Migration and Types of Migrations involving World migration Pattern
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1. Migration involves the movement of people across boundaries and is one of three components of population change, along with births and deaths. It is difficult to measure, model, and forecast compared to fertility and mortality. 2. Migrations can be internal within a country or region, or international across country borders. They can be voluntary or involuntary, and people who migrate are either immigrants or emigrants depending on their departure and destination points. 3. Migrations are selective based on factors like age, sex, family size, occupation, race, and education level. Young adults tend to migrate more than other age groups for jobs, while married people migrate less than unmarried people. Men also tend to migrate more than women.
Migration and Types of Migrations involving World migration Pattern
- 1. Migrations Along with births and deaths, migration is one of the three demographic components of population change, and it has often been described as the most difficult to measure, model and forecast. Unlike fertility and mortality, migration is not a single unique event in time and space, but can repeat itself over the lifetime of an individual. Thus, the volume and type of migration measured and analyzed depend on the definitions used to identify a migrant. So, migration can be defined as “The movement of people across the specific boundary involving change of residence for a substantial period of time” The temporary movement of people for the purpose of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to settle in the new location. Migration has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration which includes the slave trade etc. People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point they are called emigrants. Refugee’s population is that part of population who are seeking shelter or refugee. Classification of migration is not an easy task as there exists an extreme diversity of migration in cause, duration, distance, direction, volume, velocity, selectivity and organization. There may be of seasonal, temporary, periodic, permanent, spontaneous, forced, impelled, planned, internal, external, inter-regional, international, continental or inter-continental type migration. DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION Migrations are age and sex selective. The most accepted migration differential is certainly that of age, as young adults migrate first to their jobs. Fortunately, they adjust more easily to their new environment than do other age groups. Among young population, males migrate first than females. On the other hand, married people migrate less as compared to unmarried people. In Most developed Countries (MDCs) short distance internal migrants are pre-dominantly female
- 2. while long distance internal migrants are pre-dominantly male; on the other hand, in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) both internal and international migrants are pre-dominantly male. Family size is also an important selective factor of migration. Today, in LDCs there are more and more migration of families, looking for better houses, schools, social conditions and jobs. Migration is also more common among certain occupation groups than others. Professional classes are proportionally more migratory than either skilled or unskilled workers. Unemployed persons tend to be more migratory than employed persons. Migratory selection also take place by race, nationality and educational attainment, and in general the process of selection depends more upon conditions at the destination than upon those at the place of origin, for migration which as a strong push stimulus tend to be less selective than migration which is mainly responsive to pull factors. CAUSES OF MIGRATION Causes of migration are varied and complimentary. It involves both the “push” and “pull” factors both at the origin and destination of migrants. Bogue enlist 25 migration stimulating situations for persons, 15 factors in choosing a destination, and 10 socio-economic conditions which can stimulate or retard mobility among a population. Push factors includes Graduation; marriage; lack of marriage; employment offers; retirement; military service; medical care; imprisonment; natural disaster invasion by outsiders; wanderlust; social projection; forced movement. Pull factors includes Cost of moving; presence of relatives or friends; employment offer; physical attractiveness; amenities; population composition; special employment facilities; knowledge; special assistance; subsidies; information reputation; lack of alternative destinations.
- 3. Socio-economic conditions affecting migrations includes Major capital investment; major business fluctuations; technological change; changes in economic organization; provision for social welfare; migration propaganda facilities; regulation affecting migration; tolerance of minorities of all types; migration policy. These lists are not exhaustive. Other factors may be added like population pressure and growth, the availability of land in an area of departure and destination etc. 1 INTERNAL MIGRATIONS MEASURMENT Direct measurement of internal migration is only possible in the countries where migration question is posed at the census. However, some indirect measurement of migration are also possible such as vital statistic method which estimate the total net gain or loss in population of a community as a result of migration by subtracting total net natural increase from total inter- censual change. We can also use survival ratio method which estimates the proportion of population which should be expected to survive at the second census. Migrations can also be measured by comparison of place-of-birth statistics with present residence. Volume of migration in an area also called as gross migration which is the total of emigration (from area of departure) and immigration (into area of arrival). Immigration rate is the number of immigrants divided by total population at the destination multiplied by K in a given year. K is constant and its value is 1000. Emigration rate is the number of emigrants departing from an area of origin divided by total population per 1000 population. Net-Migration shows that the net affect of immigration and emigration on an area’s population. TYPES OF INTERNAL MIGRATIONS SEASONAL MIGRATIONS Nomadic populations usually engage in seasonal migrations. Pastoral nomadism is the movement of human groups and their flocks or herds following the distribution of pastures. Seasonal pastoral migrations need not entail nomadism.
- 4. PERIODIC MIGRATIONS Include the staying of people, away from their permanent houses for periods of a few years and returned periodically. Maximum earning is the major push factor behind such migrations. RURAL-URBAN, URBAN-RURAL and INTRA-URBAN MIGRATIONS are generally the most important form of internal migration, especially in countries experiencing industrialization and rapid technological change. Urban-centers usually offer seductive amenities such as schools, shops, and public-utilities etc. which are the major pull factors for rural urban migration. The separation of workplace and residence causes inter-city migrations. Drifts of population from one part of a country to another, from the less favored to more favored regions, are widespread. 2 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS International migrations are of greater demographic significance than that of internal migrations, as they mean either a gain or a loss in a country’s population. The twenty-first century has been called “the age of migration”, essentially because there are more migrants in the world today than ever before — about 232 million international migrants in 2013. DETERMINANTS Many of the determinants of urbanization are the same as for the internal migrations, especially the economic motives. Standard of living is the basic determinant of international migrations as people are migration to host countries in search for better livelihoods and jobs to improve their standard of living. Some of the countries deploy special restrictive immigrations measures so as to restrict the entry of certain ethnic groups which are considered undesirable. International migrants are highly selective with regard to education and skills. For example, highly skilled migrants represent an important component of international flows and their movement primarily tends to take place between more developed countries and from a relatively small number of middle-income or rapidly developing economies, such as China and India, to a small number of more developed countries. Nevertheless, a solution to the ageing of populations in the developed world is often seen to focus on encouraging the immigration of
- 5. workers who will not only fill vacancies in the labor force but also contribute to the tax revenue to support the increasing number of retired people. WORLD MIGRATIONS PATTERN The global migration system has changed over recent decades with regard to the origins and destinations, as well as the volume and types of migrants. Countries that were once origins of migration became destinations of migrants and vice versa. The shift from Europe as a major area of emigration, primarily to the Americas and Australasia, to a major area of immigration over the course of the twentieth century is perhaps the most striking recent historical example. At the beginning of the twentieth century a million migrants a year were leaving Europe mainly for Northern America. In 2010, the European Union absorbed 1.2 million “permanent” migrants, more than the number of permanent migrants to the United States (over one million), which represents a very significant shift in the global migration system over the last one hundred years. CONCLUSION Migrations meant differently for different countries. In LDCs, migrations act as a safety valve and assists economic development. Managing and monitoring world migration pattern poses serious challenges to policymakers and analysts alike, not least because of a continued lack of timely and accurate data on population movements both long-term and short-term. Nevertheless, global environmental change is indeed another factor that policymakers will have to incorporate into attempts to manage migration even if those movements are most likely to be short distance and short term. The greatest need is to take into consideration the long-term shifts in mobility that the dynamics of population change imply. Successful policy is more likely to result from planning for such expected global shifts in migration than from trying to regulate or reverse them.