![Can you trust the crowd?
On Wikipedia ”any user can
change any entry, and if
enough users agree with
them, it becomes true."
“The Elephant population in Africa has
tripled over the past six months.”[1]
Wikiality: Reality as decided on by majority rule.[2]
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_The_Colbert_Report
[2] http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=wikiality](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/middeware2012crowd-121211111932-phpapp01/85/Middeware2012-crowd-50-320.jpg)
![Can you organize the crowd?
Independent agreement to identify patches
Soylent, a prototype...
Randomize order of suggestions
52
[Bernstein et al: Soylent: A Word Processor with a Crowd Inside. UIST, 2010]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/middeware2012crowd-121211111932-phpapp01/85/Middeware2012-crowd-52-320.jpg)
Middeware2012 crowd
- 1. Integrating Crowd & Cloud Resources for Big Data Michael Franklin Middleware 2012, Montreal December 6 2012 Expeditions UC BERKELEY in Computing
- 6. Data Collection & Curation e.g., Freebase
- 7. An Academic View From Quinn & Bederson, “Human Computation: A Survey and Taxonomy of a Growing Field”, CHI 2011.
- 8. The Way Industry Looks At It How Industry Looks At It
- 9. Useful Taxonomies • Doan, Halevy, Ramakrishnan; (Crowdsourcing) CACM 4/11 – nature of collaboration (implicit vs. explicit) – architecture (standalone vs. piggybacked) – must recruit users/workers? (yes or no) – What do users/workers do? • Bederson & Quinn; (Human Computation) CHI ‟11 – Motivation (Pay, Altruism, Enjoyment, Reputation) – Quality Control (many mechanisms) – Aggregation (how are results combined?) – Human Skill (Visual recognition, language, …) – …
- 10. Types of Tasks Task Granularity Examples Complex Tasks • Build a website • Develop a software system • Overthrow a government? Simple Projects • Design a logo and visual identity • Write a term paper Macro Tasks • Write a restaurant review • Test a new website feature • Identify a galaxy Micro Tasks • Label an image • Verify an address • Simple entity resolution Inspired by the report: “Paid Crowdsourcing”, Smartsheet.com, 9/15/2009
- 12. Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT)
- 13. Microtasking – Virutalized Humans • Current leader: Amazon Mechanical Turk • Requestors place Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) – set price per “assignment” (usually cents) – specify #of replicas (assignments), expiration, … – User Interface (for workers) – API-based: “createHit()”, “getAssignments()”, “approveAssignments()”, “forceExpire()” • Requestors approve jobs and payment • Workers (a.k.a. “turkers”) choose jobs, do them, get paid 13
- 18. Crowdsourcing for Data Management • Relational • Beyond relational – data cleaning – graph search – data entry – classification – information extraction – transcription – schema matching – mobile image search – entity resolution – social media analysis – data spaces – question answering – building structured KBs – NLP – sorting – text summarization – top-k – sentiment analysis – ... – semantic wikis – ... 18
- 20. Not Exactly Crowdsourcing, but… “The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.”
- 21. AMP: Integrating Diverse Resources Algorithms: Machine Learning and Analytics People: Machines: CrowdSourcing & Cloud Computing Human Computation 21
- 22. The Berkeley AMPLab • Goal: Data analytics stack integrating A, M & P • BDAS: Released as BSD/Apache Open Source • 6 year duration: 2011-2017 • 8 CS Faculty • Directors: Franklin(DB), Jordan (ML), Stoica (Sys) • Industrial Support & Collaboration: • NSF Expedition and Darpa XData 22
- 23. People in AMP • Long term Goal: Make people an integrated part of the system! • Leverage human activity Machines + • Leverage human intelligence Algorithms • Current AMP People Projects – Carat: Collaborative Energy Questions activity Answers Debugging data, – CrowdDB: “The World‟s Dumbest Database System” – CrowdER: Hybrid computation for Entity Resolution – CrowdQ: Hybrid Unstructured Query Answering 23
- 24. Carat: Leveraging Human Activity ~500,000 downloads to date A. J. Oliner, et al. Collaborative Energy Debugging for Mobile Devices. Workshop on Hot Topics in System Dependability (HotDep), 2012. 24
- 25. Carat: How it works Collaborative Detection of Energy Bugs 25
- 26. Leveraging Human Intelligence First Attempt: CrowdSQL Results CrowdDB Parser Turker Relationship MetaData Manager UI Form Optimizer Creation Editor See also: Executor UI Template Manager Qurk – MIT Statistics HIT Manager Deco – Stanford Files Access Methods Disk 1 Disk 2 CrowdDB: Answering Queries with Crowdsourcing, SIGMOD 2011 26 Query Processing with the VLDB Crowd, VLDB 2011
- 27. DB-hard Queries Company_Name Address Market Cap Google Googleplex, Mtn. View CA $210Bn Intl. Business Machines Armonk, NY $200Bn Microsoft Redmond, WA $250Bn SELECT Market_Cap From Companies Where Company_Name = “IBM” Number of Rows: 0 Problem: Entity Resolution 27
- 28. DB-hard Queries Company_Name Address Market Cap Google Googleplex, Mtn. View CA $210Bn Intl. Business Machines Armonk, NY $200Bn Microsoft Redmond, WA $250Bn SELECT Market_Cap From Companies Where Company_Name = “Apple” Number of Rows: 0 Problem: Closed-World Assumption 28
- 29. DB-hard Queries SELECT Image From Pictures Where Image contains “Good Looking Dog” Number of Rows: 0 Problem: Subjective Comparision 29
- 30. Leveraging Human Intelligence First Attempt: CrowdSQL Results CrowdDB Parser Turker Relationship MetaData Manager UI Form Where to use the crowd: Optimizer Creation Editor • Cleaning and Executor UI Template Manager Statistics Disambiguation • Find missing data Files Access Methods HIT Manager • Make subjective comparisons Disk 1 Disk 2 CrowdDB: Answering Queries with Crowdsourcing, SIGMOD 2011 30 Query Processing with the VLDB Crowd, VLDB 2011
- 31. CrowdDB - Worker Interface 31
- 33. CrowdSQL DDL Extensions: Crowdsourced columns Crowdsourced tables CREATE TABLE company ( CREATE CROWD TABLE department ( name STRING PRIMARY KEY, university STRING, hq_address CROWD STRING); department STRING, phone_no STRING) PRIMARY KEY (university, department); DML Extensions: CrowdEqual: CROWDORDER operators (currently UDFs): SELECT * SELECT p FROM picture FROM companies WHERE subject = WHERE Name ~= “Big Blue” "Golden Gate Bridge" ORDER BY CROWDORDER(p, "Which pic shows better %subject"); 33
- 34. CrowdDB Query: Picture ordering Which picture visualizes better Query: "Golden Gate Bridge" SELECT p FROM picture WHERE subject = "Golden Gate Bridge" ORDER BY CROWDORDER(p, "Which pic shows better %subject"); Data-Size: 30 subject areas, with 8 pictures each Batching: 4 orderings per HIT Replication: 3 Assignments per HIT Price: 1 cent per HIT Submit 34 (turker-votes, turker-ranking, expert-ranking)
- 35. User Interface vs. Quality Please fill out the missing Please fill out the missing professor data department data N ame Carey Department CS Department CS Name Please fill out the missing name MTJoin professor data MTJoin Phone E-Mail (Dep) Name Carey (Professor) p.dep = d.name Submit p.name = "carey" Submit MTProbe E-Mail (Professor, Dep) Department name=Carey Please fill out the missing Please fill out the missing Department MTProbe professor data Phone department data (Professor) Carey MTProbe(Dep) Department Name name=Carey Submit Name E-Mail Phone Department Submit Submit (Department first) (Professor first) (De-normalized Probe) ≈10% Error-Rate ≈10% Error-Rate ≈80% Error-Rate 35
- 36. Turker Affinity and Errors Turker Rank 36
- 37. A Bigger Underlying Issue Closed-World Open-World 37
- 38. What Does This Query Mean? SELECT COUNT(*) FROM IceCreamFlavors Trushkowsky et al. Croudsourcing Enumeration Queries, ICDE 2013 (to appear) 38
- 39. Estimating Completeness SELECT COUNT(*) FROM US States US States using Mechanical Turk Species Estimation techniques perform well on average •Uniform under-predicts slightly, coeff of var. = 0.5 •Decent estimate after 100 HITs States: unique items Average US States 50 40 avg # unique answers 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 39 # responses # Answers (HITs)
- 40. Estimating Completeness SELECT COUNT(*) FROM IceCreamFlavors • Ice Cream Ice Cream Flavors Flavors – Estimators don‟t converge – Very highly skewed (CV = 5.8) – Detect that # HITs insufficient Few, short lists of ice cream flavors (e.g. “alumni swirl, apple cobbler (beginning of crunch, arboretum breeze,…” from Penn State Creamery 40 curve)
- 41. pay-as-you-go • “I don’t believe it is usually possible to estimate the number of species... but only an appropriate lower bound for that number. This is because there is nearly always a good chance that there are a very large number of extremely rare species” – Good, 1953 • So instead, can ask: “What‟s the benefit of m additional HITs?” Ice Cream after 1500 HITs m Actual Shen Spline 10 1 1.79 1.62 50 7 8.91 8.22 200 39 35.4 32.9 41
- 42. CrowdER - Entity Resolution DB 42/17
- 43. Hybrid Entity-Resolution Threshold = 0.2 #Pairs = 8,315 #HITs = 508 Cost= $38.1 Time = 4.5h Time(QT) = 20h J. Wang et al. CrowdER: Crowdsourcing Entity Resolution, PVLDB 2012 43/17
- 44. CrowdQ – Query Generation • Help find answers to unstructured queries – Approach: Generate a structured query via templates • Machines do parsing and ontology lookup • People do the rest: verification, entity extraction, etc. Demartini et al. CroudQ: Crowdsourced Query Understanding, CIDR 2013 (to appear) 44
- 45. SO, WHERE DOES MIDDLEWARE FIT IN?
- 46. Generic Architecture Middleware is the software that resides between applications application and the underlying architecture. The goal of middleware is to facilitate the development of applications by providing higher- level abstractions for better Hybrid Platform programmability, performance, s calability, security, and a variety of essential features. Middleware 2012 web page
- 47. The Challenge Incentives Latency & Prediction Failure Modes Some issues: Work Conditions Interface Task Structuring Task Routing 47 …
- 48. Can you incentivize workers? http://waxy.org/2008/11/the_faces_of_ 48 mechanical_turk/
- 49. Incentives 49
- 50. Can you trust the crowd? On Wikipedia ”any user can change any entry, and if enough users agree with them, it becomes true." “The Elephant population in Africa has tripled over the past six months.”[1] Wikiality: Reality as decided on by majority rule.[2] [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_The_Colbert_Report [2] http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=wikiality
- 51. Answer Quality Approaches • Some General Techniques – Approval Rate / Demographic Restrictions – Qualification Test – Gold Sets/Honey Pots – Redundancy and Voting – Statistical Measures and Bias Reduction – Verification/Review • Query Specific Techniques • Worker Relationship Management 51
- 52. Can you organize the crowd? Independent agreement to identify patches Soylent, a prototype... Randomize order of suggestions 52 [Bernstein et al: Soylent: A Word Processor with a Crowd Inside. UIST, 2010]
- 53. Can You Predict the Crowd? Streakers List walking 53
- 54. Can you build a low-latency crowd? from: M S Bernstein, J Brandt, R C Miller, D R Karger, “Crowds in Two Seconds: Enabling Realtime Crowdsourced Applications”, UIST 2011. 54
- 55. Can you help the crowd?
- 56. For More Information Crowdsourcing Tutorials: • P. Ipeirotis, Managing Crowdsourced Human Computation, WWW „11, March 2011. • O. Alonso, M. Lease, Crowdsourcing for Information Retrieval: Principles, Methods, and Applications, SIGIR July 2011. • A. Doan, M. Franklin, D. Kossmann, T. Kraska, Crowdsourcing Applications and Platforms: A Data Management Perspective, VLDB 2011. AMPLab: amplab.cs.berkeley.edu • Papers • Project Descriptions and Pages • News updates and Blogs 56
Editor's Notes
- #10: Fix ME!!!!
- #14: For the database administrator it is the correct answer, but for the CEO it is not really understandable
- #15: Equal is not a good fit
- #19: 210 HITsIt took 68 minutes to complete the whole experiment.
- #38: -
- #42: Lead off with saying heavily skewed distribution will be difficult to estimate, only lower bound(say quote)Instead, reason about cost vs. benefit tradeoffWhen you ask a slightly different question, you can still make progress!
- #52: General Techniques (NON-DB techniques)