VTU - MIS - MODULE 2 - KINDS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

Kinds of Information SystemModule 2

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com2Module 2Transaction Processing SystemOffice Automation SystemManagement Information systemDecision support SystemGroup Decision support SystemExpert SystemExecutive Support system

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com3

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com4Decision-Making Levels of an OrganizationExecutive level (top)Long-term decisionsUnstructured decisionsManagerial level (middle)Decisions covering weeks and monthsSemi-structured decisionsOperational level (bottom)Day-to-day decisionsStructured decisions

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com5Major Roles of ISSupport CompetitiveAdvantageSupport BusinessDecision MakingSupport of Business Processes and Operations

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com8Transaction Processing SystemsProcess business exchangesMaintain records about the exchangesHandle routine, yet critical, tasksPerform simple calculationsUsed at Operational level of the organizationGoal: to automate repetitive information processing activitiesIncrease speedIncrease accuracyGreater efficiency

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com9Transaction Processing SystemsData inputManual data entrySemi-automated data entryFully automated data entryExamples:PayrollSales and orderingInventoryPurchasing, receiving, shippingAccounts payable and receivable

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com10TPS CharacteristicsThey collect, store, modify and retrieve the transaction of an organisation.Directly support business operationsMust be designed in conjunction w/ the organisation’s procedures.Main information processes: collecting and storage.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com114 important characteristicsRapid response (fast performance, rapid response time)Reliability (low failure rate, quick and accurate recovery, backup and recovery procedures)Inflexibility (every transaction processed in same way regardless of conditions)Controlled processing (supports an organisation’s operations)

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com12Symbols used in System Architecture DiagramComputer programUser workstationDirect Access storage device

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com13Symbols used in System Architecture DiagramTape sequential access deviceDocumentDocuments

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com14Symbols used in System Architecture DiagramTelecommunication LinkDirect Link

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com15Types of TPSOnline SystemIt involves direct connection between the operator and the TPS programThey provide immediate resultsProcess single transaction at a timeBatch SystemReal time Processing System

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com16Architecture of a Generic / Online TPS ApplicationNotice of EventTransaction KeyedEventResponseTPS ProgramReport (s)TPS Data

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com17Batch ProcessingThe Transaction are grouped into a transaction fileThe batch is then read in order by the TPS programThis program often reads the stored data often called as the master file data, processes the transaction and creates new mater file dataIn the process it generates reports

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com183 disadvantages in batch processingProcessing schedule predeterminedErrors unable to be corrected during processingSorting transaction data – expensive and time consuming

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com19Real Time ProcessingFrequently called on-line real time (OLRT) processing systemNot only is input data processed immediately, but output results are available fast enough to meet the immediate information needs of end users

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com20Real Time processing (for sales transaction processing)Application programs required for processingSales transaction processing database updates inquiry response processingSales transaction data entry control responseInquiry and responsesOn-line work stationProduct DatabaseCustomer DatabaseSales DatabaseOn-line direct access storage devices

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com21Differences between real-time and batchReal time: each transaction is unique; transactions are stand-alone; requires master file to be available more often for updating; fewer errors – transaction data is validated and entered immediately;infrequent errors may occur – but often tolerated; not practical to shut down whole system (infrequent errors); more computer operators are required in real-time processing – operations not centralised.Batch: each transaction part of a group; database not accessible all of the time; more errors; data is organised and stored before master file is updated – errors can occur during these steps; easier to maintain than real-time.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com225 functional categories of TPS

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com24DSSIs a interactive computer based systems, which help decision makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems – Scott Morton

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com25Characteristics of DSSAbility to support the solution of complex problemsFast response to unexpected situations that results in changed inputsDesigned to help support decisions that are formulated as semi-structured, complex problemsMay be constructed to support one time decisions

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com26Characteristics of DSSDSS is typically designed for either a particular decision-maker or a group of decision-makersAllows the decision maker to interact ina natural manner due to the careful design of the interfaceDSS generator (s/w) can be usedIt is a way to organize information intended for use in decision making

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com27Characteristics of DSSAbility to quickly and objectively try different strategies under different configurationsConsistent and objective decisionsOther characteristics:Cost savingsImproving managerial effectivenessExtensive range of support to managementSupport of individual/groupsGraphical displayDesigned and run by mangers

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com28Architecture of a generic DSS ApplicationDSS ModelsMISDataTPS DataData Request ModelsDSS ProgramDSS UserResponsesExternal DataGraphsReports

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com29Comparison b/w MIS and DSS

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com31Group Decision Support System Contains most of the elements of DSS plus software to provide effective support in group decision-making settings

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com32Characteristics of a GDSS (1)Special designEase of useFlexibilityDecision-making supportDelphi approach (decision makers are geographically dispersed)BrainstormingGroup consensusNominal group technique

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com33Characteristics of a GDSS (2)Anonymous inputReduction of negative group behaviourParallel communicationAutomated record keepingCost, control, complexity factors

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com34GDSS AlternativesLocal areadecision networkWide areadecision networkhighDecision frequencyDecisionroomTeleconferencinglowclosedistantLocation of group members

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com38Teleconference

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com40What is Office Automation?Office automation refers to the use of integrated computer and communication systems to support administrative procedures in an office environment.Computer system, such as word processing, electronic mail system, and scheduling system, that is designed to increase the productivity of data workers in the office.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com41TYPE: Knowledge-level INPUTS: documents, schedules PROCESSING: document management, scheduling, communication OUTPUTS: documents; schedules USERS: clerical workersEXAMPLE: document imaging system

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com42Includes the following software programs: word processing a spreadsheeta presentation tool a databasea scheduler

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com43The main OAS are: AppleWorks Corel WordPerfect IBM/Lotus SmartSuite Microsoft Office Sun StarOffice OpenOffice (freeware)

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com45Executive Support System A computer-based system that serves the information needs of top executivesProvides rapid access to timely information and direct access to management reportsVery user-friendly, supported by graphicsProvides exceptions reporting and "drill-down" capabilitiesEasily connected to the Internet Drill down

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com46Executive Support System A specialized DSS that includes all the hardware, software, data, procedures, and people used to assist senior-level executives within the organizationBoard of directorsPresidentFunction areavice presidentsFunction areamanagers

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com47Characteristics of EIS / ESSDrill downCritical success Factors (CSF)Status accessAnalysisException reportingColors and audioNavigation of informationCommunication

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com48Capabilities of an ESSSupport fordefining overall visionstrategic planningstrategic organizing and staffingstrategic controlcrisis management

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com50Management Information Systems(MIS)Information system at the management level of an organization that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception reports.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com51TYPE: Management-level INPUTS: high volume data PROCESSING: simple models OUTPUTS: summary reports USERS: middle managers DECISION-MAKING: structured to semi-structuredEXAMPLE: annual budgeting

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com52Characteristics of MIS1. MIS support structured decisions at the operational and management control levels. However, they are also useful for planning purposes of senior management staff.2.MIS are generally reporting and control oriented. They are designed to report on existing operations and therefore to help provide day-to-day control of operations.3.MIS rely an existing corporate data-and data flows.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com53Characteristics of MIS4. MIS have little analytical capability.5. MIS generally aid in decision making using past and present data.6. MIS are relatively inflexible.7. MIS have an internal rather than an external orientation.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com55AN EXPERT SYSTEMis an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion.An expert system captures expertise from a human expert and applies it to a problem.Expert systems are excellent for diagnostic and prescriptive problems.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com56Expert systemAn expert system (ES) is a computer program that uses knowledgeand inference procedures of an expert to solve problems. Expertise is the extensive, task-specific knowledge acquired from training, reading, and experience.

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com57An ES has two main functions: to draw conclusions to explain its reasoning Explanation: HOW was a particular conclusion reached? WHY the program asks the user a particular question? TRACE displays all rules that are tried (not only those that are executed). WHAT-IF explains what will happen if a certain value or rule is changed

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com58Includes:theories about the problem area rules and procedures heuristics global strategies meta-knowledge facts Heuristics are rules of experience that characterize expert-level decision making in the field

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com59The Structure of a Expert SystemKnowledge BaseKnowledge Acquisition SystemInterface EngineExpertUser InterfaceUser

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com60Benefits of a expert systemCost reductionIncreased outputImproved qualityReduced down timeCapturing scarce expertiseOperations in hazardous environmentReliabilityResponse timeEnhancing problem solvingEducational Benefits

Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com61Expert systems tasks: interpretation - inferring situation descriptions from sensor data prediction - inferring likely consequences of given situations diagnosis - inferring malfunctions from observations prescription - prescribing remedies for malfunctions design - configuring objects under constraints planning - designing actions monitoring - comparing observations to expected outcomes control - governing overall system behavior instruction - diagnosing, prescribing and guiding users' behavior

VTU - MIS - MODULE 2 - KINDS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

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