Mini Project Communication Link Simulation Channels And Noise Lecture
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The document outlines a mini project for building communication links using AM and PSK modulation as part of the University of Hertfordshire's BEng (Hons) in Digital Communications & Electronics course. It details objectives such as constructing modulators, simulating communications in MATLAB/Simulink, and analyzing system performance against various types of noise. Additional resources and criteria for grading are provided to support the project.
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Mini Project Communication Link Simulation Channels And Noise Lecture
- 1. Mini Project – Communication Link Simulation Channels, Signals and Noise Author: University of Hertfordshire Date created : Date revised : 2009 Abstract The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng ( Hons ) in Digital Communications & Electronics (course number 2ELE0064) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes. The objective of this module is to have built communication links using existing AM modulation, PSK modulation and demodulation blocks, constructed AM modulators and constructed PSK modulators using operational function blocks based on their mathematical expressions, and conducted simulations of the links and modulators, all in Simulink®. Use Matlab®/ Simulink® to design a communication link for AM audio broadcasting. The message signal is a mono audio signal although you may not be able to transmit the full audio frequency range that is normally required for high quality sound. In addition to the resources found below there are supporting documents which should be used in combination with this resource. Please see: Mini Projects - Introductory presentation. Mini Projects - E-Log. Mini Projects - Staff & Student Guide. Mini Projects - Standard Grading Criteria. Mini Projects - Reflection. You will also need the ‘Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation’ text file and the lecture presentation on ‘Digital Modulation’. © University of Hertfordshire 2009 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License .
- 2. Contents Outline Communication System Channel Sources of noise Measures of system performance Error performance degradation Thermal or Johnson Noise Additive White Gaussian Noise Fading and Delay of Channels Credits
- 3. Outline Channels Channel characteristics Noise-general System performance measures Error performance degradation Thermal noise and AWGN
- 4. Communication System Transmitter Channel Receiver Formatting Source Encoding Encryption Channel Encoding Multiplexing Modulation Frequency Spreading Copper Wires Coaxial cables Twisted pairs Optical fibres Atmosphere/Ionosphere Medium over which propagation takes place Formatting Source Decoding Decryption Channel Decoding Demultiplexing Demodulation Frequency despreading Information source Information sink
- 5. Channel Medium over which propagation takes place Connection between the transmitter and the receiver e.g.: wires, coaxial cables, fibre optics, radio frequency (RF) links, channel space (occupied by atmosphere & bounded by the earth’s surface)
- 6. Characteristics of a channel Noise Any unwanted signals that are always present Superimposed on signal Tends to obscure or mask the signal Interference amongst others depending on the medium
- 7. Sources of noise Natural Most fundamental: thermal or Johnson noise Caused by thermal motion of electrons in electronic components Present on all channels Atmosphere, the sun, galactic sources, lightning, etc… Man made Switching transients, spark-plug ignition noise, etc…
- 8. Measures of system performance Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Bit energy per noise power spectral density (E b /N 0 ) Where Eb = bit energy N 0 = noise power spectral density Most commonly used in digital communication systems
- 9. Measures of system performance (ctd) Most commonly in digital systems is: Probability of error or Bit Error Rate (BER)
- 10. Graphs of system performance BER SNR or E b /N 0 As E b /N 0 increases, a corresponding decrease in BER is expected
- 11. Error performance degradation Task of detector is to retrieve the bit stream from the received waveform as error free as possible Two primary causes for error performance degradation: Effect of filtering at transmitter, channel, receiver symbol smearing or intersymbol interference (ISI) Electrical noise and interference from a variety of sources
- 12. Thermal or Johnson Noise It is a noise source that cannot be eliminated Nominal background noise Arises due to the thermal motion of electrons in conducting media Characteristics of Thermal Noise: Statistical characteristic Spectral characteristic
- 13. Thermal or Johnson Noise: Statistical characteristic Noise amplitudes are distributed according to a normal or Gaussian distribution [probability density function (pdf) v/s ampitude] amplitude pdf
- 14. Thermal or Johnson Noise: Spectral characteristic Power Spectral Density (PSD) is the same for all frequencies Often referred to as “white noise” due to the uniform PSD f 0 N 0 /2 G n (f)
- 15. Additive White Gaussian Noise Noise affecting the transmitted signal often termed “Additive White Gaussian Noise” (AWGN) Additive: noise is simply superimposed or added to the transmitted signal White: As a result of its uniform PSD Gaussian: As a result of its statistical characteristics (uniform distribution)
- 16. Fading and Delay of Channels Attenuation, fading Phase shift, time delay Multi-path effects (reflection, refraction)
- 17. This resource was created by the University of Hertfordshire and released as an open educational resource through the Open Engineering Resources project of the HE Academy Engineering Subject Centre. The Open Engineering Resources project was funded by HEFCE and part of the JISC/HE Academy UKOER programme. © University of Hertfordshire 2009 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License . The name of the University of Hertfordshire, UH and the UH logo are the name and registered marks of the University of Hertfordshire. To the fullest extent permitted by law the University of Hertfordshire reserves all its rights in its name and marks which may not be used except with its written permission. The JISC logo is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales Licence. All reproductions must comply with the terms of that licence. The HEA logo is owned by the Higher Education Academy Limited may be freely distributed and copied for educational purposes only, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given to the Higher Education Academy as the copyright holder and original publisher.