Mixed Method Data

COMPARISON CHART
Points of
S.# N. Article R. Article Proposal M. Thesis P. Thesis
difference

is an academic article
A news article is an article published in a
published in an academic
print or Internet news medium such as a
journal. The status of A proposal is a written A proposition that is maintained
newspaper, newsletter, news magazine,
academics is often document from a researcher by argument. A dissertation
news-oriented website, or article directory A dissertation advancing an
dependent both on how for the board or supervisor advancing an original point of
1 Definition that discusses current or recent news of original point of view as a
many articles they have had proposing a future research view as a result of research,
either general interest (i.e. daily newspapers) result of research,
published and on the with rationale of the contents especially as a requirement for
or on a specific topic (i.e. political or trade
number of times that their for approval to work on. an academic degree.
news magazines, club newsletters, or
articles are cited by authors
technology news websites).
of other articles.

Research study for doctorate
degree
A thesis is a document written it performs three main
in support of obtaining an functions:
propose a research study for academic degree or • It begins to put forth your
1 Purpose Publish in news article Publish in Journal
approval qualification. It is usually longer ideas.
than research paper and thus • It foreshadows your
completed in a number of years. arguments.
• It attracts a reader's
attention.
Limited to the board but later
2 Scope Very broad Limited to related field limited to supervisor or board Limited to the board can be broadened by deriving
articles from it
People in related field, Policy
makers, strategy makers, Supervisors, and board people, Supervisors and board
3 Readers General Public Supervisors and board
Executives, Trainers, students, researchers people, students, researchers
Researchers, students etc
easy yet in specific terms of easy yet in specific terms of easy yet in specific terms of easy yet in specific terms of
4 wording easy and general
related field related field related field related field
awaring, sharing, explianing convincing with rationality and argumentative, proving, and
5 Tone interest oriented convincing and argumentative
and concluding reasons generating theories
Introduction, literature, Introduction, literature,
significance, purpose, significance, purpose,
Introduction, literature,
Introduction, literature, objectives, R. Questions/ objectives, R. Questions/
based on one Hot issues, with no or limited Methodology, analysis
6 Contents Methodology, significance, hypothesis, theoretical hypothesis, theoretical
contents results discussion and
purpose, theoretical framework framework, Methodology, framework, Methodology,
conclusion
analysis results discussion and analysis results discussion and
conclusion conclusion
7 Authenticity Not so authentic w.r.t. research Highest authenticity a mediating document Highest authenticity Highest authenticity
A detailed report is A detailed report is
A short report of few A short document of few
8 Report formation prepared in the form of prepared in the form of
pages is prepared. pages is prepared.
booklet. booklet.

 Mixed Method is a philosophical assumption
based on pragmatic grounds that integrates
quantitative and qualitative research
approaches within a single project.

 It is also called “Multitrait, Mulitimethod,
integrated or combined”

A Multi-method designs Mixed methods designs

Use more than one method but
restricted to methods selected Use and mix both qualitative and
from within one worldview (i.e. quantitative data and methods.
quantitative or qualitative
approaches). Types:
Types: Mixed method studies
Multi-method quantitative studies Mixed model studies.
Multi-method qualitative studies

 Merge the data:

Qualitative data Results Quantitative data

 connect the data:

Qualitative data Quantitative data Results

 Embed the data

Quantitative data
Results
Qualitative data

It offset the weaknesses of both quantitative
and qualitative research by providing
comprehensive evidence as being “practical”
in the sense that the researcher is free to
use all methods possible to address a
research problem.

Types/Approaches of
Mixed Method Study

Triangulation Embedded Explanatory Exploratory
Design Design Design Design

Convergence Experimental Follow-up Instrument
Model Model explanation development
model

Data
tranformation Correlational Participant Taxonomy
Model Model selection development
Model model

Validating
quantitative
Model

Multilevel
Model

1.The Triangulation Design
QUAN QUAL

Interpretation based on

QUAN + QUAL results

 Variants of the Triangulation Design

 Convergence Model
 data transformation Model
 Validating quantitative model
 Multilevel Research

 Convergence Model
QUAN QUAN
QUAN
Data Data
Results
Collection Analysis Compare
Interpretation
&
QUAN + QUAL
Contras
QUAL QUAL QUAL

Data Data Results

Collection Analysis

 Data transformation Model

QUAN
QUAN data analysis
Data

Collection Compare &
Interpretation
Interrelate
QUAN + QUAL
Two QUAN data sets
QUAL QUAL Transform
QUAL into
Data Data quan data

Collection Analysis

Validating quantitative Data

QUAN data QUAN
QUAN
Collection: Data
Results
Survey Analysis
Validate Interpretation
QUAN results
with qual QUAN + QUAL
results
Qual data
Qual Qual
Collection:
data Results
Open ended
Analysis
Survey items

 Multilevel Research

Level 1:

QUAN

Data collection, analysis, results
Level 2:
Overall
QUAL
Interpretation
Level 3:

QUAN


2.The Embedded Design

Interpretation
or
QUAN Interpretation
QUAL
Based on
qual Based on
QUAN (qual) quan
QUAL (quan)
results
results


 Experimental Model
 Correlational Model

 Experimental Model

qual Qual
QUAN QUAN
Before after
Interpretation
premeasur post measure
Intervention based on
Intervention e
QUAN(qual)
results

Qual

During

interventio
n

 Correlational Model

QUAN

Pridictors

QUAN Interpretation
QUAN
outcome Based on
Pridictors
QUAN (qual)
QUAN
results
Pridictors

Qual process

3.The Explanatory Design
Interpretation based

QUAN Qual QUAN Qual

results


 The follow-up explanations
 The participant selection model

 The follow-up explanations

QUAN QUAN QUAN Identify Qual Qual Qual
results for
Data Data Results follow-up Data Data results
collection analysis collection analysis

Interpretation

QUAN qual

 The participant selection model

quan quan quan QUAL QUAL QUAL QUAL
participant Data Data results
Data Data Results selection collection analysis
collection analysis

Interpretation

quan QUAL

4.The Exploratory Design

Interpretation based

QUAL quan QUAL quan

results


 The instrument development model
 Taxonomy development model

 The instrument development model

qual qual qual Develop QUAN Data QUAN Data QUAN
instrument collection analysis results
Data Data Results
collection analysis

Interpretation

quan QUAN

 Taxonomy development model

QUAL Data QUAL Data QUAL Develop Quan Data Quan Data Quan
collection analysis Results taxonomy collection analysis results
or theory
for testing

Interpretation

QUAN Qual

The major mixed method design types
Design Type Variants Timing Weighting Mixing Notation

Usually equal Merge the data
Convergence Concurrent: during the QUAN + QUAL
Data transformation quantitative and interpretation or
Validating quantitative qualitative at analysis
Triangulation data same time
multilevel

Unequal Embed one type of
data within a larger QUAN(qual) OR
QUAL(quan)
Concurrent or design using the
embedded sequential other type of data
Embedded experimental
embedded
correlational

Usually Connect the
Sequential: quantitative QUAN qual
data between
follow-up explanation quantitative
Explanatory the two phases
participant selection followed by
qualitative

Usually Connect the
Sequential: qualitative QUAL quan
data between
instrument qualitative
Exploratory the two phases
development followed by
taxonomy quantitative
development

Phases in the Data Collection Process for Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Data Collection Phases in the process of Quantitative Data Collection
Research
Purposeful sampling strategies random sampling
small number of participants and Sampling Procedures adequate size to reduce sampling error
sites and provide sufficient power

from individual providing access to from individual providing access to
sites Permissions needed sites
institutional review boards individual review boards
individuals individuals

open-ended interviews instruments
open-ended observations Information to be collected checklist
documents public document
audiovisual materials

interview protocols Recording the data instrument with scores that are reliable
observational protocols and valid

attending to field issues standardization of procedures
attending to ethical issues Administering data collection attending to ethical issues

 The data collection procedures will vary
depending on the type of mixed method
design. In mixed method apaches data will be
collecting concurrently or sequentially
 When data are collected concurrently, the two
forms (quantitative and qualitative) of data
are independent of each other; when
collected sequentially, the two forms of data
are related or connected.
 Regardless of the concurrent or sequential
data collection, always use precise
quantitative and qualitative procedures.

There are two types of issues that were faced during the mixed
method data collection

 concurrent data collection issues
 Participation selection
 The sample size question
 When contradictory results occur
Sequential data collection issues
 sampling the same or different individuals
 using the same or different sample sizes
Designing an instrument

Procedures Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis
General Procedures in
Quantitative Procedures Data Analysis Qualitative Procedures

Coding data by assigning numeric values
Cleaning the database Preparing the data for analysis Organizing documents and visual data
Recoding or computing new variables for Transcribing text
computer analysis Preparing the data for computer analysis
Establishing codebook

Visually inspecting data
Conducting a descriptive analysis Exploring the data Reading through the data
Checking for trends and distributions Writing memos
Developing qualitative codebook

Choosing an appropriate statistical test Analyzing the data Coding the data
Analyzing to answer research questions or test Assigning labels to codes
hypotheses Grouping codes into themes (or categories)
Reporting inferential tests, effect sizes, Interrelating themes (or categories) or abstracting
confidence intervals to smaller set of themes
using quantitative statistical software programs Using qualitative software programs

Representing results in statements of results
Providing results in tables and figures Representing the data analysis Representing findings in discussions of themes or
categories
Presenting visual models, figures, tables

Using external standards
Validating and checking the reliability of scores Validating the data Using researcher, participant, and reviewer
from past instrument use standards
Establishing validity and reliability of current Employing validation strategies (e.g., member
data checking, triangulation, peer review)

QUAL data analysis: QUAN data analysis:
Stage 1. Separate QUAL
and QUAN analysis
Prepare the data Prepare the data
Explore the data Explore the data
Analyze the data Analyze the data
Represent the results Represent the results

Stage 2. Merge the two Merge the two datasets
datasets Transform the data and relate or compare
the data
Compare the results (discussion or
matrices)

Stage 3. Apply
Stage 1. Stage 2.
select QUAN
Separate Identify QUAN
results to qual
QUAN data results to use
phase
analysis

Options
Outliers
QUAN data Extreme cases Select cases
analysis Significant-no Explain results
significant results Compare groups
Demographics
Comparisons
groups

a. Sequential Embedded and Explanatory
Designs

Stage 3. Apply
Stage 1. Stage 2.
select QUAL
Separate Identify QUAL
results to
QUAL data results to use
quan phase
analysis

Options
QUAL data To recruit cases
analysis Codes and themes T o shape intervention
Significant To test QUAL model
statements To develop an
Models instrument

b. Sequential Embedded and Exploratory Designs

 General Guidelines

choice of a design needs to be partly based
 Point of view of researcher
 review of past research for giving strength to the
research project
 It also aids the reader when the writer takes care to tell
a coherent and cohesive story throughout the
qualitative and quantitative aspects of the research
study.

Azra Naheed Center for Research and Development
11-Feb-13 Superior University Lahore

 To introduce the basic philosophical and methodological
approaches currently used as a foundation for research in
Business, Management and Social Sciences.
 To discuss critically the conventional distinction between
“quantitative and qualitative” research and its usefulness in
planning and evaluating research.
 To develop the skills of literature review and critical analysis
of research reports by giving practical exposure to locating
literature and reviewing critically by argumentation, reading
analysis and mapping.
 To provide a comprehensive knowledge about the research
design including introduction, purpose statement, research
questions, hypothesis, use of theory limitations and
significance for the development of rationale in research.
 To provide a comprehensive understanding about
quantitative research and develop their skills in different
areas like operationalization, quantitative methods and
ensure the reliability and validity of the data.

 To make a clear understanding for the use of SPSS (which is
related to their previous course “Quantitative Techniques”).
 To provide a comprehensive understanding about
qualitative research and develop their skills in using valid
and reliable qualitative methods.
 To discuss various ways of designing research which
focuses on the purpose of research, the use of theory and
the research significance, its limitations and delimitations.
 To present a range of ethical issues relevant to the conduct
and publication of research.
 To give an introduction of Nvivo (for qualitative data
analysis).

Azra Naheed Center for Research and Development Superior
11-Feb-13 University Lahore

Classification Topics

At the end of this module, successful students will be able to demonstrate the knowledge
of:
A range of methodological approaches and philosophical assumptions to organizational
and professional research.
Ways of formulating and defining business and management research problems,
Knowledge and
significance or limitations.
Comprehension
Understanding of Literature Review and critical Analysis
Issues in, and methods of, research design.
The importance of ethics and values in business research.
The requirements for effective analysis and interpretation of quantitative, qualitative
data and mixed methods.

At the end of this module, the successful students will be able to:
Make informed decisions about different research approaches, strategies, design and
methods which are relevant to different purposes
To write a literature review related to business research problems.
Application and Skills To conduct interviews and interpret them to develop results.
To conduct surveys and develop analysis & interpretation of them.
Write a successful research proposal which outlines and evaluates the research process
and method(s) most appropriate to investigate the student’s own research
questions/subject.

At the end of this module successful students will be able to:
Critically evaluate the range of qualitative and quantitative data and information
Analysis and Synthesis collection strategies in a meaningful manner to solve problems.
To analyze the research and findings of other people.
Analyze the quantitative & Qualitative data for interpretation of results.

TO DEVELOP A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR AN APPROVED RESEARCH PROBLEM
Guidelines and Assessment Criteria: Write a research proposal for a specific project of research, addressing in an
analytical way, the following issues:
(a) Abstract
(b) Aims of the investigation:
Including the need for / value of the research
(c) Problem formulation:
Relevant social / business context
Main research questions / hypotheses
Brief summary of theoretical / conceptual bases of the project
Target population of interest
(d) Selective literature review:
Brief summary (max. 3000 words) of the areas to be addressed, and of illustrative resources, including selective
bibliography in recognized format
(e) Initial choice of methodological approach * and research strategy (ies)
(f) Fieldwork:
An outline (only) of plans for methods of data production / sources, and for negotiating access

(g) Research design:
Outline of plans for indicators / descriptors for key concepts
Methods for ruling out alternative explanations (or descriptions)
Sampling procedures / selection of cases (organizations or individuals)

(h) Discussion of issues of validity and reliability – or alternative criteria for research quality (to be clearly specified)
(i) Ethical and other commitments:
Brief discussion of any major ethical or legal dilemma and political or organizational constraints etc.

Presentation
 The aim of the presentation is to allow students to gain constructive feedback from their peers
regarding their comparative reports as well as allowing them to demonstrate their presentation skills.
The structure of the presentation will largely mirror the structure of the report and thus contain the
comparison on the basis of three basic research approaches i.e. qualitative, quantitative and mixed
methods.
 Points to consider when marking presentations are:

◦ Timing of presentation.
◦ Clarity of concepts.
◦ Structure of the presentation.
◦ Quality of overheads, handouts etc.
◦ Application of theory to practice.
◦ Ability to answer questions effectively.
◦ Use of sources of information.
Criteria of Assessment
 Clarity and conciseness of your specification of various aspects of the proposal.

 The relation of details of your research design specifically to the aims of your particular study (That is,
credit will not be given for the production of generalities about research design that are unrelated to
any particular study).
 Justification of key decisions made.

 Completeness of coverage of guidelines.


Weighting: 20 Marks
◦ Guidelines (a,b,c) (5% + 5% + 15%) 25%
◦ Guidelines (d,e) 15%
◦ Guidelines (f,g) 40%
◦ Guideline (h) 10%
◦ Presentation (including bibliography in a recognized format) 10%
Length:
 Maximum 6000 words, plus references (at most 10) in selective bibliography (based on selective
literature review).
Weightage: 30% (project: 20%, presentation: 10%)
Due dates: 13th Week
Short Working Draft: 11th Week
 (This draft only: max. 2000 words, submitted electronically to module tutor by the time announced; any
draft submitted after that would not be given any feedback).
Final Draft: To be announced later.
9. Reference Material


38

Proposal is the written document that describes the
topic, Problem, design, and methodologies to be
adopted to conduct the proposed research.

Why Proposal
The development of proposal for any research study is
essential because
• It allows the researcher to plan and review the steps
of the project.
• It serves as a guide throughout the investigation.
• It forces time and budget estimates

39

Outline of the structure of a proposal
1. Title

2. Introduction
• Background of the study (Sectoral Brief)
• The research problem
• Studies that have addressed the problem
• Deficiencies in the studies
• The significance of the study
• The purpose statement

3. Purpose
• The purpose or study, aim of the project and reasons for the
research design
• The research questions and hypotheses

4. Philosophical Foundations
worldview and philosophical assumptions for using specific research
approach.

5. Literature Review
40

Outline of the structure of a proposal

6. Methodology and Methods
• Site and sample
• Data collection procedures
• Data analysis procedures
7. Potential Ethical issues
8. Reference and appendixes

41

Mixed Method Data

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