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Lee Gomez

This document provides an outline and introduction to chapter 4 of the textbook, which discusses database management systems. Key topics covered include how databases store and retrieve data, the importance of databases for business, how to write queries to obtain data, how to create and populate a new database, and how databases support business applications and tasks. The chapter also discusses relational databases, database advantages, and data quality issues around concurrent access.

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Introduction to MIS Chapter 4 Database Management Systems Jerry Post Technology Toolbox: Creating Forms in Access Technology Toolbox: Creating Database Reports Cases: Pharmaceutical Industry
Outline  How do you store and retrieve the vast amount of data collected in a modern company?  Why is the database management approach so important to business?  How do you write questions for the DBMS to obtain data?  How do you create a new database?  How do you create business applications using a DBMS?  What tasks need to be performed to keep a database running?  Why are databases so important in e-business?  How are databases used in cloud computing?
Database Management Systems Reports and Database ad hoc queries DBMS Programs Sales and transaction data
Central Role of DBMS Database Administrator Programmer Analyst (Standards, Design, and Control) Data Programs Database & Revisions Management System Ad Hoc Queries and Reports Managers Program Program Business Needs Data Collection and Transaction Processing Business Operations
Relational Databases  Tables Customer Table ◦ Rows CustomerID Name Address City ◦ Columns 12345 28764 Jones Adamz 125 Elm 938 Main Chicago Phoenix ◦ Primary keys 29587 Smitz 523 Oak Seattle 33352 Sanchez 999 Pine Denver  Data types 44453 Kolke 909 West Denver ◦ Text 87535 James 374 Main Miami ◦ Dates & times Sales Table ◦ Numbers SaleID CustomerID Date Salesperson ◦ Objects 117 12345 3/3/12 887 125 87535 4/4/12 663 157 12345 4/9/12 554 169 29587 5/6/12 255
Database Advantages  Focus on data ◦ Stable data ◦ Programs change.  Data independence ◦ Change programs without All Data Files altering data.  Data integrity Database Management ◦ Accuracy. System ◦ Time. ◦ Concurrency. Invoice Billing ◦ Security. Program Program  Ad hoc queries  Speed of development ◦ Report writers. ◦ Input forms. ◦ Data manipulation.  Flexibility & Queries
Data Quality: Concurrent Access Customer Accounts Transaction A Sanchez: Balance Transaction B 1) Receive 300 payment 2) Read Balance (500) Sanchez: 500 3) New Purchase (350) 4) Read Balance (500) 5) Subtract payment 6) Store new results (200) Sanchez: 200 7) Add purchase Sanchez: 850 8) Store new result (850)
Database Queries Four questions to create a query 1) What output do you want to see? 2) What do you already know? (constraints) 3) What tables are involved? 4) How are the tables joined?  Single Table  Computations  Joining Tables
Sample Data: Customers CustomerID Name Phone City AccountBalance 12345 Jones 312-555-1234 Chicago 197.54 28764 Adamz 602-999-2539 Phoenix 526.76 29587 Smitz 206-676-7763 Seattle 353.76 33352 Sanchez 303-444-1352 Denver 153.00 44453 Kolke 303-888-8876 Denver 863.39 87535 James 305-777-2235 Miami 255.93
File: C04E15.mdb Single Table Query Introduction Query: List all of the customers. Access Query Screen (grid)
Results: Customer Query
Query Conditions Which customers owe more than $200?
Query Results
Query: AND Which customers from Denver owe more than $200?
Query Results
Query: OR List customers from Denver or Chicago.
Query Results
Query: Sorting List customers from Denver or Chicago, sort the results.
SQL General Form  SELECT columns  FROM tables  JOIN link columns  WHERE conditions  GROUP BY column  ORDER BY column (ASC | DESC)
SQL Introduction List all customers. SQL: SELECT * FROM Customers
SQL: AND Condition SELECT Name, Phone, City, AccountBalance FROM Customers WHERE (AccountBalance>200) AND (City=”Denver”)
SQL: OR Condition SELECT Customers.CustomerID, Customers.Name, Customers.Phone, Customers.City, Customers.AccountBalance FROM Customers WHERE (Customers.City = "Denver") OR (Customers.City = "Chicago")
Common Query Conditions Operator Meaning Examples = Equals City=’Denver’ Salary=60000 < Less than Salary < 60000 > Greater than Sales > 15000 <> Not equal City <> ‘Denver’ BETWEEN Between x and y SaleDate BETWEEN ‘01-Jan-2012’ AND ‘28-Feb-2012’ Sales BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000 LIKE Simple pattern LastName LIKE ‘J%’ matching % or * ProductID LIKE ‘BL_ _DR _ _ _’ matches any characters _ or ? matches one Null Missing data City Is Null NOT Negation Not City=’Denver’
Conditions: BETWEEN List sales in June. Commonly used for date conditions: WHERE SaleDate BETWEEN „6/1/2012‟ AND „6/30/2012‟
Query Results
Standard Aggregation Functions SUM total value of items AVG average of values MIN minimum value MAX maximum value COUNT number of rows STDEV standard deviation VAR variance of items
Sample Data: Sales Amount Amount $197.54 $526.76 $353.76 $153.00 $863.39 $255.93
Query: Aggregation Count Avg Sum 6 $391.73 $2,350.38
Aggregation Query in Access Grid Click Totals Button Totals Row
Row-by-Row Computations Type formula Then change row heading Category Price EstCost Electronics $1,000.00 700 Electronics $50.00 35
SQL: Aggregation How many customers are there and want is the average balance? SELECT Count(CustomerID) AS NCustomers, Avg(AccountBalance) AS AverageOwed FROM Customers
SQL: Row-by-Row Calculations Estimate the cost of clothing items as 70 percent of the price. SELECT Category, Price, 0.7*Price AS EstCost FROM Items WHERE (Category=”Electronics”)
Subtotals: SQL How much money is owed by customers in each city? SELECT City, Sum(AccountBalance) AS SumOfAccountBalance FROM Customers GROUP BY City City SumOfAccountBalance Chicago $197.54 Denver $1,016.39 Miami $255.93 Phoenix $526.76 Seattle $353.76
Multiple Tables Customers Sales CID LastName Phone City AccountBalance SaleID CID SPID SaleDate 12345 Jones 312-555-1234 Chicago $197.54 117 12345 887 3/3/2012 28764 Adamz 602-999-2539 Phoenix $526.76 125 87535 663 4/4/2012 29587 Smitz 206-656-7763 Seattle $353.76 157 12345 554 4/9/2012 33352 Sanchez 303-444-1352 Denver $153.00 169 29587 255 5/5/2012 44453 Kolke 303-888-8876 Denver $863.39 178 44453 663 5/1/2012 87535 James 305-777-2235 Miami $255.98 188 29587 554 5/8/2012 201 12345 887 5/28/2012 211 44453 255 6/9/2012 Salespeople 213 44453 255 6/10/2012 215 87535 887 6/9/2012 SPID LastName DateHired Phone Commission 280 28764 663 5/27/2012 255 West 5/23/05 213-333-2345 5 285 28764 887 6/15/2012 452 Thomas 8/15/04 213-343-5553 3 554 Jabbar 7/15/01 213-534-8876 4 663 Bird 9/12/03 213-225-3335 4 ItemsSold 887 Johnson 2/2/02 213-887-6635 4 SaleID ItemID Quantity 117 1154 2 Items 117 3342 1 ItemID Category Description Price 117 7653 4 1154 Shoes Red Boots $100.00 125 1154 4 2254 Clothes Blue Jeans $12.00 125 8763 3 3342 Electronics LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 157 7653 2 7653 Shoes Blue Suede $50.00 169 3342 1 8763 Clothes Mens‟ Work Boots $45.00 169 9987 5 9987 Electronics Blu-Ray Player $400.00 178 2254 1
Linking Tables The Sales to ItemsSold relationship enforces referential integrity. One Sale can list many ItemsSold.
Query Example Which customers (CustomerID) have placed orders since June 1, 2012? SQL QBE SELECT CustomerID, SaleDate FROM Sales WHERE SaleDate >= #6/1/2012# ; Results CustomerID SaleDate 44453 6/9/2012 44453 6/10/2012 87535 6/9/2012 28764 6/15/2012
Query Example What are the names of the customers who placed orders since June 1, 2012? SQL SELECT DISTINCT Customers.CustomerID, Name, SaleDate FROM Sales INNER JOIN Customers ON Sales.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID WHERE SaleDate >= #6/1/2012# ; Grid Results CustomerID Name OrderDate 28764 Adamz 6/15/2012 44453 Kolke 6/9/2012 44453 Kolke 6/10/2012 87535 James 6/9/2012
Query Example List the salespeople (sorted alphabetically) along with the names of customers who placed orders with that salesperson. SQL SELECT DISTINCT Salespeople.Name, Customers.Name FROM Salespeople INNER JOIN (Customers INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID=Sales.CustomerID) ON Salespeople.SalespersonID = Sales.SalespersonID ORDER BY Salespeople.Name, Customers.Name ; Results SalesName Cust.Name QBE Bird Adamz Bird James Bird Kolke Jabbar Jones Jabbar Smitz Johnson Adamz Johnson James Johnson Jones West Kolke West Smitz
Multiple Tables, GROUP BY, WHERE Who are the top salespeople in June? Begin by listing the sales in June.
Sales Rows SalespersonI Name SaleDat Quantity Price Value D e 255 West 6/9/201 2 $1,000.0 $2,000.0 2 0 0 255 West 6/9/201 5 $50.00 $250.00 2 255 West 6/9/201 1 $12.00 $12.00 2 887 Johnso 6/9/201 1 The quantity and price columns are shown$12.00 $12.00 temporarily to ensure the computation is specified n 2 correctly for the Value column. 887 Johnso 6/9/201 1 $50.00 $50.00 n 2
Subtotal in SQL SELECT Salespeople.SalespersonID, Salespeople.Name, Sum([Quantity]*[Price]) AS [Value] FROM Items INNER JOIN ((Salespeople INNER JOIN Sales ON Salespeople.SalespersonID = Sales.SalespersonID) INNER JOIN ItemsSold ON Sales.SalesID = ItemsSold.SaleID) ON Items.ItemID = ItemsSold.ItemID WHERE (Sales.SaleDate Between #6/1/2012# And #6/30/2012#) GROUP BY Salespeople.SalespersonID, Salespeople.Name ORDER BY Sum([Quantity]*[Price]) DESC;
Subtotals: Access Grid First Attempt Who are the top salespeople in June? Set the totals and set the Sum column. Incomplete. See results…
Initial Results SalespersonID Name SaleDate Value 255 West 6/9/2012 $2,250.00 255 West 6/10/2012 $12.00 887 Johnson 6/9/2012 $62.00 Salesperson #255 (West) shows up multiple times because of multiple days. GROUP BY Day, Salesperson
GROUP BY Conditions: WHERE Use WHERE instead of GROUP BY
Best Salesperson Results SalespersonID Name Value 255 West $2,262.00 887 Johnson $62.00
Converting Business Questions to Queries 1. What do you want to see? SELECT FROM 2. What constraints are you given? INNER JOIN 3. What tables are involved? WHERE GROUP BY 4. How are the tables joined? ORDER BY • Start with the parts you know how to do. • Verify the results at each step. • Add more tables and columns as needed • Do aggregate totals at the end—after verifying the rows. • Look for “for each” or “by” to use GROUP BY for subtotals.
Database Design: Normalization
Notation Table Table name columns Customer (CustomerID, LastName, Phone, Street, City, AccountBalance) Last Account CustomerID Phone Street City Name Balance 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street Chicago $197.54 28764 Adamz (602) 999-2539 938 Main Street Phoenix $526.76 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street Seattle $353.76 33352 Sanchez (303) 444-1352 999 Pine Street Denver $153.00 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue Denver $863.39 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street Miami $255.93
1st: Repeating SaleForm(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street, (ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price ) ) Repeating Section Causes duplication SaleID SaleDate CustomerID Name Phone Street ItemID Quantity Description Price 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154 2 Red Boots $100.00 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 7653 4 Blue Suede $50.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 1154 4 Red Boots $100.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 8763 3 Men's Work Boots $45.00 157 4/9/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 7653 2 Blue Suede $50.00 169 5/6/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 169 5/6/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 9987 2 Blu-Ray Player $400.00 178 5/1/2012 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue 2254 1 Blue Jeans $12.00 188 5/8/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 188 5/8/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 8763 4 Men's Work Boots $45.00 201 5/23/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154 1 Red Boots $100.00
First Normal SalesForm with repeating data SaleID SaleDate CustomerID Name Phone Street ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154, 2, Red Boots, $100.00 3342, 1, LCD-40 inch, $1,000.00 7653, 4, Blue Suede, $50.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 1154, 4, Red Boots, $100,00 8763, 3, Men‟s Work Boots, $45.00 157 4/9/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 7653, 2, Blue Suede, $50.00 169 5/6/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342, 1, LCD-40 inch, $1,000.00 9987, 2, Blu-Ray Player, $400.00 178 5/1/2012 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue 2254, 1, Blue Jeans, $12.00 188 5/8/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342, 1, LCD-40 inch, $1,000.00 8763, 1, Men‟s Work Boots, $45.00 201 5/23/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154, 1, Red Boots, $100.00 Not in First Normal Form
1st: Split SaleForm(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street, (ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price ) ) SaleForm2(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street) SaleID SaleDate CustomerID Name Phone Street SaleLine(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price) 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street SaleID ItemID Quantity Description Price 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 117 1154 2 Red Boots $100.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 117 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 117 7653 4 Blue Suede $50.00 125 1154 4 Red Boots $100.00 Note: replication 125 8763 3 Men's Work Boots $45.00 157 7653 2 Blue Suede $50.00 169 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 169 9987 2 Blu-Ray Player $400.00 178 2254 1 Blue Jeans $12.00 Note: replication 188 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 188 8763 4 Men's Work Boots $45.00 201 1154 1 Red Boots $100.00
2nd Split Column depends on entire (whole) key. SalelLine(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price) ItemsSold(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity ) Items(ItemID, Description, Price) SaleID ItemID Quantity ItemID Description Price 117 1154 2 1154 Red Boots $100.00 117 3342 1 2254 Blue Jeans $12.00 117 7653 4 3342 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 125 1154 4 7653 Blue Suede $50.00 125 8763 3 8763 Men's Work Boots $45.00 157 7653 2 9987 Blu-Ray Player $400.00 169 3342 1 169 9987 2 178 2254 1 188 3342 1
3rd Split SaleForm2(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street) Sales(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID ) SaleID SaleDate CustomerID SalespersonID 117 3/3/2012 12345 887 125 4/4/2012 87535 663 157 4/9/2012 12345 554 169 5/6/2012 29587 255 178 5/1/2012 44453 663 188 5/8/2012 29587 554 Customers(CustomerID, Phone, Name, Address, City, State, ZipCode) CustomerID Name Phone Street City AccountBalance 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street Chicago $197.54 28764 Adamz (602) 999-2539 938 Main Street Phoenix $526.76 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street Seattle $353.76 33352 Sanchez (303) 444-1352 999 Pine Street Denver $153.00 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue Denver $863.39 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street Miami $255.93
3NF Tables
DBMS Input Screen Text/Labels Data Variables Command Buttons Record Selectors Scrolling Region/Subform - Subform - Main
DBMS Report Writer  Report header  Page header  Break/Group header  Detail  Footers
Sample Report with Groups
Designing Menus for Users Main Menu Customer Information 1. Setup Choices Daily Sales Reports 2. Data Input Friday Sales Meeting 3. Print Reports Monthly Customer Letters 4. DOS Utilities 5. Backups Quit As a secretary, which menu is easier to understand?
Database Administration  Database Administrator ◦ Testing ◦ Backup ◦ Recovery ◦ Standards ◦ Access Controls
E-Business Databases  E-business is transaction-based  Databases support multiple users and protect transactions  Modern websites are driven by databases
E-Business Databases SQL Results Database Server Web Server Web program script <HTML> Text Data </HTML> Order Form Descriptions Prices Customer
Cloud Computing with Databases Google: BigTable, developed for internal storage AppEngine: http://code.google.com/appengine/ Best for complex documents/objects It is not SQL; no JOINs Three keys: Row, Column, Time/version Generic: Hadoop (Apache) Amazon: S3 Files, particularly large media files http://aws.amazon.com/s3/ SimpleDB Similar to BigTable http://aws.amazon.com/simpledb/ RDS Relational data service MySQL or Oracle 11g http://aws.amazon.com/rds/ Microsoft: Azure SQL Server http://www.microsoft.com/windowsazure/
Cloud Database Service Benefits  No fixed costs ◦ No hardware or software ◦ No maintenance ◦ Easy administration  Pricing based on usage ◦ Monthly data storage (size) ◦ Monthly data transfer (usage)  Scalable ◦ Multiple, distributed servers ◦ Multiple, high-speed Internet connections  Reliable ◦ Distributed ◦ Run by experts ◦ Security monitoring
Cloud Database Limits  Costs increase based on usage  At some point, it might be cheaper to buy and run everything yourself  Not pay profit/overhead to third-party  But be sure to measure all fixed costs
Cloud Database Pricing Example: Amazon RDS (MySQL), U.S. East 1 Extra large instance 20 hours/day 20 GB/month at 50 million I/O per month 10 GB/month data transfer in All values are estimates and 500 GB/month data transfer out might not include all fees. 20 GB/month regional transfer => $616 per month ($7400/year) Example: Microsoft SQLAzure Business Edition 1 Extra large instance ($0.96/hour = $576/month) 20 GB/month ($200/month) 10 GB/month data transfer in ($1/month) 500 GB/month data transfer out ($75/month) => $852 per month ($10,224/year) You get a relatively large database with T1-level data transfer for less than 10 percent of the cost of a DBA.
Technology Toolbox: Building Forms in Access 1. Start the Form Wizard 2. Select the SalesTable, all columns 3. Customer Table: Phone 4. ItemsSold, all columns except SaleID 5. Product Table, Category 6. Design View, rearrange, add Combo boxes
Quick Quiz: Forms in Access 1. Create a simple customer form and enter data to test it. 2. Create a basic order form and add a combo box to select customers.
Technology Toolbox: Creating Database Reports 1. Start the Report Wizard 2. Select the columns for the report: CustomerID, Name, Phone, SaleDate, Description, Price, Quantity 3. Choose a layout 4. Click Summary Options to sum Quantity 5. Use Design View to clean up the layout and format 6. Add a text box for Value: =Price*Quantity 7. Edit the Sums to use the same calculation
Quick Quiz: Creating a Report 1. Create a report that prints all of the items ordered by each customer. 2. Create a report that prints each customer, followed by the orders for that customer. 3. Create a report that displays a chart of total sales by customer.
Cases: Pharmaceuticals Annual Revenue 80 70 60 50 Pfizer Billion $ 40 GlaxoSmithKline 30 Bristol-Myers Squibb 20 Eli Lilly 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Net Income / Revenue 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Pfizer Ratio GlaxoSmithKline 0.2 Bristol-Myers Squibb 0.1 Eli Lilly 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -0.1 -0.2

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Mis04

  • 1. Introduction to MIS Chapter 4 Database Management Systems Jerry Post Technology Toolbox: Creating Forms in Access Technology Toolbox: Creating Database Reports Cases: Pharmaceutical Industry
  • 2. Outline  How do you store and retrieve the vast amount of data collected in a modern company?  Why is the database management approach so important to business?  How do you write questions for the DBMS to obtain data?  How do you create a new database?  How do you create business applications using a DBMS?  What tasks need to be performed to keep a database running?  Why are databases so important in e-business?  How are databases used in cloud computing?
  • 3. Database Management Systems Reports and Database ad hoc queries DBMS Programs Sales and transaction data
  • 4. Central Role of DBMS Database Administrator Programmer Analyst (Standards, Design, and Control) Data Programs Database & Revisions Management System Ad Hoc Queries and Reports Managers Program Program Business Needs Data Collection and Transaction Processing Business Operations
  • 5. Relational Databases  Tables Customer Table ◦ Rows CustomerID Name Address City ◦ Columns 12345 28764 Jones Adamz 125 Elm 938 Main Chicago Phoenix ◦ Primary keys 29587 Smitz 523 Oak Seattle 33352 Sanchez 999 Pine Denver  Data types 44453 Kolke 909 West Denver ◦ Text 87535 James 374 Main Miami ◦ Dates & times Sales Table ◦ Numbers SaleID CustomerID Date Salesperson ◦ Objects 117 12345 3/3/12 887 125 87535 4/4/12 663 157 12345 4/9/12 554 169 29587 5/6/12 255
  • 6. Database Advantages  Focus on data ◦ Stable data ◦ Programs change.  Data independence ◦ Change programs without All Data Files altering data.  Data integrity Database Management ◦ Accuracy. System ◦ Time. ◦ Concurrency. Invoice Billing ◦ Security. Program Program  Ad hoc queries  Speed of development ◦ Report writers. ◦ Input forms. ◦ Data manipulation.  Flexibility & Queries
  • 7. Data Quality: Concurrent Access Customer Accounts Transaction A Sanchez: Balance Transaction B 1) Receive 300 payment 2) Read Balance (500) Sanchez: 500 3) New Purchase (350) 4) Read Balance (500) 5) Subtract payment 6) Store new results (200) Sanchez: 200 7) Add purchase Sanchez: 850 8) Store new result (850)
  • 8. Database Queries Four questions to create a query 1) What output do you want to see? 2) What do you already know? (constraints) 3) What tables are involved? 4) How are the tables joined?  Single Table  Computations  Joining Tables
  • 9. Sample Data: Customers CustomerID Name Phone City AccountBalance 12345 Jones 312-555-1234 Chicago 197.54 28764 Adamz 602-999-2539 Phoenix 526.76 29587 Smitz 206-676-7763 Seattle 353.76 33352 Sanchez 303-444-1352 Denver 153.00 44453 Kolke 303-888-8876 Denver 863.39 87535 James 305-777-2235 Miami 255.93
  • 10. File: C04E15.mdb Single Table Query Introduction Query: List all of the customers. Access Query Screen (grid)
  • 12. Query Conditions Which customers owe more than $200?
  • 14. Query: AND Which customers from Denver owe more than $200?
  • 16. Query: OR List customers from Denver or Chicago.
  • 18. Query: Sorting List customers from Denver or Chicago, sort the results.
  • 19. SQL General Form  SELECT columns  FROM tables  JOIN link columns  WHERE conditions  GROUP BY column  ORDER BY column (ASC | DESC)
  • 20. SQL Introduction List all customers. SQL: SELECT * FROM Customers
  • 21. SQL: AND Condition SELECT Name, Phone, City, AccountBalance FROM Customers WHERE (AccountBalance>200) AND (City=”Denver”)
  • 22. SQL: OR Condition SELECT Customers.CustomerID, Customers.Name, Customers.Phone, Customers.City, Customers.AccountBalance FROM Customers WHERE (Customers.City = "Denver") OR (Customers.City = "Chicago")
  • 23. Common Query Conditions Operator Meaning Examples = Equals City=’Denver’ Salary=60000 < Less than Salary < 60000 > Greater than Sales > 15000 <> Not equal City <> ‘Denver’ BETWEEN Between x and y SaleDate BETWEEN ‘01-Jan-2012’ AND ‘28-Feb-2012’ Sales BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000 LIKE Simple pattern LastName LIKE ‘J%’ matching % or * ProductID LIKE ‘BL_ _DR _ _ _’ matches any characters _ or ? matches one Null Missing data City Is Null NOT Negation Not City=’Denver’
  • 24. Conditions: BETWEEN List sales in June. Commonly used for date conditions: WHERE SaleDate BETWEEN „6/1/2012‟ AND „6/30/2012‟
  • 26. Standard Aggregation Functions SUM total value of items AVG average of values MIN minimum value MAX maximum value COUNT number of rows STDEV standard deviation VAR variance of items
  • 27. Sample Data: Sales Amount Amount $197.54 $526.76 $353.76 $153.00 $863.39 $255.93
  • 28. Query: Aggregation Count Avg Sum 6 $391.73 $2,350.38
  • 29. Aggregation Query in Access Grid Click Totals Button Totals Row
  • 30. Row-by-Row Computations Type formula Then change row heading Category Price EstCost Electronics $1,000.00 700 Electronics $50.00 35
  • 31. SQL: Aggregation How many customers are there and want is the average balance? SELECT Count(CustomerID) AS NCustomers, Avg(AccountBalance) AS AverageOwed FROM Customers
  • 32. SQL: Row-by-Row Calculations Estimate the cost of clothing items as 70 percent of the price. SELECT Category, Price, 0.7*Price AS EstCost FROM Items WHERE (Category=”Electronics”)
  • 33. Subtotals: SQL How much money is owed by customers in each city? SELECT City, Sum(AccountBalance) AS SumOfAccountBalance FROM Customers GROUP BY City City SumOfAccountBalance Chicago $197.54 Denver $1,016.39 Miami $255.93 Phoenix $526.76 Seattle $353.76
  • 34. Multiple Tables Customers Sales CID LastName Phone City AccountBalance SaleID CID SPID SaleDate 12345 Jones 312-555-1234 Chicago $197.54 117 12345 887 3/3/2012 28764 Adamz 602-999-2539 Phoenix $526.76 125 87535 663 4/4/2012 29587 Smitz 206-656-7763 Seattle $353.76 157 12345 554 4/9/2012 33352 Sanchez 303-444-1352 Denver $153.00 169 29587 255 5/5/2012 44453 Kolke 303-888-8876 Denver $863.39 178 44453 663 5/1/2012 87535 James 305-777-2235 Miami $255.98 188 29587 554 5/8/2012 201 12345 887 5/28/2012 211 44453 255 6/9/2012 Salespeople 213 44453 255 6/10/2012 215 87535 887 6/9/2012 SPID LastName DateHired Phone Commission 280 28764 663 5/27/2012 255 West 5/23/05 213-333-2345 5 285 28764 887 6/15/2012 452 Thomas 8/15/04 213-343-5553 3 554 Jabbar 7/15/01 213-534-8876 4 663 Bird 9/12/03 213-225-3335 4 ItemsSold 887 Johnson 2/2/02 213-887-6635 4 SaleID ItemID Quantity 117 1154 2 Items 117 3342 1 ItemID Category Description Price 117 7653 4 1154 Shoes Red Boots $100.00 125 1154 4 2254 Clothes Blue Jeans $12.00 125 8763 3 3342 Electronics LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 157 7653 2 7653 Shoes Blue Suede $50.00 169 3342 1 8763 Clothes Mens‟ Work Boots $45.00 169 9987 5 9987 Electronics Blu-Ray Player $400.00 178 2254 1
  • 35. Linking Tables The Sales to ItemsSold relationship enforces referential integrity. One Sale can list many ItemsSold.
  • 36. Query Example Which customers (CustomerID) have placed orders since June 1, 2012? SQL QBE SELECT CustomerID, SaleDate FROM Sales WHERE SaleDate >= #6/1/2012# ; Results CustomerID SaleDate 44453 6/9/2012 44453 6/10/2012 87535 6/9/2012 28764 6/15/2012
  • 37. Query Example What are the names of the customers who placed orders since June 1, 2012? SQL SELECT DISTINCT Customers.CustomerID, Name, SaleDate FROM Sales INNER JOIN Customers ON Sales.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID WHERE SaleDate >= #6/1/2012# ; Grid Results CustomerID Name OrderDate 28764 Adamz 6/15/2012 44453 Kolke 6/9/2012 44453 Kolke 6/10/2012 87535 James 6/9/2012
  • 38. Query Example List the salespeople (sorted alphabetically) along with the names of customers who placed orders with that salesperson. SQL SELECT DISTINCT Salespeople.Name, Customers.Name FROM Salespeople INNER JOIN (Customers INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID=Sales.CustomerID) ON Salespeople.SalespersonID = Sales.SalespersonID ORDER BY Salespeople.Name, Customers.Name ; Results SalesName Cust.Name QBE Bird Adamz Bird James Bird Kolke Jabbar Jones Jabbar Smitz Johnson Adamz Johnson James Johnson Jones West Kolke West Smitz
  • 39. Multiple Tables, GROUP BY, WHERE Who are the top salespeople in June? Begin by listing the sales in June.
  • 40. Sales Rows SalespersonI Name SaleDat Quantity Price Value D e 255 West 6/9/201 2 $1,000.0 $2,000.0 2 0 0 255 West 6/9/201 5 $50.00 $250.00 2 255 West 6/9/201 1 $12.00 $12.00 2 887 Johnso 6/9/201 1 The quantity and price columns are shown$12.00 $12.00 temporarily to ensure the computation is specified n 2 correctly for the Value column. 887 Johnso 6/9/201 1 $50.00 $50.00 n 2
  • 41. Subtotal in SQL SELECT Salespeople.SalespersonID, Salespeople.Name, Sum([Quantity]*[Price]) AS [Value] FROM Items INNER JOIN ((Salespeople INNER JOIN Sales ON Salespeople.SalespersonID = Sales.SalespersonID) INNER JOIN ItemsSold ON Sales.SalesID = ItemsSold.SaleID) ON Items.ItemID = ItemsSold.ItemID WHERE (Sales.SaleDate Between #6/1/2012# And #6/30/2012#) GROUP BY Salespeople.SalespersonID, Salespeople.Name ORDER BY Sum([Quantity]*[Price]) DESC;
  • 42. Subtotals: Access Grid First Attempt Who are the top salespeople in June? Set the totals and set the Sum column. Incomplete. See results…
  • 43. Initial Results SalespersonID Name SaleDate Value 255 West 6/9/2012 $2,250.00 255 West 6/10/2012 $12.00 887 Johnson 6/9/2012 $62.00 Salesperson #255 (West) shows up multiple times because of multiple days. GROUP BY Day, Salesperson
  • 44. GROUP BY Conditions: WHERE Use WHERE instead of GROUP BY
  • 45. Best Salesperson Results SalespersonID Name Value 255 West $2,262.00 887 Johnson $62.00
  • 46. Converting Business Questions to Queries 1. What do you want to see? SELECT FROM 2. What constraints are you given? INNER JOIN 3. What tables are involved? WHERE GROUP BY 4. How are the tables joined? ORDER BY • Start with the parts you know how to do. • Verify the results at each step. • Add more tables and columns as needed • Do aggregate totals at the end—after verifying the rows. • Look for “for each” or “by” to use GROUP BY for subtotals.
  • 48. Notation Table Table name columns Customer (CustomerID, LastName, Phone, Street, City, AccountBalance) Last Account CustomerID Phone Street City Name Balance 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street Chicago $197.54 28764 Adamz (602) 999-2539 938 Main Street Phoenix $526.76 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street Seattle $353.76 33352 Sanchez (303) 444-1352 999 Pine Street Denver $153.00 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue Denver $863.39 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street Miami $255.93
  • 49. 1st: Repeating SaleForm(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street, (ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price ) ) Repeating Section Causes duplication SaleID SaleDate CustomerID Name Phone Street ItemID Quantity Description Price 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154 2 Red Boots $100.00 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 7653 4 Blue Suede $50.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 1154 4 Red Boots $100.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 8763 3 Men's Work Boots $45.00 157 4/9/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 7653 2 Blue Suede $50.00 169 5/6/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 169 5/6/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 9987 2 Blu-Ray Player $400.00 178 5/1/2012 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue 2254 1 Blue Jeans $12.00 188 5/8/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 188 5/8/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 8763 4 Men's Work Boots $45.00 201 5/23/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154 1 Red Boots $100.00
  • 50. First Normal SalesForm with repeating data SaleID SaleDate CustomerID Name Phone Street ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154, 2, Red Boots, $100.00 3342, 1, LCD-40 inch, $1,000.00 7653, 4, Blue Suede, $50.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 1154, 4, Red Boots, $100,00 8763, 3, Men‟s Work Boots, $45.00 157 4/9/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 7653, 2, Blue Suede, $50.00 169 5/6/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342, 1, LCD-40 inch, $1,000.00 9987, 2, Blu-Ray Player, $400.00 178 5/1/2012 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue 2254, 1, Blue Jeans, $12.00 188 5/8/2012 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street 3342, 1, LCD-40 inch, $1,000.00 8763, 1, Men‟s Work Boots, $45.00 201 5/23/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 1154, 1, Red Boots, $100.00 Not in First Normal Form
  • 51. 1st: Split SaleForm(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street, (ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price ) ) SaleForm2(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street) SaleID SaleDate CustomerID Name Phone Street SaleLine(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price) 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street SaleID ItemID Quantity Description Price 117 3/3/2012 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street 117 1154 2 Red Boots $100.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 117 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 125 4/4/2012 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street 117 7653 4 Blue Suede $50.00 125 1154 4 Red Boots $100.00 Note: replication 125 8763 3 Men's Work Boots $45.00 157 7653 2 Blue Suede $50.00 169 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 169 9987 2 Blu-Ray Player $400.00 178 2254 1 Blue Jeans $12.00 Note: replication 188 3342 1 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 188 8763 4 Men's Work Boots $45.00 201 1154 1 Red Boots $100.00
  • 52. 2nd Split Column depends on entire (whole) key. SalelLine(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity, Description, Price) ItemsSold(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity ) Items(ItemID, Description, Price) SaleID ItemID Quantity ItemID Description Price 117 1154 2 1154 Red Boots $100.00 117 3342 1 2254 Blue Jeans $12.00 117 7653 4 3342 LCD-40 inch $1,000.00 125 1154 4 7653 Blue Suede $50.00 125 8763 3 8763 Men's Work Boots $45.00 157 7653 2 9987 Blu-Ray Player $400.00 169 3342 1 169 9987 2 178 2254 1 188 3342 1
  • 53. 3rd Split SaleForm2(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Street) Sales(SaleID, SaleDate, CustomerID ) SaleID SaleDate CustomerID SalespersonID 117 3/3/2012 12345 887 125 4/4/2012 87535 663 157 4/9/2012 12345 554 169 5/6/2012 29587 255 178 5/1/2012 44453 663 188 5/8/2012 29587 554 Customers(CustomerID, Phone, Name, Address, City, State, ZipCode) CustomerID Name Phone Street City AccountBalance 12345 Jones (312) 555-1234 125 Elm Street Chicago $197.54 28764 Adamz (602) 999-2539 938 Main Street Phoenix $526.76 29587 Smitz (206) 676-7763 523 Oak Street Seattle $353.76 33352 Sanchez (303) 444-1352 999 Pine Street Denver $153.00 44453 Kolke (303) 888-8876 909 West Avenue Denver $863.39 87535 James (305) 777-2235 374 Main Street Miami $255.93
  • 55. DBMS Input Screen Text/Labels Data Variables Command Buttons Record Selectors Scrolling Region/Subform - Subform - Main
  • 56. DBMS Report Writer  Report header  Page header  Break/Group header  Detail  Footers
  • 58. Designing Menus for Users Main Menu Customer Information 1. Setup Choices Daily Sales Reports 2. Data Input Friday Sales Meeting 3. Print Reports Monthly Customer Letters 4. DOS Utilities 5. Backups Quit As a secretary, which menu is easier to understand?
  • 59. Database Administration  Database Administrator ◦ Testing ◦ Backup ◦ Recovery ◦ Standards ◦ Access Controls
  • 60. E-Business Databases  E-business is transaction-based  Databases support multiple users and protect transactions  Modern websites are driven by databases
  • 61. E-Business Databases SQL Results Database Server Web Server Web program script <HTML> Text Data </HTML> Order Form Descriptions Prices Customer
  • 62. Cloud Computing with Databases Google: BigTable, developed for internal storage AppEngine: http://code.google.com/appengine/ Best for complex documents/objects It is not SQL; no JOINs Three keys: Row, Column, Time/version Generic: Hadoop (Apache) Amazon: S3 Files, particularly large media files http://aws.amazon.com/s3/ SimpleDB Similar to BigTable http://aws.amazon.com/simpledb/ RDS Relational data service MySQL or Oracle 11g http://aws.amazon.com/rds/ Microsoft: Azure SQL Server http://www.microsoft.com/windowsazure/
  • 63. Cloud Database Service Benefits  No fixed costs ◦ No hardware or software ◦ No maintenance ◦ Easy administration  Pricing based on usage ◦ Monthly data storage (size) ◦ Monthly data transfer (usage)  Scalable ◦ Multiple, distributed servers ◦ Multiple, high-speed Internet connections  Reliable ◦ Distributed ◦ Run by experts ◦ Security monitoring
  • 64. Cloud Database Limits  Costs increase based on usage  At some point, it might be cheaper to buy and run everything yourself  Not pay profit/overhead to third-party  But be sure to measure all fixed costs
  • 65. Cloud Database Pricing Example: Amazon RDS (MySQL), U.S. East 1 Extra large instance 20 hours/day 20 GB/month at 50 million I/O per month 10 GB/month data transfer in All values are estimates and 500 GB/month data transfer out might not include all fees. 20 GB/month regional transfer => $616 per month ($7400/year) Example: Microsoft SQLAzure Business Edition 1 Extra large instance ($0.96/hour = $576/month) 20 GB/month ($200/month) 10 GB/month data transfer in ($1/month) 500 GB/month data transfer out ($75/month) => $852 per month ($10,224/year) You get a relatively large database with T1-level data transfer for less than 10 percent of the cost of a DBA.
  • 66. Technology Toolbox: Building Forms in Access 1. Start the Form Wizard 2. Select the SalesTable, all columns 3. Customer Table: Phone 4. ItemsSold, all columns except SaleID 5. Product Table, Category 6. Design View, rearrange, add Combo boxes
  • 67. Quick Quiz: Forms in Access 1. Create a simple customer form and enter data to test it. 2. Create a basic order form and add a combo box to select customers.
  • 68. Technology Toolbox: Creating Database Reports 1. Start the Report Wizard 2. Select the columns for the report: CustomerID, Name, Phone, SaleDate, Description, Price, Quantity 3. Choose a layout 4. Click Summary Options to sum Quantity 5. Use Design View to clean up the layout and format 6. Add a text box for Value: =Price*Quantity 7. Edit the Sums to use the same calculation
  • 69. Quick Quiz: Creating a Report 1. Create a report that prints all of the items ordered by each customer. 2. Create a report that prints each customer, followed by the orders for that customer. 3. Create a report that displays a chart of total sales by customer.
  • 70. Cases: Pharmaceuticals Annual Revenue 80 70 60 50 Pfizer Billion $ 40 GlaxoSmithKline 30 Bristol-Myers Squibb 20 Eli Lilly 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Net Income / Revenue 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Pfizer Ratio GlaxoSmithKline 0.2 Bristol-Myers Squibb 0.1 Eli Lilly 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -0.1 -0.2

Editor's Notes

  • #4: Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database, it also provides users with tools to add, delete, access, modify, and analyze data stored in one location. A group can access the data by using query and reporting tools that are part of the DBMS or by using application programs specifically written to access the data. DBMS’s also provide the method for maintaining the integrity of stored data, running security and users access, and recovering information if the system fails. The information from a database can be presented in a variety of formats. Most DBMSs include a report writer program that enables you to output data in the form of a report. Many DBMSs also include a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts. Database and database management system are essential to all areas of business, they must be carefully managed. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database applications: computerized library systems, flight reservation systems, and computerized parts inventory systems.
  • #20: SQL ( /ˈɛskjuː ˈɛl/ &quot;S-Q-L&quot;;[3] or &quot;sequel&quot;; or Structured Query Language) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS).