Mprhgd lec6 migration
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This document discusses key topics related to migration including definitions, types of migration, theories of migration, trends in international migration, and challenges. It defines various types of migration such as international, internal, circular, and net migration. Theories of migration discussed include early macro theories, neoclassical economic theories, and socio-political network theories. International migration is at an all-time high and trends include half of migrants moving between developing countries and some countries shifting from emigration to immigration. Prospects are that international migration rates will remain high due to economic and population disparities between countries. Challenges include integration of immigrants in receiving countries and "brain drain" issues in sending countries.
Mprhgd lec6 migration
- 1. Migration ____________________________ Key areas Migration and its different forms Indicators for measuring migration Migration versus natural growth in population change Trends in international migration Theories of migration Prospects and challenges of international migration 1
- 2. Definitions: __________________________ Migration: Geographic movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new permanent or semi-permanent residence (refugees are not considered as migrants!) 1. Circular Migration: Regular pattern of short term migration 2
- 3. 3. International Migration: Moves between countries. • Immigration :move into a new country. • Immigrant: An international migrant who enters the area from a place outside the country. • Emigration: move out of home country • Emigrant: An international migrant departing to another country by crossing the international boundary 3
- 4. 4. Internal migration: Moves within a country • In-Migration: movement into a new politically/ geographically/ administratively defined area within the same country� • In-Migrant : A person who moves into a new area within the same country • Out-Migration : movement out of a politically/ geographically/ administratively defined area within the same country.� • Out-Migrant: a person who moves out of a area within the same country 4
- 5. 5. Net Migration • The net effect of immigration and emigration (or in-migration and outmigration) on an area’s population (increase or decrease). 5
- 6. Measurement of Migration ___________________________ • Measures of Flow (rates): Number of people moving into or out of a country/area • �Measures of stocks (accumulated net migration): # of migrants already living in a place 6
- 7. II. Indicator __________________________ • * Immigration Rate: Number of migrants arriving at a destination per 1000 population at that destination in a given year.� • Emigration Rate: • Net Migration Rate For Emigration it is the country of origin For net migration what? * Note that this is a somewhat unusual rate, since the denominator by definition excludes the events in the numerator. 7
- 8. II. Estimating net migration __________________________ • In the absence of direct data, generally estimated as residual Let I = Number of in-migrants O = Number of out-migrants P0= Population at time 0 Pt= Population at time t B = Number of births D = Number of death 8
- 9. Estimating net migration _____________________________ Demographic Balancing Equation (Residual) Method Net migration = (I-O)=(Pt – Po) – (B-D) (Population growth between two points )- (Natural increase). Can give estimates by age and sex Cohort Component Method-From two successive censuses-Uses life-table survival ratios-Gives estimates by age and sex 9
- 10. Migration : Sources of data ___________________________ • Limited, incomplete and non-uniform • Different sources: - Censuses (birthplace, residence at some earlier time) - Administrative data: Arrival and departure statistics, visa statistics • Special surveys: Population based 10
- 11. International Organizations: -OECD: compiles and publishes data on migration flows in the leading industrial countries -European Union: Publishes annual report on foreigners living in its 15 member countries 11
- 12. -UN: Publishes estimates of most of the foreigners living in most countries based on the data from national governments -UNHCR: publishes annual reports on the # and location of refugees and displaced persons -ILO: Estimates the # of foreign workers in many countries 12
- 13. Measuring Migration: Problems and issues ___________________________ • Problems in definition - Usual residence - Boundary - Time reference: Different in different countries - Size and shape of administrative unit • Data-Incomplete, non-uniform • Illegal migration 13
- 14. Migration and Population Redistribution ___________________________ • Important component of population growth in countries involved in overseas European expansion in the 19th and early 20th century • Impact was small in the later part of 20th century 14
- 15. Migration and Population Growth __________________________ • Generally a much smaller component than natural increase in net population growth • Becoming relatively more important with decline in fertility in developed countries, and in countries with small populations with very low growth rates Continue 15
- 16. • The contribution of migration to population growth also depends upon the size of stock and flow of immigrants compared with the size of the native population, and fertility differentials between the native population and migrant population 16
- 17. Net Emigration Rate and Population Growth ___________________________ • Impact of net emigration quite small for Asia or Africa (in Africa accounted for only 1.5 per 1000 and 1.6 per 1000 reduction of population growth in 1990-95 and 1995-2000 respectively) • Appreciable negative effect on population growth rate in Caribbean and in Central America, Micronesia and Polynesia in Oceania 17
- 19. International Migration: An Overview ____________________________ • Reached all time high in terms of absolute numbers in 1990s • Roughly 2% of world’s population (125 million) live outside their country of birth. • Number is expanding by 2-4 million annually. Continue 19
- 20. • The world ‘s migrant population is concentrated in relatively few countries • 71% of the countries in 1990-95 and 82% in 1995-2000 in the world had net migration rates between -0.5 per 1000 to 0.5 per 1000. • Countries that experience high rates of net emigration or immigration tend to have small populations • Most people never cross national borders to live or work in another country Continue 20
- 21. • Half of the world’s migrants move from one developing country to another. • Countries can shift from being emigration to immigration areas e.g. Italy, Spain, and Korea • Characteristics of Migrants – No clear pattern by sex – Young-mostly aged 20 to 40 – Often above average SES at point of origin, below average SES at destination 21
- 22. Why People Migrate: Theories _____________________ • Early Theories : Before 1970 • Neo-classical economic theories: 1970s and 1980s • Socio-political theories: 1990s 22
- 23. Early Theories : Before 1970s (Lee, Raven stock) ________________________ • Before 1975: (Lee) Macro theories which relate various features of migration (volume, selectivity ,etc.) to causes that are mostly demographic; distribution of populations, distance between locations, duration of migrant stream etc. 23
- 24. Neo-classical Theories of Migration: 1975-85 ___________________________ �Unit of Analysis: Individual • Predictors: –economic opportunities in the origin place –economic opportunities in the destination place including risk –information –Costs of move • Outcomes: Decision of an individual to migrate or not. 24
- 25. Todaro’s individual cost-benefit model __________________________ –Migration is the outcome of a rational evaluation of costs and benefits of movement –Individual is the main decision maker in isolation from the household or community Criticism: • Doesn’t explain circular migration • Trends in international migration are not correlated with trends in relative wages 25
- 26. • Socio-political Theories of Migration • Unit of analysis: Multiple; individual, families and communities • Predictors –Economic and political ties between sending and destinations countries –Individual and family history of migration –Ties between sending and 26 destination communities
- 27. • Socio-political Theories of Migration: Choices� • Individual Families –move or not? –Family member abroad –Return or not? –Family member home –When move? –Decision about who moves –With whom move?� who stays ♦ Communities: Outcomes –Well being of sending and destination community –Connection between communities –Migrant-host relationship in destination 27
- 28. • Socio-political Theories of Migration Beyond 1985: Massey • Role of social networks: social networks at the place of destination reduce the moving costs through information and reduced psychic costs. These social networks maintain migration streams • Risk Minimization: Households minimize risk through labor market diversificationwage differentials not a prerequisite for migration 28
- 29. • Context factors (perception of unemployment risks etc.) • Multiple level of influence (individual, household and community) • Migration System Approach (Fawcett and Arnold) • Set of places linked by flows and counterflows of people • Takes into account both ends of flow-place of origin and place of destination in context of all other linkages; flow of information, goods, services and ideas, mass culture connections, state to state relations, and family/social networks 29
- 30. • Castle and Miller: Four Stage Model of Migration • Stage 1: temporary labor migration • Stage 2: Prolongation of stay and development of social networks • Stage 3: Increasing orientation towards the receiving country • Stage 4: Permanent settlement 30
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- 32. Migration Transition ___________________________ • Refers to a country’s evolution from being a labor exporter to a simultaneous labor exporter and importer, and finally to being mostly a labor importer. • Examples-South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia 32
- 33. International Migration: Prospects ___________________________ • No foreseeable slowing down of current wave of international migration witnessed in 1990s • Uneven population and economic growth rates, disparities in job opportunities among countries, labor market factors in addition to civil strife and persecution are likely to maintain the current trend 33
- 34. International Migration: Challenges ___________________________ • For major receiving countries: –Resistance from native population –Integration of immigrants and their children as fellow citizens –Balance the need for foreign labor and the commitment to human rights • For major sending countries –Flight of human capital (brain drain) 34
Editor's Notes
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