Miscellaneous Structures
- 2. CONTENTS • SHELL STRUCTURES • DOME AND BARREL ARCH STRUCTURES • CONE AND HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES • HYPER PARABOLOID STRUCTURES • FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES • TENSION AND SKELETAL SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES • PNEUMATIC AND GRAINS STORAGE STRUCTURES
- 4. SHELL STRUCTURES A Shell is a type of structural element which is characterized by its geometry, being a three-dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared with other dimensions. In structural terms, by the stress resultants calculated in the middle plane displaying components which are both coplanar and normal to the surface. Essentially, a shell can be derived from a plate by two means: by initially forming the middle surface as a singly or doubly curved surface, and by applying loads which are coplanar to a plate's plane which generate significant stresses.
- 5. SHELL STRUCTURE IN OCEANOGRAPHIC VALENCIA
- 6. OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT SHELLS Structures,which keep their shape and support loads,even without a frame, or solid mass material inside, are called Shell structures. Shell structures use a thin, carefully shaped, outer layer of material, to provide their strength and rigidity. The shape of a shell structure spreads forces throughout the whole structure, which means every part of the structure supports only a small part of the load, giving it its strength. Examples are Igloos, Egg cartons, Turtle shell, Food or pop cans or even bubbles in foam and cream puffs.
- 7. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES OF SHELL STRUCTURES EXAMPLES ARE IGLOO , EGG , HAZELNUT , HONEYCOMB
- 8. ACCORDING TO IS2204 :1962 TYPES OF SHELL
- 9. DOME AND BARREL ARCH STRUCTURES
- 10. DOME STRUCTURES A dome is an element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials have a long architectural lineage extending into prehistory. Dome is a rounded vault made of either curved segments or a shell of revolution, meaning an arch rotated around its central vertical axis. A masonry dome produces thrusts down and outward, So Domes can be divided into two kinds: Simple and Compound, depending on the use.
- 11. FACTS ABOUT DOME Domes are concave from below, they can reflect sound and create echoes. The earliest domes in the Middle East were built with mud-brick and, eventually, with baked brick and stone. Wooden domes were protected from the weather by roofing such as copper or lead sheeting. Brick domes were the favoured choice for large-space monumental coverings until the Industrial Age, due to their convenience and dependability. The domes in the churches where semi-domes (apse), for example, echoed the chants of the people.
- 12. EXAMPLES OF DOMES TAJMAHAL in India is one of the best examples of Dome structures.
- 13. EXAMPLE OF DOME STRUCTURE Dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome crowned by a cupola. Designed primarily by Michelangelo, the dome was not completed until 1590 ROOFTOP OF BASUNDHARA CITY MODERN DOME STRUCTURE
- 14. TYPES OF DOME Beehive dome Bulbous dome Cloister vault Crossed-arch dome Geodesic dome Hemispherical dome Onion dome Oval dome Parabolic dome Sail dome Saucer dome Umbrella dome From clockwise: Large saucer dome, Umbrella dome and Onion Dome
- 16. BARREL ROOF A barrel roof is a curved roof that, especially from below, is curved like a cut-away barrel. They have some advantages over dome roofs, especially being able to cover rectangular buildings , due to their uniform cross-section. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another. It is a form of barrel roof.
- 17. BARREL ARCH VAULT A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt, and were used extensively in Roman architecture. This form of design is observed in cellars, crypts, long hallways, cloisters and even great halls.
- 18. BARREL ARCH EXAMPLES BARREL ARCH IN A OPEN CLOISTER
- 19. BARREL ARCH As with all arch-based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust. An elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building. The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a groin vault.
- 20. BARREL VAULT LATERAL DISTRIBUTIONS : •Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces. • The barrel vault structure must rest on long walls creating less stable lateral stress, whereas the groin vault design can direct stresses almost purely vertically on the apexes
- 21. CONE AND HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES
- 22. CONE STRUCTURES •The conical structure as an example has a diameter at eaves/gutter level of 8500 mm and a roof pitch of 40 degrees. •The dimension from eaves to apex on the sloping line of the roof can be calculated by simple geometry. •This dimension is important in the setting out and template making procedure. •The circumference of the roof must also be calculated to find the total conical diameter (3.14 x D) •Normally used as roof structures and Channel and I sections are used •Rarely used in Residential areas.
- 23. CONODIAL SHELLS
- 24. HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES Hyperboloid structures are architectural structures designed with hyperbolic geometry. Often these are tall structures such as towers where the hyperboloid geometry's structural strength is used to support an object high off the ground, but hyperboloid geometry is also often used for decorative effect as well as structural economy. The first hyperboloid structures were built by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939). The world's first hyperboloid tower is located in Polibino, Dankovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, Russia.
- 25. HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES THIS HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURE IS THE KOBE TOWER IN JAPAN.
- 26. HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES AN EXAMPLE OF HYPERBOLOID Cartesian coordinates for the hyperboloids can be defined, similar to spherical coordinates, keeping the azimuth angle θ ∈ [0, 2π), but changing inclination v into hyperbolic trigonometric functions:
- 27. SHUKHOV TOWER (1898) AN EXAMPLE OF HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURE
- 29. HYPER PARABOLOID STRUCTURES The Hyperbolic Paraboloid form has been used for roofs at various times since it is easily constructed from straight sections of lumber, steel, or other conventional materials. The term is used because the form resembles the shape of a saddle.
- 30. HYPER PARABOLOID STRUCTURES It is usually made up of a combination of four of intersecting hyper Paraboloids joined together to form a square shape in plan view. This form of structure is often used by architects to roof large span exhibition halls and public buildings. The distribution of various components of forces is obtained to give designers an in–sight of the behavior of such complex structures
- 32. HYPER PARABOLOID STRUCTURES An example of Paraboloid structure
- 34. FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES A thin walled building structure of the shell type. Folded plate structures consist of flat components, or plates, that are interconnected at some dihedral angle. Structures composed of rectangular plates are said to be prismatic. In modern construction practice the most widely used folded plate structures are made of cast-in-situ or precast reinforced concrete (including prestressed and reinforced-cement structures). The structures are used as roofs for industrial and public buildings.
- 35. FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES The main advantage of folded plate structures over other shells (such as cylindrical) is the simplicity of manufacture. More exact static calculations are based on limit equilibrium and on P. L. Pasternak’s and V. Z. Vlasov’s general theory of shells.
- 36. FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES Old Sears Store in Florida Present Sears Store in Florida
- 37. USES OF FOLDED PLATES
- 38. TENSION AND SKELETAL FRAME STRUCTURES
- 39. TENSION STRUCTURE ATensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression elements. Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell structures. Most Tensile structures are supported by some form of compression or bending elements, such as masts (as in The O2, formerly the Millennium Dome), compression rings or beams.
- 40. TENSION STRUCTURE THE O2 OR THE MILLENNIUM DOME
- 41. TENSION STRUCTURE Types of structure with significant tension members Linear structures Suspension bridges Draped cables Cable-stayed beams or trusses Cable trusses Straight tensioned cables
- 42. EXAMPLE OF TENSION STRUCTURE : SUSPENSION BRIDGES THE AKASHI BRIDGE SPANNING APPROX. 2 KILOMETERS IS A EXAMPLE OF TENSION STRUCTURE.
- 43. ANOTHER TENSION STRUCTURE BY VLADMIR SHUKHOV The world's first Tensile Steel Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1895
- 44. TENSILE STRUCTURE Three-dimensional structures Bicycle wheel (can be used as a roof in a horizontal orientation) 3D cable trusses Tensegrity structures Tensairity structures Surface-stressed structures Prestressed membranes Pneumatically stressed membranes gridshell fabric structure
- 45. TENSILE STRUCTURE MEMBRANE ROOF AND CABLE , BICYCLE , TENSGRITY
- 46. EXAMPLE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE TENSION STRUCTURE
- 47. SKELETAL SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES
- 48. SKELETAL SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES In architecture and structural engineering, a Space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.
- 49. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES TYPES Curvature classification Space plane covers These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures. Their behaviour is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channelled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals. Barrel vaults This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing.
- 50. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES TYPES Spherical domes and other compound curves Usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin. THIRUMALAI MRTS RAILWAY STATION BARREL SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE
- 51. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATIONS Classification by the arrangement of its elements Single layer grid All elements are located on the surface to be approximated. Double layer grid The elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other. The diagonal bars connecting the nodes of both layers in different directions in space. In this type of meshes, the elements are associated into three groups: upper cordon, cordon and cordon lower diagonal. Triple layer grid Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat.
- 52. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATIONS L‘Agora SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE , SPAIN
- 53. PNEUMATIC AND GRAINS STORAGE STRUCTURES
- 54. PNUEMATIC STRUCTURES An air-supported or air-inflated structure which consists of internal pressurized air i.e. structural fabric envelope. Air is the main support of the structure, and where access is via airlocks. It is usually dome-shaped, since this shape creates the greatest volume for the least amount of material. The materials used for air-supported structures are similar to those used in tensile structures, namely synthetic fabrics such as fibre glass and polyester. In order to prevent deterioration from moisture and Ultraviolet radiation, these materials are coated with polymers such as PVC and Teflon.
- 55. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES AIR SUPPORTED PNUEMATIC STRUCTURE
- 56. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES Advantages: Considerably lower initial cost than conventional buildings Lower operating costs due to simplicity of design. Easy and quick to set up, dismantle, and relocate . Unobstructed open interior space, since there is no need for columns Able to cover almost any project Custom fabric colours and sizes, including translucent fabric, allowing natural sunlight in.
- 57. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES Disadvantages: Continuous operation of fans to maintain pressure, often requiring redundancy or emergency power supply. Dome collapses when pressure lost or fabric compromised Cannot reach the insulation values of hard-walled structures, increasing heating/cooling costs Limited load-carrying capacity Conventional buildings have longer lifespan
- 58. GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURES A GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURE IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA FOR STORING CORN
- 59. GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURE Grain storage structures are also known as the bins, or wheat bins, Grain silos spread around the wheat belt ofWestern Australia at grain importing locations GRAIN SILOS COMES UNDER THE STORAGE STRUCTURES .
- 60. OTHER RANDOM MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
- 61. A GEODESIC DOME DESIGNED BY BUCKMINSTER FULLER (A NEO FUTURISTIC ARCHITECT)
- 62. ABOUT BUCKMINSTER FULLER Buckminster Fuller, an American Engineer, invented the geodesic dome in the 1950’s Geodesic domes are made from separate pieces of ‘material’ arranged in triangles, pentagons and hexagons The position of the shapes and their sizes is critical and needs Maths to work it out Geodesic Domes are the strongest lightweight structures you can make
- 63. VLADMIR SHUKHOV TOWER (1922)
- 64. ABOUT VLADIMIR SHUKHOV Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853 –1939) was a Russian engineer polymath, scientist and architect He is renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in Civil as well as Industrial designs. Hyperboloid structures, Diagrid shell structures , tensile structures, Grid shell structures, Oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges were his works. He is also the inventor of the first cracking method.