basic arithmetic operations of add, subtract,
multiply, and divide. These are invariably provided for signed integer
(fixed-point) numbers, Often they are also provided for floating-point
and packed decimal numbers.
• Other possible operations include a variety of single-operand
instructions: for example.
• Absolute: Take the absolute value of the operand.
• Negate: Negate the Operand.
• Increment: Add 1 to the operand.
• Decrement: Subtract 1 from the operand.

3) Logical:
• Most machines also provide a variety of operations for manipulating
individual bits of a word or other addressable units, often referred to
as "bit twiddling." They are based upon Boolean operations.
• Some of the basic logical operations that can be performed on
Boolean or binary data are AND, OR, NOT, XOR, …
• These logical operations can be applied bitwise to n-bit logical data
units. Thus, if two registers contain the data
• (R1) - 10100101 (R2) - 00001111
• then
• (R1) AND (R2) – 00000101
In addition lo bitwise logical operations,
most machines provide a variety of
shifting and rotating functions such as
shift left, shift right, right rotate, left
rotate.....

5. Input/Output
Input/output instructions, there are a variety of approaches taken,
including isolated programmed I/O,
memory-mapped programmed I/O, DMA, and the use of an I/O
processor.
Many implementations provide only a few I/O instructions, with the
specific actions specified by parameters, codes, or command words.
6. System Control
System control instructions are those that can be executed only while
the processor is in a certain privileged state or is executing a program
in a special privileged area
of memory. Typically, these instructions are reserved for the use of
the operating system.
Some examples of system control operations are as follows. A system
control instruction may read or alter a control register; we discuss
control registers .

7. Transfer of Control
For all of the operation types discussed so far, the next
instruction to be performed is the one that immediately
follows, in memory, the current instruction.
However, a significant fraction of the instructions in any
program have as their function changing the sequence of
instruction execution.
For these instructions, the operation performed by the
processor is to update the program counter to contain the
address of some instruction in memory.

• The data transfer and logic control
paths are indicated, including an
element labeled internal processor
bus.
• This element is needed to transfer
data between the various registers
and the ALU because the ALU in
fact operates only on data in the
internal processor memory.
• The figure also shows typical basic
elements of the ALU. Note the
similarity between the internal
structure of the computer as a whole
and the internal structure of the
processor.
• In both cases, there is a small
collection of major elements
(computer: processor, I/O, memory;
processor: control unit, ALU,
registers) connected by data paths.

Interconnection between computer component
¢Memory Address Register – specifies address
for next read or write
¢Memory Buffer Register – contains data to be
written into or receives data read from memory
¢I/O address register - specifies a particular
I/O device
¢I/O buffer register - used for exchange of data
between an I/O module and CPU (or memory)
¢Memory module - a set of locations
—
with sequentially numbered addresses
—
each holds a binary number that can be either
an instruction or data

Interconnection Structure
The collection of paths connecting the various modules of a computer
(CPU, memory, I/O) is called the interconnection structure.
Collection of path connecting these modules is called as interconnection
structure.
It must support the following types of transfers:
• Memory to CPU
• CPU to Memory
• I/O to CPU
• CPU to I/O
• I/O to or from Memory

BUS Organization
● A Bus is a collection of wires that connects several devices.
● Group of lines that serves as connecting path for several
devices is called a bus
● Buses are used to send control signals and data between the
processor and other components
● This is to achieve a reasonable speed of operation.
• In computer system all the peripherals are connected to
microprocessor through Bus.
• The easiest analogy for this is a multi-lane highway; The more
lanes you have, the more traffic that can pass through per time
period.

● 1. Data Lines
● Data lines coordinate in transferring the data among the system
components. The data lines are collectively called data bus.
● A data bus may have 32 lines, 64 lines, 128 lines, or even more
lines. The number of lines present in the data bus defines
the width of the data bus.
● Each data line is able to transfer only one bit at a time. So the
number of data lines in a data bus determines how many bits it
can transfer at a time.
● The performance of the system also depends on the width of the
data bus.

2. Address Lines:
● The content of the address lines of the bus determines the
source or destination of the data present on the data bus.
The number of address lines together is referred to as
address bus. The number of address lines in the address
bus determines its width.
● The width of the address bus determines the memory
capacity of the system. The content of address lines is also
used for addressing I/O ports. The higher-order bits
determine the bus module and the lower ordered bits
determine the address of memory locations or I/O ports.
● Whenever the processor has to read a word from the
memory it simply places the address of the corresponding
word on the address line.

3.Control Lines
● The address lines and data lines are shared by all the
components of the system so there must some means to
control the use and access of data and address lines.
● The control signals placed on the control lines control the
use and access to address and data lines of the bus.
● The control signal consists of the command and timing
information. Here the command in the control signal specify
the operation that has to be performed. And the timing
information over the control signals specify till when the
data and address information is valid .

Control lines include lines are:
● Memory Write: This command causes the data on the data bus to
be placed over the addressed memory location.
● Memory Read: This command causes the data on the addressed
memory location to be placed on the data bus.
● I/O Write: The command over this control line causes the data on
the data bus to be placed over the addressed I/O port.
● I/O Read: The command over this control line causes the data
from the addressed I/O port to be placed over the data bus.
● Transfer ACK: This control line indicates the data has been
received from the data bus or is placed over the data bus.
● Bus Request: This control line indicates that the component has
requested control over the bus.
● Bus Grant: This control line indicates that the bus has been
granted to the requesting component.

Control lines include lines are:
● Interrupt Request: This control line indicates that interrupts are
pending.
● Interrupt ACK: This control line provides acknowledgment when
the pending interrupt is serviced.
● Clock: This control line is used to synchronize the operations.
● Reset: The bit information issued over this control line initializes
all the modules.

Bus Interconnection
● If one module wishes to send data to another, it
must:
○ Obtain use of the bus
○ Transfer data via the bus
● If one module wishes to request data from another,
it must:
○ Obtain use of the bus
○ Transfer a request to the other module over
control and address lines
○ Wait for second module to send data

● Typical physical arrangement of a system bus
○ A number of parallel electrical conductors
○ Each system component (usually on one or more boards)
taps into some or all of the bus lines (usually with a slotted
connector)
○ System can be expanded by adding more boards
○ A bad component can be replaced by replacing the board
where it resides

Single Bus Structure
• Single Bus Structure - Used for only one
transfer at a time
• Control lines are used to arbitrate multiple
requests
• Adv : Low cost and flexibility
• Single-bus structure is primarily found in small machines,
namely minicomputers and microcomputers
Output Memory Processor
Input

Multiple Bus Structure
Input
Output
Processor Memory
I/O Bus
Memory Bus
The processor interacts with the memory through a memory bus
and handles input and output functions over an I/O bus. Data
passes through the processor on its way to the memory. In such
configurations the I/O transfers are usually under direct control of
the processor, which initiates transfers and monitors their progress
until completion.

Bus Interconnection
● Multiple Bus Hierarchies
● A great number of devices on a bus will cause performance to
suffer
○ Propagation delay - the time it takes for devices to coordinate
the use of the bus
○ The bus may become a bottleneck as the aggregate data
transfer demand
● Traditional Hierarchical Bus Architecture
○ Use of a cache structure insulates CPU from frequent
accesses to main memory
○ Main memory can be moved off local bus to a system bus

Bus Interconnection
○ Use of a cache structure insulates CPU from frequent
accesses to main memory
○ Main memory can be moved off local bus to a system bus
○ Expansion bus interface
■ buffers data transfers between system bus and I/O
controllers on expansion bus
■ insulates memory-to-processor traffic from I/O traffic

Bus Interconnection
Example Small Computer System
Interface (SCSI). It's a set
of standards that define
how computers and
peripheral devices
connect and transfer
data. SCSI is best known
for its use with storage
devices like hard disk
drives.

External Memory:
 External memory can also be known as secondary memory or backing store. It
is used to store a huge amount of data because it has a huge capacity.
 At present, it can measure the data in hundreds of megabytes or even in
gigabytes.
 The important property of external memory is that whenever the computer
switches off, then stored information will not be lost.

Secondary Memory
 We know that processor memory, also known as primary memory, is expensive
as well as limited. The faster primary memory are also volatile. If we need to
store large amount of data or programs permanently, we need a cheaper and
permanent memory. Such memory is called secondary memory. Here we will
discuss secondary memory devices that can be used to store large amount of
data, audio, video and multimedia files.
 Characteristics of Secondary Memory
These are some characteristics of secondary memory, which distinguish it
from primary memory −
It is non-volatile, i.e. it retains data when power is switched off
It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes
It is cheaper as compared to primary memory

Digital-to-Digital Conversion
 Depending on whether secondary memory device is part of CPU or not, there are
two types of secondary memory – fixed and removable.
 Let us look at some of the secondary memory devices available.

Hard Disk Drive
Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged
one over the other almost ½ inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of
non-magnetic material like aluminum alloy and coated with 10-20 nm of
magnetic material.

Hard Disk Drive
• Standard diameter of these disks is 14 inches and they rotate with speeds
varying from 4200 rpm (rotations per minute) for personal computers to 15000
rpm for servers.
• Data is stored by magnetizing or demagnetizing the magnetic coating. A
magnetic reader arm is used to read data from and write data to the disks. A
typical modern HDD has capacity in terabytes (TB).

CD Drive
CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that use optical rays,
usually lasers, to read and write data. They are very cheap as you can get 700
MB of storage space for less than a dollar. CDs are inserted in CD drives built
into CPU cabinet. They are portable as you can eject the drive, remove the CD
and carry it with you. There are three types of CDs −
CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) − The data on these CDs
are recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are
released on CD-ROMs.
CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable) − Data can be written by the user
once on the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified later.
CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) − Data can be written and deleted
on these optical disks again and again.

DVD Drive
DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVD are optical devices that can
store 15 times the data held by CDs. They are usually used to store rich
multimedia files that need high storage capacity. DVDs also come in three
varieties – read only, recordable and rewritable.

Pen Drive
Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory
rather than magnetic fields or lasers to record data. It uses a technology
similar to RAM, except that it is nonvolatile. It is also called USB drive,
key drive or flash memory.

Blu Ray Disk
 Blu Ray Disk (BD) is an optical storage media used to store high definition (HD)
video and other multimedia files. BD uses shorter wavelength laser as compared
to CD/DVD. This enables writing arm to focus more tightly on the disk and
hence pack in more data. BDs can store up to 128 GB data.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Components
Electromechanical
Rotating disks
Arm assembly
Electronics
Disk controller
Cache
Interface controller

HDD Organization
Arm Assembly
Arm Head
Cylinder
Spindle
Platter
Track

HDD Organization
Typical configurations seen in disks today
Platter diameters: 3.7”, 3.3”, 2.6”
RPMs: 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000
0.5-1% variation in the RPM during operation
Number of platters: 1-5
Mobile disks can be as small as 0.75”
Power proportional to: (# Platters)*(RPM)2.8(Diameter)4.6
Tradeoff in the drive-design
Read/write head
Reading – Faraday’s Law
Writing – Magnetic Induction
Data-channel
Encoding/decoding of data to/from magnetic phase changes

Disk Medium Materials
Aluminum with a deposit of magnetic material
Some disks also use glass platters
Eg. Newer IBM/Hitachi products
Better surface uniformity and stiffness but harder to deposit magnetic
material
Anti-Ferromagnetically Coupled media
Uses two magnetic layers of opposite polarity to reinforce the
orientation.
Can provide higher densities but at higher manufacturing complexity

A Magnetic ‘Bit’
Bit-cell composed of magnetic
grains
50-100 grains/bit
‘0’
Region of grains of uniform
magnetic polarity
‘1’
Boundary between regions of
opposite magnetization

Storage Density
Determines both capacity and
performance
Density Metrics
Linear density (Bits/inch or BPI)
Track density (Tracks/inch or
TPI)
Areal Density = BPIxTPI
BPI
TPI

Microprocessor
Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor.
A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is called microcomputer.
It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a
storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and
provides results as output.

Microcontroller
A microcomputer made on a single semiconductor chip is called single-chip microcomputer. Since, single chip
microcomputers are generally used in control applications, they are also called microcontrollers.
Microcontroller contains all essential components of a microcomputer such as CPU, RAM, ROM/EPROM, I/O lines etc.
Some single chip microcontrollers contain devices to perform specific functions such as DMA channels, A/D converter,
serial port, pulse width modulation, etc.

Microprocessors Microcontrollers
It is used for big applications. It is used to execute a single task within an application.
Microprocessor is the heart of computer system. It is the heart of the embedded system.
It is just a processor. Memory and I/O components have to be
having to be connected externally.
Microcontroller contains external processor along with
internal memory and I/O components.
Since I/O and memory connected externally, the circuit becomes
large.
Since I/O and memory present internally, the circuit is
small.
Can't be used in compact systems and hence inefficient. Can be used in compact systems and microcontroller is
an efficient technique.
Cost of entire system increases. Cost of entire system is low.
Power consumption is high. Power consumption is low.
Most of the microprocessors do not have power saving modes. Most of the microcontrollers have power saving mode.
Difficult to replace. Easy to replace.

MI Unit-1.pdf a detailed presentation on microprocessors

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