Misinformation Theory

Misinformation Theory
The malleability of human memory is a widely debated and researched topic in recent psychology
due to our reliance on memory in almost every aspect of society, specifically in eyewitness
testimonies. If a witness testifies to their memory of an event, then how could they possibly get the
details wrong? Research shows that a large portion of human memory is actually reconstructive–
essentially, we unconsciously alter or attend to specific aspects of memory according to our
emotions, expectations and prior knowledge (Howe & Knott, 2015). This theory is most apparent in
the psychological phenomenon referred to as "the misinformation effect", the idea that introducing a
person to false information, even after encoding, can cause them to unconsciously ... Show more
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Research proves that stress and misinformation can unconsciously alter and restructure the memory
of an event (Kaplan et al., 2016). To what extent and in what direction though, research in
inconclusive. Does the type of stress encountered while encoding a stressful event affect the person's
susceptibility to misinformation? This study proposes to examine the interaction between the
amount of cortisol in the body, the type of stress and the susceptibility to misinformation.
Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 3 stressful events, a psychosocial TSST, a cold
pressor test or an injection of cortisol. Each participant will undergo one of the stressful events,
watch a neutral video and then be introduced to a wide range of misinformation revolving around
the video they just watched. Memory performance and the misinformation test will be measured
through a verbal tested administered the next day. Cortisol levels will be measured both before the
stressful test and after watching a neutral film. I hypothesize that the higher the amount of cortisol in
the blood stream, the lower the participants memory
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Types And Diagnosis Of Depression
In a world today where antidepressant medications seem to be handed out like candy, could it be that
not every person who says they are "depressed" needs medication? Is a full on antidepressant the
best solution for a person who is displaying the symptoms of a very mild form of depression? In
order to explore this topic more fully, we must establish the definition and diagnosis of depression.
According to the DSM–V, depression is defined and diagnosed with at least five of the following
symptoms during a two–week period: –Depressed most of the day, nearly every day –Markedly
diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities most of the day nearly every day –
Significant weight loss/gain or increase/decrease in appetite when no dieting is present –Insomnia or
hypersomnia nearly every day –Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day –Fatigue or
loss of energy nearly every day –Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt –
Diminished ability to think, concentrate, or indecisiveness nearly every day –Recurrent thoughts of
death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or suicide attempt or a specific plan for
committing suicide
These symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a
substance or a general medical condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

â€¢ How Does The Sympathetic Nervous System Prepare Your...
Your Body's Response to Emergency
How does the body prepare for emergencies? The answer lies in the Sympathetic Nervous System
(SNS). It is the branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) that controls the body's reaction to
physical and emotional stressors. The sympathetic branch activates the glands and organs that
defend the body against attack. It is called the fight–or–flight response.
This is a primitive response designed to protect from danger. When danger is perceived, the
sympathetic nervous system responds immediately to prepare a person to stay and fight or take
flight. Blood rushes away from nonessential systems such as the digestive and excretory systems
and is redirected to the extremities. The heart beats faster to ... Show more content on
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The glucose obtained from the liver cells produces a surge in energy better known as an "adrenaline
rush". The hormones also bind to receptor cells on smooth muscle and inhibit the muscles of the
stomach and intestines, slowing down the digestive process and allowing more energy for
emergency functions. When these hormones bind to the smooth muscle cells of the bronchioles, they
cause the muscles to relax allowing more oxygen into the blood. At the sinoatrial node of the heart,
epinephrine stimulates the pace maker cells to beat faster. Epinephrine also contracts certain types of
muscles below the skin, causing beads of sweat and raised hairs. Once fight or flight has taken
place, another branch of the ANS, the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) can take over again,
calming everything down and returning body processes to normal.
The fight or flight response is useful in the short term because it assists the body in responding
quickly and effectively in emergencies. However in the long term, the sympathetic response can
become harmful. This is because the functions of sympathetic activation can put additional stress on
the nervous system. If the sympathetic system remains highly active, the parasympathetic response
will not activate and return the body to homeostasis. This means the body does not get the chance to
recover from stress causing a number of physical and psychological disorders.
In conclusion, the brain is a complex organ with the ability to cause

The Amygdala Neural Study
The interpretation of stress is believed to occur in the cerebral cortex of the brain based upon
sensory and other input (such as from chemo–receptors). The two categories of stress act through
somewhat different neurological mechanisms, but the general features are similar. Cognitive
processes are involved in the assessment of the input for both categories as to whether the input
represents a potential threat in a routine manner. The amygdala appears to have a central role in the
stress response [46, 47]. Amygdala neurons release corticotropin–releasing hormone (CRH) which
has two major effects: it causes the brain stem (including the rostral ventrolateral medulla) to
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) through spinal nerves, and ... Show more content
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They have become smaller and lighter (much less cumbersome), are much more accurate in their
measurement ability, and, as with all technological advancement, are significantly cheaper to use. To
begin the process of collecting ambulatory blood pressure data, the monitor is first initialized via a
computer, using manufactures–provided software. After initialization, the monitor should be
calibrated to a mercury column or gauge by taking simultaneous auscultatory measurements on the
study subject. There are two ways to determine what the specific conditions are during each
individual ambulatory blood pressure measurement. The first is through direct observation.
Specifically, a person other than the study subject continuously watches and records, either in a
journal or electronically, the extant conditions when the monitor goes off. The second method
involves having subjects self–report the ambient conditions in a diary. Specifically, subjects write
down or input in a computer the various parameters that are manifest when the blood pressure cuff
inflates, including both personal and environmental

Synthetic Psychoactive Drugs Commonly Called...
Amphetamines, a group of synthetic psychoactive drugs commonly called psychostimulants or
central nervous system stimulants, were first synthesized by L. Edeleano, a German chemist in 1887
(Amphetamine). This group of drugs includes amphetamine, dextroamphetamine and
methamphetamine. The racemic α–methylphenethylamine, a version of amphetamine, was later
discovered in 1910 by Dale and Barger (Heal). This version was synthesized in 1927 by G. A. Alles
while trying to find an alternative for ephedrine. In 1935, Benzedrine was released onto the market
as a treatment for narcolepsy, mild depression, and a multitude of other disorders. Two years later in
1937, the drug, now known by the generic name of 'Amphetamine,' became available for ... Show
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Each airman would simply need the oversight of their commander and flight surgeon, as well has
having routine physical examinations, explicit guidance for the circumstances under which the drugs
could be used, and a signed consent form (Caldwell). In January of 1984 the use of amphetamines
and "go–pills" were turned into Air Fore Regulation 161–33 (Jedick).
Amphetamine, also known by the IUPAC name of 1–phenylopropan 2–amine, contains the
functional groups methyl (CH3) and amine (NH2). These functional groups cause the drug to release
the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotine and norepinephrine from the nerve endings in the brain
(Iversen). This happens because of the similar structure to dopamine. Once the neurotransmitters
have been released, the amphetamines cause a buildup of them around the synapse and plug the
transporter molecules preventing their re–uptake. This causes a flooding of extra neurotransmitters
in the brain. Since amphetamines are so similar in structure to dopamine, the drug is able to enter the
terminal button through the neural membrane as well as through the dopamine transporters. The
amphetamine molecules then trick the mind into believing that it is dopamine being taken up. Once
in the presynaptic neuron, the amphetamines, disguised as dopamine, push the extra dopamine into
the synaptic gap, and the transporters are forced to work in reverse, producing even

Resilience In The Movie 'Unbroken'
The article, Unbroken: what makes some people more resilient than others, uses the example of
Louis Zamperini as shown in the movie, Unbroken, to examine the role of resilience in the ability to
recover after a traumatic event. Written by David Cox for The Guardian, the article discusses current
research on resilience, and explains how it can be used to treat post–traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Many people experience a severe trauma in their lives, but only a few go on to develop
PTSD. For a long time, the focus has been on what makes people more susceptible to developing
PTSD. A newer approach to studying stress disorders, as the article establishes, is the study of
resilience. Using the example of Louis Zamperini, the article describes an interdisciplinary approach
to studying resilience including biological, social, and lifestyle factors.
The article begins by introducing the story of Louis Zamperini. Zamperini was an Olympic runner
that underwent a series of extraordinary circumstances. He was a member of the American Air Force
in World War II when his plane crashed into the Pacific Ocean. Zamperini was stranded in a tiny life
raft for forty–seven days before being captured by the Japanese. He then spent two years in Japanese
concentration camps as a prisoner of war, enduring harsh punishment before being released. Cox
explains that after this severe physical and physiological trauma, Zamperini was able to eventually
forge past this and become a spokesman of his

A Research On Anxiety And Phobias
Anxiety and phobias can be induced via mechanisms involving a variety of stimuli. Fear–inducing
stimuli can trigger the formation of fear memories via classical conditioning that can be
reconsolidated if the reminder of the stimuli or the specific fear–associated stimulus itself is present.
Recently, as well as over years of research, efforts have been made to understand the manner in
which the fear memory pathways are consolidated and paved with the goal of learning how to
inhibit or undermine the reconsolidation of such pathways. Knowledge obtained through
experimentation involving a noradrenergic beta–blocker, propranolol HCl, has demonstrated that
this pharmacological antagonist acting against beta–adrenergic receptors present in the amygdala
can disrupt the fear memory pathway. Although this information has been helpful in understanding
the circuitry of fear memories and the role of inhibition in such pathways, it has also led to more
questions pertaining to clinical applications of drugs such as propranolol HCl. In fact, Marieke
Soeter and Merel Kindt sought to understand the role of propranolol HCl in impeding the
reconsolidation of fear memories in a group of spider phobic women in a recent study. Throughout
this analysis, the purpose, research methods, results, conclusions, potential problems, and future
directions of this study will be considered. To begin, production of the study required knowledge of
fear memory and its role in the brain. As with any memory,

Inotropics
selected demographic variables with total knowledge and total practice scores among the studied
sample.
Table (7) presents Comparison of total mean knowledge and practice scores regarding
administration of inotropics among the studied subjects by their educational categories and work
area. It revealed that there is high significant statistical difference among the means of the
knowledge and practice scores of the studied subjects by their educational level where f =19.5, p=
0.001&f= 7.30;P=0.00 respectively. As the participants who carrying baccalaureate degree has got
higher means in both knowledge and practice when compared to participants carrying technical and
diploma degree. On the other hand, there is no significant statistical difference ... Show more
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In addition, This finding is agreed with Altun, et al (2010) who Conducted a study to determine if a
structured workshop on best practice technique for the administration of injection for the nurses
results in an improvement in knowledge on the subject. Lecture based practice technique of
administration of injections helped to improve nurses knowledge and helped to overcome
deficiencies in nurses training. Also this findings are congruent with Scarlet(2006) who stated that
the infusion nurse specialist need to have knowledge and skills necessary to recognize and respond
appropriately, when anaphylaxis occurs. Nurse's insufficient drug calculation skills contribute to 1.5
– 4.9% of error rate in infusion preparation task (Parshuram, et al 2008). Research has demonstrated
that an educational programme can raise nurse's awareness– about medication errors. and other
medication related safety issues (Elnour, et al 2008& Schreiber, et al (2007) ).Research findings
warn that more than half of life threatening errors are related to rapid infusion of high alert
medications such as inotropics (Glandstone,1995(. From

Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD): A Diagnostic Analysis
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM–5) by
the American Psychiatric Association, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
"characterized by a pattern of behavior, present in multiple settings (e.g., school and home), that can
result in performance issues in social, educational, or work settings" (American Psychiatric
Publishing, 2013). ADHD is further divided into two subcategories including primarily inattentive
and primarily hyperactive and impulsive. While the exact physiology of ADHD is unknown, the
current research indicates that there is impairment of a variety of executive functions that are
regulated in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. It is generally understood that ... Show more content
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As with any drug, efficacy and side–effects are dependent on drug metabolism. Strattera is primarily
metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system through the liver. Genetically, individuals can have
different activity of this enzyme. Based on this individuals can potentially be classified as "poor
metabolizers" or "extensive metabolizers." Due to slow metabolism of the drug, poor metabolizers
can have drug levels estimated at about five times higher than average metabolizers leading to
increased incidence of adverse side–effects and intolerability. Extensive metabolizers are more
likely to not respond to therapeutic doses due to rapid metabolism of the

Catecholamines and Cortisol Help to Fight Stress
When stress occurs, our bodies respond by releasing hormones that help our bodies deal with the
stress. Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol are hormones that are major
players in the stress response (McCance & Huether, 2010).
Catecholamines share some common physiologic actions with cortisol. Catecholamines and its
metabolic actions are similar to those of cortisol. Both catecholamines and cortisol cause an increase
in blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis (McCance & Huether, 2010). Gluconeogenesis
is the production of glucose when the activation of certain enzymes occur (McCance & Huether,
2010). Both epinephrine and cortisol also cause an increase in blood glucose by preventing cells in
the body from the uptake of glucose and decreasing the effects of insulin (Judd, n.d.).
Catecholamines and cortisol both cause an increase in cardiac output and an increase in blood
pressure as well (McCance & Huether, 2010). Catecholamines do this by enhancing myocardial
contractility, increasing heart rate, and increasing the blood (venous) returning to the heart
(McCance & Huether, 2010). Cortisol aids in this effect by increasing the amount of receptors that
epinephrine and norepinephrine can attach to (Judd, n.d.). Cortisol and catecholamines both cause
lipolysis is some areas of the body. This occurs in the extremities with cortisol, but most areas of the
body with catecholamines (McCance & Huether, 2010). Strangely enough, both

My Experience Of My : My Life Of ADHD
All my life I've fought tooth and nail with ADHD. Typically, I come out on top, but not always. For
me, my ADHD manifests itself in a few different ways. The most notable is that I have almost no
attention span. When I sit down to read or write every couple minutes I'll think of something and I
won't be able to concentrate at all until whatever it is has been taken care of. I was the most
energetic kid in my preschool class. It was impossible for me to sit still. This combined with not
having a great public school system where I lived, downtown San Jose, lead my mom to
homeschool my brother and me. For kindergarten, we did a style of homeschooling called
unschooling, where we didn't have any specific classes or curriculum that we had to adhere to. My
brother and I were free to study whatever piqued our interests. I chose to study how to speak Latin, a
lot of different mythologies, Greek and Roman history as well as cooking. My mom helped offset
my hyperactivity in many ways. She chose audio books instead of having me read them for myself,
teaching me math with baking without using the 1 cup measure and always making like 1.5 times
what the recipe called for. I've had several obstacles in my schooling, but ADHD has been the
hardest to overcome.
During middle school, I was still homeschooled, but I started taking more regular scheduled classes.
My family was a part of a homeschool group that would schedule classes and we'd all get together at
someone's house and have someone

Thomas 's Case For Ptsd Essay
Thomas's Case It is evident from Thomas's case that he presents "textbook" symptomology of
PTSD. It is reported that Thomas currently seeks medical care at a VA clinic and complains of both
back and neck pain which frustrates him because he seems to feel that he is being misdiagnosed due
to the fact that no physical anomalies are present. The VA clinicians are taking themselves off the
hook by transferring blame onto Thomas claiming, "that it's all in (his) head." Thomas's case file
reveals that he possesses some cognitive deficits and claims to have been suicidal in the past.
Thomas reports being a military member who has seen combat, which means he has been exposed
to the "horrors of war" in a high stressed environment. In fact he reports witnessing one of "his
brother(s)" being hit by a friendly fire and dying. According to the DSM V, Thomas meets criterion
A for PTSD because he had direct exposure to a traumatic event (American Psychiatric Association,
2013). As one can see and perhaps empathize with is that Thomas is not only suffering from
physical pain, but he also has to carry the emotional burden of what came from witnessing the
traumatic event of "his brother ('s)" death. On top of all this, if one digs a bit deeper into Thomas's
family history, one will come across a disorganized attachment within the family unit; which is
another added level of stress that he has to carry around. Being a social worker in training at a grand
caliber institute of

Nicotine Research Paper
Nicotine is classified as a stimulant due to its ability to imitate acetylcholine. This particular
function allows nicotine to both stimulate and block various nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic
receptor sites. The blocking prevents information from being transported to the synapse, which
prevents stimulation. It is also known that nicotine causes adrenaline to be discharged from both
sympathetic sites and the adrenal glands. Ultimately causing nicotine to impact the body in a
sympathomimetic manner. When inhaled the drug is capable of being absorbed rapidly, which is the
reason why it is currently considered as one of the most toxic drugs. Symptoms associated with this
drug include its ability to cause an individual's heart rate and blood pressure to increase while
reducing the amount of oxygen that is being delivered to the heart. The drug also stops hunger
sensations by suppressing hunger contractions and damaging the taste buds.
Nicotine significantly impacts society because use of the drug can contribute to dangerous health
consequences. The drug itself can cause poisoning which will lead to symptoms such as tremors,
weakness, and nausea. In tobacco products the element that leads to addiction is nicotine. These ...
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There are positive associations with this drug because of its numerous medical uses. These include
its ability to treat depression because it causes the advancement of mood leading to an experience of
positive emotions. The drug also has a small impact on weight loss, but a significant impact on
reducing the symptoms narcolepsy and attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pills such as
Adderall are commonly used by students and truck drivers used to promote wakefulness. There is a
Stimulant Use Disorder that DSM–V established which includes amphetamine. This shows that the
drug has the ability to cause dependence, withdrawal systems, and prevent individuals from
completing everyday

Reflection About Stress
Obviously, whether we want or not, stresses are happening everyday in our life. They can come
from the external impact like an exam is coming, to the internal impact as pressure from yourself to
achieve an A score; or from a small problem with low intensity like a traffic jam on the street, to a
big issue with high intensity like being in a huge terrorism. It seems that we cannot run away from
stress, it is something irresistible that we have to accept. Because stress is unavoidable, we need to
learn how to deal with them efficiently. Some kinds of stresses can bring to us positive effects that
motivate us to handle things better, but majority of them give us bad feelings and negative effects to
our general health. As my personal hardly to find the balance between study, work, and family, I am
right now struggling of dealing with stresses, that are caused by the pressure from assignments and
exams in studying, workloads of my job and the responsibility to take care my family. Reading the
article " How Stress Affects Your Health" on the American Psychological Association website, I can
get more valuable understandings about stress, have connected to some knowledges that I learnt in
my Psychology class until now and draw some beneficial learnings to apply in my practical life.
Firstly, group of authors of the article bring to us some key information about stress. According to
the article, stress is a 'natural reaction', that is caused by our body's automatic alarm system,

Depression : Causes And Effects
Depression is "a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest"
(Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People believe that depression is just feeling upset and disinterested in
everyday activities, and those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both
statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and
disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite
loss, memory difficulties, and easily getting frustrated. There are several theories concerning the
causes of depression. Some people believe the cause for depression involves biological problems,
and other people believe the cause for depression involves environmental problems. Depression is
caused by abnormal differences inside the body.
Most people realize that our human body is very complex, and disruptions in our body can affect our
behavior. Most of these disruptions that cause a change in behavior occur in the brain. The brain is
in charge of many activities in our body, such as regulating mood. A part of the brain called the
amygdala is mostly in charge in regulating one's moods and emotions. What triggers a change in the
amygdala comes from another section in the brain called the hippocampus. This section of the brain
in responsible for memory. The hippocampus registers an activity that is happening and immediately
makes an idea based on a memory, and sends that idea to the amygdala. For

Females are less violent than males, at least according to...
Females are less violent than males, at least according to recent research. Biologically speaking,
there are differences in levels of violence in men and women (Wright, Tibbett, & Daigle, 2008).
With eighty–five percent of arrestees being male, it's easy to see that males commit many more
violent crimes than females. These differences are credited to brain configuration, neurotransmitters,
the limbic system, and hormones.
There are different intellectual styles between males and females. These differences can be traced to
some particular structural differences between male and female brains that originate in early
development. The part of the brain that delivers messages between the left brain and right brain is
called the corpus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Positron Emission Tomography study was conducted in order to compare the differing levels of
activity of the amygdala in females and males. The study showed that males typically have higher
levels of activity. The amygdala regulates emotions and is located in the lower part of the limbic
system (Beaver, 2009).
The cingulate gyrus is the part of the limbic system that is responsible for keeping emotions and
aggression under control (Wright et al., 2008). Research on the differences in this area between
males and females concluded that females are better retaining emotions internally and are better at
displaying emotional behavior than males. Females have higher levels of serotonin. Serotonin is a
neurotransmitter that helps regulate impulses and control behavior. Low levels of serotonin are
associated with antisocial behavior (Beaver, 2009). Likewise, females also usually have a higher
level of amino butyric than males. This is a neurotransmitter that regulates violence and aggression
(Wright et al., 2009). The different levels of certain neurotransmitters found in males and females
provide a great deal of explanation for the different levels of aggression, violence and criminal
behavior found between the sexes.
There are many differences in the level of hormones found in males and females. Testosterone is a
male hormone that is responsible for generating

Depression: The Effects Of Drugs And Prescription
Running head: THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND DEPRESSION 1
The Effects of Drugs and Depression Following the American Psychological Association's
Guidelines Joe K. Gerb Bergen Community College
THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND DEPRESSION 2 Abstract
A person may be suffering from depressive symptoms and use narcotics with the hope of acquiring
some kind of relief. Depressive symptoms can develop as a result of using mind altering substances
or as part of withdrawal symptoms when taking breaks from drugs. Low mood in withdrawal can be
short and self–limiting, though sometimes it may lead to a very serious and prolonged depressive
illness. A person will take drugs to escape or forget a problem in ... Show more content on
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This can make it difficult to tell precisely which drug is affecting an individual's emotions. Doctors
do, however, have a pretty good idea of what each narcotic can do due to research in individuals that
have taken one drug at a time.
THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND DEPRESSION 4 Abstract
In order to be able to treat a person with depression effectively, doctors have to sort out what kind of
role the narcotics may play in the depression. If the feelings of depression is simply a part of a
withdrawal due to a narcotic and are only something temporary, it is very unlikely that a
antidepressant will be of any benefit. Antidepressants take a bare minimum of two to three weeks to
begin working. The most effective treatment in such a case would be to try and help the person at
hand to get their drug use under control or stop entirely. Both taking drugs and the withdrawal
process may produce depressive symptoms themselves, makingit very difficult to know what it is
that's exactly going on, if it even seems that the depression led to taking drugs in the first place. As a
result, It's extremely vital to the treatment of the individual that the problem with narcotics is sorted
out so that is will be possible to further judge whether antidepressants or other treatments used for
depression will be needed. This, of course, does not mean it's

Major Depressive Disorder Research Paper
Pre–Discovery Introduction As a disorder that is predicted to affect 9.5% of the US adult population
in any given year, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental illness that can last for long
periods of time if left untreated (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). The symptoms associated
with MDD vary from person to person, but the most common include a depressed mood, lack of
energy, feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, irritability or guilt, fatigue, lack of interest in hobbies
and activities that used to be pleasurable, weight fluctuations, suicidal thoughts, and having trouble
focusing and making decisions (National Institute of Mental Health). When someone is suffering
from depression, they have an observable chemical imbalance. ... Show more content on
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282). Because MDD is associated with a chemical imbalance, duloxetine interacts with the
imbalanced chemicals, which are the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine (Knadler,
Lobo, Chappell, Bergstrom, 2012, p. 282). Since a lesser amount of serotonin and norepinephrine
are associated with depression, having a SSRI allows for one to have an increased amount of those
neurotransmitters, which is a mechanism that will help or cure one's depression (Knadler, Lobo,
Chappell, Bergstrom, 2012, p.

Annotated Bibliography On Dna Replication
Question 1 a) DNA replication is the process, where a cell passes this DNA sequence onto other
cells when it divides. It is known as mitosis as it must duplicate its genome so each new cell has a
copy. This occurs during interphase. For the duration of DNA replication the enzyme DNA helicase
are significant as they distinct double–stranded DNA into single strands letting each strand to be
copied. DNA polymerase is another important enzyme that starts attaching new corresponding
nucleotides to these patterns. It is done according to the base pairing rules, A=T, C=G, G=C and
T=A. Once the new nucleotides are attached, two new sister DNA strands are formed same as the
original strand. The result is two identical strands, each of which is half new. b) mRNA is a
translation of DNA into a convertible protein substituting T with U. The template strand shown is
the 1st step of transcription and it is transcribed to: GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC. Each of the
codons codes for a particular amino acid. For example, each codon is a triplet and codes for one
amino acid. In the strand shown it separates it into triplets that will reveal codon and amino acid
number. For example, CAT CTAACC CCA GAG GAG = 6 amino acids. c) Sickle cell anaemia –
GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC Normal haemoglobin – GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC While
comparing the difference between the normal and sickle cell strands, it was identified that in the
sickle cell there is a coding error. As the transcription error causes the

Depression And Depression : Depression Vs. Anxiety
Roses are red, but they wither and die, life hurts too much, I just want to cry. Does this poem relate
to depression or anxiety? Well, the answer is depression. In layman's terms, depression is caring too
little, while anxiety is caring too much. The actual definition of depression is, "A lack of interest and
pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of
energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts
of death or suicide" (Depression). While someone with anxiety has, "Recurring intrusive thoughts or
concerns, sometimes causing them to avoid certain situations, and they may also have physical
symptoms such as sweating, trembling, dizziness or a rapid heartbeat" (Anxiety). Depression and
anxiety get lumped together all the time, so nobody really knows the differences between them,
what they really are, and how treatment is extremely different.
Depression has similarities with anxiety, while also having tons of differences. But first, what is
depression? Depression is caused by three neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and
dopamine. The definition of neurotransmitter is, "chemical messengers that allow the brain to
communicate with the body" (Loudin). Neurotransmitter is basically a fancy doctor term that means
a chemical in the brain that passes on messages to different parts of the brain. These three
neurotransmitters are responsible for how happy someone

My Experience With Stressors, And What I Learned
Earlier in the quarter we were asked to make a list about things that stresses out. I have always
considered myself the type of person that rarely stresses over anything, so it was difficult to write
some down. After keeping track of stressors in my life for 10 days, I realized that I do stress about
issues more than I ever considered. Before this class, stress was not something I took into great
consideration. To my understanding, if you were suffering from stress that meant that you had
serious conditions like insomnia, weight gain, depressions or others things of that nature. This class
has taught me otherwise and now I am more conscious about my interactions with stressors. In this
paper, I will discuss my experience with stressors, how I managed to cope with stressors, and what I
learned as a result of this class so far.
Exploring My Personal Stressors
The reason I could not list life matters that stressed me out when Professor Garfin asked us to was,
because I would only think about the acute stressors. I could only think about the short term stressful
situations, the one where I found an appropriate solution quickly. Because of this, it made me come
to the conclusion that stress had no effect in my life. I did not think about the chronic stressors, or
the stressors that were long term and had no apparent solution. During the 10–day period, I did
experience multiple stressors that were both acute and chronic stressors. Fortunately, I dealt
significantly more with acute

Coping With Anxiety And Anxiety
Coping with Anxiety.
Nicorelys Rodriguez.
PSY 100 / 1700.
Prof. Beryl Duncan Wilson.
Borough of Manhattan Community College.
Coping with Anxiety
Literature review
In 2013, associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Kate Sweeny and her
researchers surveyed 230 law school graduates for a period of four months after taking their bar
exam in July 2013 ( J. Hoffman, 2015). The purpose of her research was to focus on the waiting
period during which the person is uncertain of the outcome of a life situation and how they manage
any anxiety that may occur during that time. The individuals that were surveyed in this descriptive
research used three different strategies when asked about how they tried to avoid anxiety while
waiting on their exam scores. The first group attempted to suppress their fears by trying to not pay
attention. The second group sought for silver linings. "They tried to anticipate something good in a
bad outcome" Dr. Sweeny explained. The third group used defensive pessimism.
At the end of Dr. Sweeny 's research study what came up is that the people that were calmed down
during the waiting period were shattered and paralyzed by the bad news and if they got good news,
they were not impress by the results (Dr. Sweeny, 2015). The people who were not doing well
during the waiting period actually handled the news much better than the previous set of people. If
they received bad news then they were ready for it and had

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Psych 335 – Abnormal Psychology
Fall, 2016, Worksheet One
1. Define generalized anxiety disorder, and discuss how it differs from panic attacks, and from
specific phobias.
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety and a feeling of being out of
control. In addition, individuals with this disorder often experience a lack of concentration,
disturbances in sleep, restlessness, and irritability. This disorder differs from panic attacks in that the
anxiety is future based, instead of present based. Due to this difference individuals with generalized
anxiety disorder, have anxiety about a situation in which they are not currently in, while people who
experience panic attacks initially react to a perceived threat in the environment. Also, generalized
anxiety disorder and panic attacks or panic disorder are associated with dissimilar physiological
reactions. With panic disorder, there is arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, which results in
symptoms such as increased heart rate, trembling and sweating. Physical symptoms of part of
generalized anxiety disorder include muscle tension, fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. For
generalized anxiety disorder, there is are biological and psychological vulnerabilities, this is true of
panic disorder as well, however there is also learned component; this difference is found in specific
phobias in that it often results from learned experiences. In comparison with specific phobias,
generalized anxiety

Drug Use And Its Effect On The Global Increase Of Death...
Introduction Illicit drug use is a prevalent issue in today's society. According to the Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare, the global increase of death and disease can be largely attributed to
the illegal use of drugs (Illicit Use of Drugs, 2013). Though the rates of illegal drug use have
remained constant in recent years, there has been a shift in the use of specific drugs (Illicit Use of
Drugs, 2013). One drug that has received a lot of attention due to an apparent increase in usage is
Methamphetamine. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant drug that has been a source of
controversy within Australia. Though the usage of methamphetamine in Australia has remained
constant over the past few years, there has been a significant change in the preferred form of the
drug (Illicit Use of Drugs, 2013). For example, the usage of methamphetamine powder saw a
significant decrease from 2010 to 2013. In contrast, the use of the crystalline form– more commonly
know as ice– nearly doubled in the same time frame (Illicit Use of Drugs, 2013). Due to the increase
of ice usage, as well as the highly addictive nature of the drug, many are concerned that Australia is
in the midst of an ice epidemic. This essay will examine methamphetamine's pharmacokinetic
properties, its pharmacological mechanisms, the long and short–term effects of use, as well as
discuss the prevalence of ice in Australia.
Overview of Methamphetamine Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug that is

Essay on Brain Development in Victims of Child Abuse
Child abuse is a widespread problem in America and beyond. Every year more than 3 million
reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children(1a). For
many years, experts believed that the negative effects of child abuse, such as emotional problems,
flashbacks to traumatic events, and even learning problems, were psychological phenomena only,
able to be cured with therapy. Now, however, beliefs are being changed with the help of tools such
as MRI imaging, able to detect actual changes in brain anatomy, and it appears that what doesn't kill
you may still permanently weaken you, at least when it comes to child abuse.
The chief danger to the brain in child abuse, besides direct injury by the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The water–soluble neurotransmitters, on the other hand, only last for seconds (3). This persistance of
the stress hormones makes it hard for the brain to return to its natural, unstressed state.
The brain develops in such a way that it leaves itself vulnerable to these negative influences. The
prenatal brain develops an overabundance of neurons, some of which are then carefully eliminated
before age 4 (5). In a process similar to this, the amount of synapses between neurons is built up
during early childhood and then pruned back for the next 30 years of life (5). These two processes
are both disturbed by elevated levels of stress hormones (5). The two centers of the brain with the
most postnatal changes, including the growth of new neurons after birth, are the hippocampus,
which is part of the limbic system, and the cerebellar vermis (6). The hippocampus is in charge of
creating and retrieving memories, working together with the other parts of the limbic system, such
as the amygdala, which records the emotions for each memory. The vermis controls the production
and release of two of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine (6). Both
the vermis and the limbic system have higher concentrations of receptors for the stress hormone
cortisol than anywhere else in the brain (6). Due to this fact, these still–developing areas are the
most vulnerable to the damage done by elevated levels of stress hormones.
The

The Neurobiological Factors Associated with Depression Essay
The Neurobiological Factors Associated with Depression Depression is a mood disorder that affects
approximately ten percent of men and nearly twenty–five percent of women at least once in their
lifetime (1). There are several types of clinical depression, such as unipolar depression and bipolar
depression. Unipolar depression consists of primarily depressive states while bipolar depression
involves a fluctuation between states of depression and mania (2). Some of the most common
symptoms of depression include excessive feelings of sadness, guilt, or worthlessness, a significant
change in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, energy loss, thoughts or attempts of suicide, and
anhedonia (3), (4). While the symptoms of depression are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
While some of the findings from these genetic studies are still preliminary, several investigations
have indicated that the role of certain neurotransmitters, called monoamines, in depression is
immense (7). Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that bind to receptors in order to excite or
inhibit the firing of neurons (6). The Catecholamine Theory of Mood was proposed as a major
explanation for the cause of depression in the 1960s by Joseph Schildkraut (7). Schildkraut
suggested that a deficiency of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine at receptor sites caused
depression while increased levels of norepinephrine caused mania. Some evidence for Schildkraut's
account was established by the success rate of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor drugs, which
block the reuptake of monoamines and facilitate the release of neurotransmitters such as
norepinephrine and serotonin (8). Further evidence has been established by studies that found
decreased norepinephrine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of deceased depressed patients (5). More
recently, drugs have been developed that selectively block the reuptake of norepinephrine by the
presynaptic cell. It has been found in preliminary studies that the level of depression decreases in
these patients, which provides further evidence for the role of norepinephrine in depression. While
empirical support for the Catecholamine Theory of Mood has grown substantially, evidence from
more recent studies highlights the

Schizophrenia Abstract
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic brain disorder in which a person interprets actual reality
abnormally. It is a mental disorder that makes it difficult to think clearly, have normal responses to
emotions, act normal in a social setting, and tell the difference between their own interpretation of
reality and actual reality. There are several types of Schizophrenia: paranoid, undifferentiated,
disorganized, residual, and catatonic schizophrenia. The assumption is that schizophrenia is split or
multiple personalities. Schizophrenia is defined as "split mind" but this references the disruption in
normal balance of emotions and thinking. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that requires lifelong
treatment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once this process is done, the thought, feeling, or action is completed. An altercation or decrease in
neurotransmitters at the post–synaptic membrane occurs when there is a neurological condition and
can be associated with hallucinations and delusions. There is no other known cause for these two
symptoms, only that it is a neurological problem of sensory loss. The cause for depression is the
decreased production of serotonin which in return will drop the serotonin levels in the brain. When a
person with schizophrenia has the symptom of anxiety it could be due to a decrease in GABA
activity. There are a wide range of treatments to assist with Schizophrenia symptoms, even if the
symptoms subside, treatment is still required so that they don't reoccur. Hospitalization to provide
adequate safety may be needed when symptoms become severe. Treatments can consist of
medications such as antipsychotics and psychological therapy to help cope with the disorder.
Antipsychotics in general are used to lower dopamine levels in one's brain; Haloperidol, Olanzapine,
Quetiapine, Risperidane, and Clozaril, are the most common drugs that target a wide range of
Schizophrenia symptoms. Olanzapine and Risperidone are meant to antagonize serotonin and
dopamine in the central nervous system. An antagonistic drug binds to the

Depression : Causes And Effects
The definition of depression is "a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss
of interest" (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People who have not had much experience with depression agree
with this definition, and believe those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up.
Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset
and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching,
appetite loss, memory difficulties, and easily getting frustrated. There are several theories
concerning the causes of depression. Some people believe the cause for depression involves
biological problems, and other people believe the cause for depression involves environmental
problems. Depression is caused by abnormal differences inside the body.
Most people realize that our human body is complex, and disruptions in our body can affect our
behavior. Most of these disruptions that cause a change in behavior occur in the brain. The brain is
in charge of millions of activities in our body, such as regulating mood. A part of the brain called the
amygdala is mostly in charge in regulating one's moods and emotions. What triggers a change in the
amygdala comes from another section in the brain called the hippocampus. This section of the brain
is responsible for memory. The hippocampus registers an activity that is happening and immediately
makes an idea based on a memory, and sends that idea to the

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety
Whenever I've had to deal with a major stressful event I experience a great deal of anxiety as well as
restlessness. The anxiety manifests itself throughout my entire body and it ends up affecting me both
mentally and physically. As a result of being stressed and the activation of my sympathetic nervous
system the first thing that usually happens to me physically is that my neck and back will start to
feel tense and sore. I will also have tightness in my chest, which gets so bad that I feel like I am
incapable of taking a deep breath. Mentally, I have no patience for anyone and I am quick to lose my
temper. My thoughts get consumed with whatever it is that is causing me distress. Immediately my
mind goes straight to the worst–case scenario, which ultimately ends up exacerbating my anxiety.
The way I commonly handle all these feelings is by having one or two sleepless nights where I stay
up overanalyzing the things I could have done differently to prevent the stress I am dealing with.
Since this causes my brain to become so emotionally drained from overthinking, I try to find ways
to stop those thoughts and do what I can to get rid of the anxiety I have. I practice breathing
exercises to help relieve of some of the tension I have, which aids in getting rid of the anxiety. I
continually remind myself that things will be okay in the end and that odds are it probably won't be
as bad as I think it will be. This alteration in thinking forces me to be more realistic about what is

Is Stress A Bad Thing?
Firstly, let's debunk one myth: stress is not necessarily a bad thing. Without this brilliant ability to
feel stress, humankind wouldn't have survived. Our cavemen ancestors, for example, used the onset
of stress to alert them to a potential danger.
Stress is primarily a physical response. When stressed, the body thinks it is under attack and
switches to fight or flight mode, releasing a complex mix of hormones and chemicals such as
adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine to prepare the body for physical action. This causes a
number of reactions, from blood being diverted to muscles to shutting down unnecessary bodily
functions such as digestion.
Through the release of hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine, the caveman
gained a rush of energy, which prepared him to either fight the tiger or run away. That heart
pounding, fast breathing sensation is the adrenaline; as well as a boost of energy, it enables us to
focus our attention so we can quickly respond to the situation.
In the modern world, the fight or flight mode can still help us survive dangerous situations, such as
reacting swiftly to a person running in front of our car by slamming on the brakes. The challenge is
when our body goes into a state of stress in inappropriate situations. When blood flow is going only
to the most important muscles needed to fight or flee, brain function is minimized. This can lead to
an inability to think straight, a state that is a great hindrance in both our work and

Essay on Stress: Causes And Effects
Stress: Causes and Effects Stress is an ongoing dilemma that occurs in each and everyone's life. It is
a factor that is undoubtedly a part of daily living. Due to the trivial problems that occur in people's
daily lives massive amounts of stress can arise. People perceive and manage stress in many different
ways. The causes and effects of stress are numerous and one's ability to manage stress is vital in
maintaining healthy living. First, stress is defined as an unpleasant state of emotional and
physiological arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or
threatening to their well being (Patel, 14). Stress is a universal feeling to everyone but the word
stress means different things to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stress affects the body in many different ways. Many doctors estimate that stress is involved in more
than half of all illnesses (Sapolsky, 21). Stress may cause or prolong an illness or increase its
severity. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones that are released during a stress reaction that
affect organs throughout the body. As a result from the hormones being secreted, the heart begins to
beat more rapidly, muscle tension increases, blood pressure raises, and heavy breathing may occur.
This reaction is known as the fight–or–flight response. The fight–or–flight response energizes the
body to either confront or flee from a threat. Heredity, learning, and injuries all play a role in
determining where or when a stress related illness may occur in a particular individual (Sapolsky,
22). Stress has been linked to many diseases or malady conditions. Stress hormones that act on the
heart, blood vessels, and lungs may contribute to heart disease, high blood pressure, and asthma
(Feldman, 17). Diseases of the stomach and intestines are often associated to stress because blood
leaves these organs and moves to muscles used in running and fighting. Another difficulty is the
prolonging increase of blood sugar can influence the development of diabetes. Stress also appears to
influence the development of cancer. Chronic stress can also interfere with the body's immune
system directly through hormonal changes. Glucocorticoids–a hormone

Negative Effects Of Cocaine
All drugs affect the body differently, however, some drugs come with a high number of negative
effects. Alcohol is one of the most popular drugs in America, alcohol impacts the brain and body
greatly. Furthermore, cocaine is usually used in clubs because an individual feels good after using
cocaine, but cocaine is highly addictive and a very dangerous drug. Cocaine is an addictive drug and
it affects how the brain generally functions. Cocaine gets involved with the reward system in the
brain. Cocaine has an effect on three neurotransmitters which are dopamine, serotonin, and
norepinephrine. What dopamine is involved in is the feeling of dependency, serotonin causes
feelings of confidence, and norepinephrine increases or lowers an individuals energy level. What
cocaine does in the brain is, it won't allow the reabsorption of these three chemicals, it does this by
binding to the transporters, these transporters are in charge of removing high amounts of these three
neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap. Since cocaine binds to the transporters the
neurotransmitters can no longer by reabsorbed and this leads to a high level of these
neurotransmitters in the synapses ("Cocaine Addiction and..."). Having a high concentration of
dopamine leads to higher feelings of pleasure and reward, this leads the brain to think that cocaine
isn't dangerous. People that continue to use cocaine get used to high levels of these
neurotransmitters and always want to have elevated levels because it causes them pleasure, that's
how addiction happens. Furthermore, the frontal cortex is what makes us reject pleasure if we know
the outcome won't be positive. Cocaine addicts can no longer rely on the frontal cortex because this
area becomes damaged when someone is addicted to cocaine ("Cocaine Addiction and..."). Lastly,
cocaine also affects the amygdala and hippocampus, these both help an individual remember what
led to the satisfaction they felt. When someone uses cocaine, the amygdala and hippocampus create
memories of people and places that are connected to the drug and also memories of the pleasure. If
the individual is with the people or at the same place where they felt pleasure it will bring back
memories and an urge to

The Effects Of Anticholinergic Medications On The Body
Abstract
This paper will be exploring two main topics with the first being "sympathomimetics" which are
drugs that produce physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system by promoting the
stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. We will be considering how the process of stimulation from
sympathomimetic drugs occur and how they affect the sympathetic nervous system and what
medications that can promote or inhibit a sympathomimetic response. The second topic being
"anticholinergics" which are a type of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine in the brain. This paper will explain and show what effects anticholinergic medications
have on the body in terms as to what receptors are being used and how they are defined and what
effects and side effects can occur from anticholinergic medications. Along with these topics we will
take an in depth look at how sympathomimetics medication has potential side effect with children
with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and how children with known sever cardiac problems like
arrhythmias should not receive stimulants due to their sympathomimetic effects.
Sympathomimetic & Anticholinergic Medications Sympathomimetics is a clue as to what is affected
by using sympathomimetic medication. The sympathetic nervous system is of direct effect using this
type of medications. But what is sympathomimetic? Sympathomimetic drug is any chemical that
either directly stimulates adrenergic receptor or promotes increase

Dn Dna And Dna
Question 1 a) DNA replication is the process in which a cell passes this DNA sequence onto other
cells when it divides which is known as mitosis as it must duplicate its genome so each new cell has
a copy. This occurs during interphase. During DNA replication the enzyme DNA helicase are
important as they separate double–stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be
copied. DNA polymerase are another important enzyme that starts attaching new complementary
nucleotides to these templates. It is done according to the base pairing rules, A=T, C=G, G=C and
T=A. Once the new nucleotides are attached, two new sister DNA strands are formed same as the
original strand. The result is two identical strands, each of which is half new. b) mRNA is a
translation of DNA into a convertible protein substituting T with U. The template strand shown is
the 1st step of transcription and it is transcribed to: GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC. Each of the
codons codes for a particular amino acid. For example, each codon is a triplet and codes for one
amino acid. In the strand shown it separates it into triplets that will reveal codon and amino acid
number. For example, CAT CTAACC CCA GAG GAG = 6 amino acids. c) Sickle cell anaemia –
GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC Normal haemoglobin – GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC While
comparing the difference between the normal and sickle cell strands, it was identified that in the
sickle cell there is a coding error. As the transcription error causes the person

The Effects Of Psoriasis On The Development And...
Stress as an Influencing Factor in Psoriasis,
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with an approximate 2–3% prevalence in the
general population. The etiology of psoriasis is not fully understood, but it appears to be
multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental influences. Among these factors, emotional
stress is considered to play an important role in the onset and exacerbation of psoriasis.
Emotional stress may influence the development and exacerbation of psoriasis. The proportion of
psoriasis patients who believe stress affects their skin condition (i.e., "stress responders") is
considerably high, ranging from 37% to 78%. Stress may worsen psoriasis severity and may even
lengthen the time to disease clearance. Dysregulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal and
sympathetic adreno–medullary systems has been proposed as one possible underlying cause of
stress–induced flares of psoriasis. While stress may be an exacerbating factor, psoriasis itself may
contribute to significant adverse psychological sequelae. Breaking this stress cycle may be an
important part of any therapeutic approach. Thus, stress reduction through psychotherapy and
pharmacotherapy may be useful in treating psoriasis patients who are stress responders.
Significance of Stress in psoriasis,
Researchers examined 132 psoriasis patients whose psoriasis had completely cleared with anthralin
therapy and were followed over 3 years. Fifty–one patients (39%) recalled specific

Stress And Health : Stress
Stress and Health
J Dugger
Stress and Health. How does it effect you? Have you ever felt as if your life was reeling out of
control or that your health was failing only to realize there were core stressors at work causing your
peril? This author can certainly relate. Much of this paper will relate to and deal with the stresses
suffered by a professional Firefighter/Paramedic in the United States and how this stress can effect
mental and physical health.
Merriam–Websters dictionary defines stress as "a state of mental tension and worry caused by
problems in your life, work, etc." (1). It can also be described as "something that causes strong
feelings of worry or anxiety" (1). There are many sources of stress in one 's personal and
professional life. The things that cause us stress are known as stressors (2 pg112). Some stress
comes in the form of rational, instinctual fear. These stressors keep us safe through instinct or
learned behavior. An example of this stress would be one 's reaction to a loud, sudden noise which
stresses our system triggering a body alarm response designed to protect us from danger. Some
examples of negative stressors are traffic, interpersonal issues, and long lines at the grocery store. As
it pertains to emergency work there are the obvious stressors of death and high pressure situations.
There are also less well known and more chronic stressors such as sleep deprivation and the simple
activation of a loud alarm. All of

schizophrenia abstract
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic brain disorder in which a person interprets actual reality
abnormally. It is a mental disorder that makes it difficult to think clearly, have normal responses to
emotions, act normal in a social setting, and tell the difference between their own interpretation of
reality and actual reality. There are several types of Schizophrenia: paranoid, undifferentiated,
disorganized, residual, and catatonic schizophrenia. The assumption is that schizophrenia is split or
multiple personalities. Schizophrenia is defined as "split mind" but this references the disruption in
normal balance of emotions and thinking. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that requires lifelong
treatment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This decreases the signs of schizophrenic behavior and improves behavior by creating a neutral state
between rest and digest and flight or fight. Quetiapine is another drug that serves as an antagonizer
of serotonin and dopamine along with being an antagonist to histamine and adrenergic receptors.
Histamine causes capillary dilation and constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchials and
decreases overall blood pressure. This drug decreases delusions, hallucinations, and depression by
blocking the action of histamine and the flight or fight response. Clozapine binds specifically to
dopamine receptors but also has anti cholinergic blocking activity which in return decreases
schizophrenic behavior by reducing flight or fight response and regulating emotion. Anti–
depression/anti–anxiety medication Welbutin and Ativan are used to target more specific symptoms.
Welbutin is used to decrease depression symptoms by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and
increases the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Ativan depresses the central nervous system
by increasing GABA activity, therefore decreasing anxiety. All these drugs can have the side effects
of weight gain, diabetes, and high blood pressure. MRI's and PET scans can also be used to monitor
physiologic damage and progression of schizophrenia. Since

Stress In College Students
Stress is a part of everyone's life. A certain amount of stress is to be expected in daily life, but too
much stress may be harmful. The stages towards adulthood have been characterized with many
transitions and challenges. For some young women and men, a challenge that poses a possible
stressor is attending college, which has been linked to increased stress for emerging adults. It is
argued that emerging adults' entrance into higher education includes both opportunities and risks. It
is argued that emerging adults' entrance into higher education includes both opportunities and risks.
The topic of stress effects on the brain seems the most interesting to me because of how much stress
a college student, as well as others, can endure. Stress affects a person both mentally and physically.
Your mind perceives a situation and decides whether that situation is a threat. If it seems threatening,
it becomes a stressor. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, stress is simply defined
as the brain's response to any demand and can take a variety of different forms. Although the
concept of stress is individualized, stress plays a role in everyday life and can stem from mental,
emotional, and physical activity. In an article written by Grant S. Shields and George M. Slavich
(2017), the history of stress and its methods and mechanisms of research were provided. In the mid
1800s, a French physiologist named Claude Bernard came up with a concept called "milieu
interieur",

The Effect Of Stress On Mental And Physical Health
In order to develop techniques to manage stress, you must first understand what contributes to
stress. Stress is the body's reaction to your environment that impacts the balance of your physical or
mental being. Stress is the same for the body whether considered positive or negative. It elicits the
same body responses for emotion and motivation whether it is from competitive sports or a near
miss on the freeway. Emotion and motivation are the two fundamental components of affect. They
guide behavior and help you make decisions; and they can also impact mental and physical health.
(Saylor Academy, ND)
How your body and brain interpret stress, and the intensity and duration of that stress are all factors
in your wellbeing. When strong emotion or motivation occurs the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system response is to supply energy for your body, which is experienced as
arousal. This is done by the release of the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. The liver
puts sugar into the bloodstream; your heart pounds pumping more blood; your breathing rate
increases; the pupils of your eyes dilate to increase help with sight; and you begin to sweat. The
body is reacting to outside stimuli and preparing to respond in case of danger. (Saylor Academy,
ND)
An emotion is a mental and overall feeling of the body that grabs focus and determines behavior.
There is a slow and a fast emotional pathway in the brain. Both pathways are controlled by the

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