MIDTERM NOTESMIDTERM NOTESMIDTERM NOTES.docx
- 1. LESSON 1: PERSONALITY Describing Personality • Each person has a unique personality. • Your personality consists of the behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and ways of thinking that make you an individual. • A psychologist studies how people think, feel, and behave. • Many researchers use five central traits to describe peoples' personalities • extroversion • emotional stability • agreeableness • openness to experiences • conscientiousness 3
- 2. Extroversion • This trait describes how much you like being with other people. • An extrovert tends to be outgoing, talkative, and sociable. • An introvert tends to be shy, quiet, and reserved. Agreeableness • This trait describes your tendency to relate to other people in a friendly way. • People who are agreeable tend to cooperate with others. • People who are disagreeable tend to be suspicious or hostile. Personality
- 3. Emotional Stability • People who are emotionally stable tend to be relaxed, secure, and calm, even during difficult situations. • On the other end of the scale are people who are fearful, worried, and angry. Openness to Experiences • People who are open to new experiences tend to be curious, imaginative, and creative. • People who are less open tend to be more predictable and less independent.
- 4. How Personality Forms Personality traits are influenced by a combination of heredity and environment
- 5. Heredity Infants are born with distinct tendencies to act in certain ways. • Traits such as cheerfulness and shyness may be inherited. • Talents such as musical and artistic abilities may be inherited .Personality Environment Heredity is only half the picture. Your family, your friends, and your cultural group are important parts of your environment. They all have an influence on your personality. • Family Experienceschildhood as a valued in oneto
- 6. Culture Starting in you that are child helped Friends Personality traitshad and throughout the culture may not be as Children learn another shape your personalityhighly valuedincreasingly teenage years, friends.become an in about important influence on appropriate ways friends, culture. feelings, attitudes, and personality. Theseto behave who their families. As children develop, similar from are about the same age and share they copy interests, are called a This is called the behavior of others.peer group. modeling.
- 7. Stages of Personality Development Personality develops throughout life as people meet a series of challenges. Develop Trust Learn to be Independent Take Initiative Develop Skills Search for Identity Establish Intimacy Create and Nurture Look Back With Acceptance 13
- 8. P e r s o n a l i t y Stages of Personality Development Develop Trust If needs are met, the child learns to trust other people. If needs are not met, the child learns mistrust and may withdraw from others.
- 9. Stages of Personality Development Learn to Be Independent This is the stage when young children learn to do things on their own. If children fail to master these tasks, they develop self-doubt. Stages of Personality Development Take Initiative During this stage, children start to plan their own activities. If children are harshly scolded for poor initiatives, they may feel unworthy, guilty, or resentful.
- 10. Stages of Personality Development Develop Skills These skills make children feel competent—capable of achieving their goals. Without skills, a child may feel like a failure. Stages of Personality Development Search for Identity As a teenager, your main challenge is a search for identity or a sense of self.
- 11. Stages of Personality Development Establish Intimacy As a young adult, your challenge will be to establish close bonds with others. ersonality Stages of Personality Development Create and Nurture During middle adulthood, people need to stay productive and creative in all parts of their life.
- 12. Stages of Personality Development Look Back With Acceptance During older adulthood, people reflect on their lives. Vocabulary personality psychologist modeling peer group
- 13. identity A set of behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and ways of thinking that are unique to an individual. A person who studies how people think, feel, and behave. Learning how to behave by copying the behavior of others. A group of people who are about the same age and share similar interests. A sense of self.
- 14. LESSON 2: MORAL REASONING It is the process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation. People are frequently faced with moral choices, such as whether to lie to avoid hurting someone’s feelings, or whether to take an action that will benefit some while harming others. FACTORS OF MORAL REASONING Moral Sensitivity It is the ability to see an ethical dilemma, including how our actions will affect others. Moral Judgement It is the ability to reason correctly about what ought to be done in a specific situation. Moral Motivation It is a personal commitment to moral action, accepting responsibility for the outcome. Moral Character It is a courageous persistence in spite of fatigue or temptations to take the easy way out. Moral Imagination It is the ability to see the situation through the eyes of others.
- 15. Moral Creativity It is closely related to moral imagination, but it centers on the ability to frame a situation in different ways. Reasonableness It balances openness to the views of others with commitment to moral values and other important goals. Perseverance It is the ability to decide on a moral plan of action and then to adapt to any barriers that arise in order to continue working toward that goal. LESSON 3: 7 LAWS OF LIFE 1. Time- 'Use me carefully and you will always have time to do the things you want to do.' Time is such a precious commodity. Once a second passes by it never returns! The measure of time has changed over the last hundred years. As we are being asked to respond ever faster to the pings and pongs on our technology, we are being encouraged to act with haste. If you use time in a healthy way, by being happy and sharing happiness with others, then time becomes our servant and we will always have enough time to do the things we want to do. This is a law of life. 2. Money and Wealth - 'Use me wisely and you will always be "rich"." How much is a lot of wealth? Do you think you earn enough? Probably not! It's never enough. Yet for some, even if they have a
- 16. small amount of wealth it can stretch very far, because that wealth is blessed. This is why in every faith tradition there is the notion of giving some of our wealth to charity. As we part with this treasure with love, we create selfless acts, and these altruistic acts bring a lot of blessings and good fortune in return. Use your wealth wisely. Just because you have a lot, it doesn't mean it has to be spent, but in fact spent in the right way. Hence, the term 'rich' can have many meanings; one can be rich in spirit, and have a heart that has generosity while others, even having all the wealth in the world and are still misers with it. 3. Relationships - 'Use me respectfully and you will always be surrounded by love and co-operation.' Relationships too are an invaluable asset. Some people receive all the care and love and support, while others constantly feel neglected. Why do you think that is? If we have first given into a relationship then that relationship, like the stock market will reap great dividends at the right time. We always say give and then you shall receive. It is never the other way around, although we think it is. Be nice to others and they will surely be nice back, but sometimes it may take time to see this fruit. The question you have to ask yourself in relationships is: Do you want to be right or do you want to keep your peace? Respect others. Do not take them for granted and you will always be surrounded with love and co-operation. 4. Mind - 'Use me kindly and you will always remain strong and powerful.' "...for there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." From Shakespeare's Hamlet These words were spoken by the wise Shakespeare. So there is no right or wrong, but how we think that makes it that way. If I think negatively or positively, it is I who is the first one to get affected. I am
- 17. the first person to benefit from my positivity and the first to be hurt by my negativity. So, you are not really doing anyone a favour by being positive; only yourself. A strong mind is a healthy mind. It can make clear decisions. It is wise and confident. Be kind to your mind and not harsh and it will always remain your strong and powerful ally. 5. Body - 'Use me actively and you will always remain healthy." If you don't 'use it, you lose it' - is a common expression. As we exercise all the muscles of the body we make them stronger. We cannot expect the body to be healthy if we are stationary in one place all day long. But there is another aspect to using the body here. As we volunteer, act in service, and give our time and energy freely to helping others, there is a greater joy experienced. The law of life states that if I have been standing helping others, then my legs will co-operate with me when I am in need. If my hands have been serving meals all day long, then they too will help me when I need them most. 6. Nature and the Elements - 'Use me humbly and you will always have abundance and flow. "We seem to think that we are Nature's dictator, when in actual fact, Nature is dictating to us. If She chooses, She need not feed us, or rain (or reign!) over us, or provide us with sunlight, yet Nature provides these things for us every day. We cannot control matter, it controls us. Therefore, it is we who need to be humble to matter and the elements. If we respect Mother Nature, She will be kind to us. If we disrespect Her then She can show Her ferocity. Again, like above, I am creating my own personal karma with matter. If someone throws an empty can of drink out of their car window, it doesn't mean I need to follow suit! That is their karma, let me find a safe place to recycle my trash.
- 18. 7. God-'Use Me lovingly and you will always be loved.' Finally, this is the time to create good works with God. Be His helper, by doing what He would do, that is to be kind and courageous wherever and whenever it is needed. We tend to expect a lot from Him, begging Him to do this and that for us. But first, what are we doing for Him? Do not get angry on Him. He has not created the world as it is today. If God is the Creator, then would He create such a world of pain and sorrow with disasters and tragedies? I don't think so. Therefore, let's give God some credit. Let us love Him and appreciate Him. He is there so that we can take power from Him to create good works for ourselves. He cannot simply jump into our lives and fix everything for us. For if He did, then He would have to fix the lives of all the 8 billion souls!! Because He is the fair and just One. God helps those who help themselves first. On a closing note, we may think we can escape from the security cameras, the police or the judicial system, but we will never escape from the effects of our bad works. The law of life is the ultimate universal justice system. It takes care of everyone's actions. This means that we don't need to become the law unto our self. For each one will be served what they have 'ordered', sometimes sweet and sometimes bitter. Project 1: Create a poster illustrating one of the laws of life using quotes and imagery that represents the law. Project 2: Write a reflection on how you can apply these laws in your daily life. Choose at least three laws and describe practical ways you can implement them. Project 3: Interview someone who you believe embodies one of the laws of life. Write a short report on their perspective and actions.