Minerals_-_Rocks.ppt
- 2. In the area provided: Draw, describe, OR provide an example of a mineral. Provide a brief explanation if you choose drawings or examples How could you test if something was a mineral? Is there anything common to all minerals? WHAT QUALITIES DEFINE A MINERAL?
- 3. I. A mineral is: 1. A naturally occurring, 2. Inorganic, (next silde) 3. Solid, (the slide after that) 4. That has a definite chemical composition, and 5. A definite crystal structure 1) Graphite – pencil lead, batteries 2) Sulfur – matches, fireworks 3) Talc – Powder, ceramics not minerals: cement, steel (man-made) MINERALS
- 4. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from plants Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from tree sap Pearls is NOT a mineral because it comes from oysters 2. INORGANIC - NOT COMPOSED OF ORGANIC MATTER; NOT FROM LIVING THINGS OR THE REMAINS OF LIVING THINGS.
- 5. 3. Have a definite volume and a definite shape. Stable and solid at room temperature Mercury is not a mineral because it is liquid at room temperature SOLIDS
- 6. Silicate Minerals a) silicon and oxygen groupings; SiO2 1) combined with one or more metals Talc- Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 2) Largest group of minerals 1) 90% of the earth's crust Non-silicate minerals b) DO NOT contain SiO2 1) subdivided into several other classes 2) Extremely rare 8% of the Earth's crust 3) Few are relatively common calcite CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- 7. a) Native Elements –elements found in nature in their mineral form. gold (Au), sulfur (S), silver(Ag) b) Sulfides – minerals that contain sulfur ions. Galena (PbS), Pyrite (FeS2) d) Sulfates - minerals which include the sulfate ion (SO4 2-). Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) NON-SILICATE SUBDIVISIONS
- 8. d) Oxides - minerals that contain oxygen bonded with one or more metals Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4) minerals containing (OH) are typically included in this class. (hydroxides) Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) e) Halides - minerals with that contain Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine ions. Halite (NaCl), Fluorite (CaF2) NON-SILICATE SUBDIVISIONS
- 9. f) Carbonates – minerals that contain a carbonate ion, CO2− 3. Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) Many more subdivisions; each with chemical similarities NON-SILICATE SUBDIVISIONS
- 10. 1. The internal structure or arrangement of atoms within a mineral Halite (NaCl) 2. Atoms/molecules are arranged in repeating geometric patterns. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
- 11. a) Cubic - Galena, Halite, Pyrite b) Tetragonal – Chalcopyrite c) Hexagonal - Quartz, Calcite d) Orthorhombic - Olivine, Topaz 3. SIX BASIC CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
- 12. e) Monoclinic – Mica, gypsum f) Triclinic – Feldspar, Turquoise SIX BASIC CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
- 14. 4. Minerals form a) When lava or magma cools to solidification b) When water evaporates and leaves minerals remain c) When water is supersaturated with a mineral; minerals will settle out of the water and deposit as a precipitate. MINERAL FORMATION
- 15. 1. Minerals can be identified by their physical and chemical characteristics. a) Physical Properties: Color Streak Luster Hardness Cleavage or Fracture Density b) Chemical Properties Specific and unique for each mineral Determined by chemical composition and structure IDENTIFYING MINERALS
- 16. 2. Color: Not a reliable property; some minerals can be many different colors. a) Color may vary due to: 1) Natural coloring agents - impurities 2) Weathering; exposure to the environment b) Malachite-green c) Quartz-clear, purple, white, grey-brown… d) Sulfur-yellow e) Hematite-black, silver, reddish brown PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 17. 3.Streak: The color of the mineral in its powdered form. a)Determined by using a streak plate 1) Quartz: White/colorless 2) Hematite: reddish brown PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 18. 4. Luster: The way a mineral shines/reflects light from its surface. a) Metallic: reflects light like the surface of a polished metal 1) Galena, Pyrite, Graphite, Magnetite… b) Non Metallic: reflects light in more subtle ways 1) Pearly-Mica 2) Glassy-Quartz 3) Dull/Earthy-Bauxite 4) Waxy-Talc 5) Brilliant-Diamond PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 19. c) When a mineral scratches a substance; it is harder than the substance PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5. Hardness: A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched. a) Determined by a minerals internal structure. b) When a mineral is scratched by a substance; it is softer than the substance
- 20. TESTING HARDNESS Hardness Name of Mineral 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 3 Calcite 4 Fluorite 5 Apatite 6 Feldspar 7 Quartz 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 10 Diamond Common Objects 2.5 Fingernail 3.5 Copper 4.5 Iron Nail 5.5 Glass 6.5 Steel File 7 Streak Plate Mohs Hardness Scale
- 21. 6. Cleavage: When a mineral splits/breaks along smooth flat surfaces a) Mica - One direction; sheet b) Galena – Three; cubic shape a) Determined by atomic structure of mineral 1) Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks 2) Crystal Shape is the way crystal grows PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 22. 7. Fracture: When a mineral breaks unevenly into curved or irregular pieces with a rough and jagged surfaces. a) Sulfur, bauxite, hematite, quartz PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 23. 8. Density or Heft: Minerals have different densities, and vary in weight given the same sample size. How heavy the mineral feels in your hand PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 24. a) Effervescence 1) Calcite reacts with HCl; bubbles of CO2 b) Oxidation: 1) Reaction between Iron (Fe) and oxygen (O2). a. Iron (Fe) + oxygen = Rust Metal is weakened by change 2) Reaction between copper and air; creates a greenish coating a) Copper (Cu) + oxygen = copper oxide metal is not weakened; pennies CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- 25. a)Lodestone-Magnetite; is naturally magnetic b)Iceland Spar-Calcite; produces double refraction c) Pitchblend; radioactive SPECIAL PROPERTIES
- 26. In the area provided Provide a written response to the question above You may choose to write about two or more mineral tests Include an answer to the following By which mineral property would you want to be identified by? Why Which property would you not want? Why WHAT WOULD IT FEEL LIKE TO BE A MINERAL BEING TESTED?
- 27. 1. Ore - A mineral that contains metals and nonmetals that can be mined and removed in usable amounts; for a profit a) Metals- elements that have a shiny surfaces, are able to conduct heat and electricity, and are malleable. 1) Iron-Hematite/Magnetite 2) Aluminum-Bauxite 3) Copper-Chalcopyrite/Malachite 4) Gold-Gold USES OF MINERALS
- 28. b) Nonmetals- Elements that have dull surfaces and are poor conductors of heat and electricity and are brittle. 1) Halite(NaCl)- Salt 2) Gypsum-Drywall, chalk 3) Calcite-Cement 4) Kaolinite-Bricks USES OF MINERALS
- 29. 2. Alloy- A mixture of two or more metals or a mixture of metals and nonmetals a) Tin+Copper= Bronze b) Copper+Zinc= Brass c) Iron+Chromium+Limestone= Steel d) Lead+Tin= Pewter USES OF MINERALS
- 30. 3. Gems- Minerals that have desirable qualities; such as hardness, color, luster, clarity, durability, rarity… a) Precious Stones: Diamond, Rubies, Sapphires, Emeralds b) Semi-Precious Stones: Amethyst, Garnet, Topaz c) Gems that are not minerals Pearls, Amber USES OF MINERALS
- 31. 1. Many kinds of rocks are composed of minerals a) Granite; mica, feldspar and quartz 2. Monomineralic; rocks that are composed of only one mineral. a) Marble– Calcite 3. Polymineralic; rocks that are composed of two or more minerals a) Granite 4. There are almost 4,700 different minerals Silicates make up 90% of the crust. ROCKS IN RELATION TO MINERALS
- 32. COMMON ROCK FORMING MINERALS Plagioclase Feldspar 39% Potassium Feldspar 12% Quartz 12% Clays 5%
- 33. II. Rocks are classified based on their method of formation/origin. A. 3 Rock Groups 1. Sedimentary 2. Igneous 3. Metamorphic CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
- 34. B. Rocks that usually form in horizontal layers; from the accumulation of sediment, organic matter, or chemical precipitates 1. Form underwater in lakes, seas or oceans 2. Mostly composed of quartz, feldspar and clay. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Silt Sand Silt Clay Clay Silt Pressure Pressure Time Silt Sandstone Shale Siltstone Shale Layers of sediment deposit and accumulate Pressure/weight squeezes lower layers Sediment is compacted and cemented into rock
- 35. a) Clastic: form from mineral particles and sediment that are compacted and cemented together. 1) Compaction: pressed by weight of overlying rock 2) Cementation: glued by natural cements in water Calcite After Deposition Compaction Cementation TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS PG 6 Pressure
- 36. CLASTIC ROCKS
- 37. b) Chemical: form from minerals dissolved in water; which settle-out/precipitate. 1) Dissolved minerals are left behind when water evaporates TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
- 38. c) Organic: form from the accumulation of plant/animal matter that undergoes a transformation into rock. TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
- 40. a) They are composed of rock, mineral or organic particles. b) Some have a range of particle sizes. 1) Pebbles, cobbles, boulders, in a sand, silt or clay a) Conglomerate: rounded fragments b) Breccia: angular fragments. SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS
- 41. c) Some have a uniform sediment size; due to sorting during deposition 1) Sandstone: 0.2 - 0.006cm 2) Siltstone: 0.006 –0.0004cm 3) Slate: less than 0.0004 cm SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS
- 42. d) Some rocks are organic and may contain fossils. 1) Coquina e) Usually form in horizontal layers called strata or beds SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS
- 43. ORGANIZE THE MAIN IDEAS
- 44. C. Form from the cooling and crystallization/solidification of molten lava or magma. 1. When molten lava or magma cools and solidifies the crystals of different minerals form a rock. 2. The rock contains a crystalline structure of inter- grown crystals of different sizes, shapes, and composition IGNEOUS ROCKS
- 45. a) Extrusive/Volcanic: Forms from the fast cooling of lava on or near Earth’s surface. 1) Rapid cooling does NOT allow time for crystals to grow. 2) Rocks have small to no crystals; smooth/fine texture. TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
- 47. b) Intrusive/Plutonic: Form from the slow cooling of magma within the Earth 1) Slow cooling allows time for large crystals to grow 2) Rocks have large crystals; coarse/rough texture TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
- 49. ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION Rate of cooling Grain Size Texture Example Extrusive (Volcanic) Very Fast Non- crystalline Glassy Obsidian Pumice Fast Less than 1mm Fine Basalt Rhyolite Intrusive (Plutonic) Slow 1mm or larger Coarse Granite Diorite
- 50. 1) Location in Earth’s crust effects the cooling rate and crystal size CRYSTAL SIZE VS. COOLING RATE No Crystals Very Fast Cooling Small Crystals Fast Cooling Large Crystals Slow Cooling Crystal Size Rate of Cooling S F
- 51. IGNEOUS ROCK IDENTIFICATION ESRT’S PG 6
- 52. MINERAL COMPOSITION (RELATIVE BY VOLUME) PG 6
- 53. 2) Mafic – Scoria, Basalt, Gabbro a) Composition – rich in Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) b) Density – higher densities; Scoria = 2.55 g/cm3 c) Color – darker; white, gray, back, and green 1) Felsic – Pumice, Rhyolite, Granite a) Composition – rich in Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (Al) b) Density – lower densities; Pumice = 0.64g/cm3 c) Color – lighter; clear, white, pink, grey, black FELSIC VS MAFIC COMPOSITION
- 54. COMPARE THE MAIN IDEAS FLESIC HOW DIFFERENT HOW ALIKE? MAFIC WITH REGARD TO PATTERNS OF SIGNIFICANCE:
- 55. D. Rocks that form from pre-existing rocks (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic);that have been changed. 1. Molecules can rearrange and form new rocks due to contact with extreme heat (magma), or extreme pressure (orogeny) 2. Often found in mountainous regions where the deeper bedrock is exposed due to weathering and erosion METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- 56. a) Conditions that cause rocks to undergo metamorphism 1) Heat 2) Pressure 3) Chemical Activity b) Contact Metamorphism 1) Rocks around a magma/lava can be metamorphosed through direct contact with the magma/lava c) Regional Metamorphism 1) Rocks buried deep within the crust can re-crystallize due to extreme pressure during mountain building events METAMORPHISM
- 57. 4. Environments within the crust have high temperatures and high pressure; causing rocks to change by recrystallization. 1) No true melting; called partial melt (plastic) 2) Increased Density 3) Chemical Change/New Minerals 4) Foliated/Non-foliated New mineral crystals can grow from the sediment in sedimentary rock, and from the “old” crystals in an igneous rock. METAMORPHIC CHANGES
- 58. a) Foliated: Rock has mineral crystals arranged in layers or parallel bands. Mineral Alignment: Schist, Slate, & Banding: Gneiss TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK TEXTURE
- 59. 1) Mineral Alignment: Minerals join; but do not form visible layers. a) Creates a shine or veneer on the rock b) Slate, Phyllite and Schist 2) Banding: Mineral crystals join and arrange in layers; Gneiss a) Increase in heat and pressure usually produces thicker bands of alternating crystals b) Distorted Structure: The folding of the mineral bands due to extreme pressure exerted on the rock. FOLIATED TEXTURES
- 60. b) Non-Foliated/Unfoliated: Rock does not have mineral crystals arranged in layers; do not break in layers/sheets 1) Marble, Quartzite, Anthracite Coal METAMORPHIC TEXTURES
- 61. Texture Metamorphic Rock Foliated Slate Schist Gneiss Un-foliated Marble Quartzite Anthracite Coal Original Rock Shale Sedimentary Slate Metamorphic Granite Igneous Limestone Sedimentary Sandstone Sedimentary Bituminous Coal Sedimentary METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- 63. E. The Rock Cycle: pg 6 of ESRT’s 1. Any rock can become any other rock as shown by the processes in the rock cycle. ROCK RELATIONSHIPS
- 64. White House; Sandstone Grand Canyon; layers of sedimentary rocks Pyramids; Limestone Mount Rushmore; Granite Great Wall of China; stone; brick, etc… Stonehenge FAMOUS ROCKS
- 66. V Rocks Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Clastic Sediment Organic Bioclastic Crystalline Chemical Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale Bituminous Coal Limestone Chalk Limestone Rock Salt Rock Gypsum Intrusive Plutonic Extrusive Volcanic Granite Gabbro Diorite Pumice Obsidian Basalt Rhyolite Foliated Unfoliated Slate Schist Gneiss Marble Quartzite Anthracite Coal
- 67. UNIT CONNECTIONS