![Key Benefits with 5G:
Peak 5G speeds are expected to be up to 100x faster [see footnote 1] than
the speed of 4G LTE networks.
Reduced latency will support new applications that leverage the power of
5G, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence.
Increased capacity on 5G networks can minimize the impact of load spikes,
like those that take place during sporting events and news events.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unitiv-241216082010-80d483be/85/MOBILE-COMMUNICATION-and-its-development-stages-21-320.jpg)
MOBILE COMMUNICATION and its development stages
- 1. Unit IV 4G AND BEYOND
- 2. Long Term Evolution - 4G LTE stands for Long Term Evolution - 2004 by telecommunication body known as the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)- System Architecture Evaluation – E-UTRAN. MMOG (Multimedia Online Gaming), mobile TV, Web 2.0, streaming contents LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and 75 Mbps peak uplink. In a 20MHz carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps can be achieved under very good signal conditions. LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode. In FDD uplink and downlink transmission used different frequency, Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G spectrum.
- 3. Advantages of LTE High throughput Low latency FDD and TDD in the same platform Superior end-user experience Plug and play Simple architecture
- 7. LTE Network Architecture The User Equipment (UE). The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). The Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
- 8. The E-UTRAN (The access network)
- 9. Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)
- 10. Functional split between the E- UTRAN and the EPC
- 11. 2G/3G Versus LTE
- 13. Radio resource management- to ensure efficient use of the available network resources Radio admission control Radio bearer control Connection mobility control Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS) Inter-cell interference coordination Load balancing Inter-RAT radio resource management Subscriber profile ID (SPID) for RAT/frequency priority
- 14. What is a Channel in LTE? The information flows between the different protocols layers are known as channels. These are used to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across different layers. These channels provide interfaces to each layers within the LTE protocol stack and enable an orderly and defined segregation of the data.
- 15. Classification of Channels in LTE: Broadly in LTE Channel are divided into three categories named as below: Logical channels (What type of Information) Transport channels (How this information is transported) Physical Channels (Where to send this information)
- 16. Logical Channels Logical channels define what type of information is transferred. These channels define the data-transfer services offered by the MAC layer. Data and signalling messages are carried on logical channels between the RLC and MAC layers. Logical channels further can be divided into two categories as control channels and traffic channels. control channels carry signalling messages in the control plane and they can be either common channel or dedicated channel. A common channel means common to all users in a cell (Point to multipoint ) where as Dedicated channels means channels can be used only by one user (Point to Point). Traffic channels carry data in the user plane, while logical control channels carry signalling messages in the control plane. In LTE we have 7 logical channel in Downlink and 3 Logical channels in Uplink
- 17. Transport Channels: Transport channels define how and with what type of characteristics the data is transferred to the physical layer. Data and signalling messages are carried on transport channels between the MAC and the physical layer. Physical Channels: These channels are also in both direction downlink and uplink directions. So we can divide these into Downlink Physical channels and uplink Physical Channels. Based on Data and signalling messages are carried on physical channels in LTE ,we can further classified as Physical Data channels (DL, UL) Physical Control Channels (DL,UL)
- 18. MAC CE (MAC Control Element) The purpose and function of NR MAC CE is almost same as LTE MAC CE. When we say 'communication between UE and Network', we normally think about only signaling message (RRC or NAS message). 'control command exchange' between UE and network, not the data traffic. These special MAC structure carrying the control information is called 'MAC CE', which means 'MAC Control Element'. Motivation for this kind of communication would be obvious. It would be much faster comparing to RRC layer or NAS layer communication. This special MAC structure is implemented as a special bit string in LCID field of MAC Header There are several MAC CE in downlink MAC and also several MAC CE in uplink MAC. Following table from 38.213 shows the LCID types of MAC header. The parts marked in red rectangle is LCID representing various MAC CE. These are relatively small set of MAC CE defined in 38.321 Rel 15 - 6.2.1. You may see this gets longer as new release comes out as you have seen in LTE.
- 19. PDU-Format
- 20. LTE random access procedure LTE random access procedure is used by the UEs to initiate a data transfer. The UEs also obtain uplink timing information from the initial handshake. This sequence diagram describes the tale of three UEs (UE-A, UE-B and UE- C) that are powered on at the same time: (1) UEs synchronize with the downlink channel by decoding the PSS and SSS signal. The UEs are synchronized to the downlink frames after completing this procedure. (2) The three UEs initiate the random access procedure at exactly the same time. Two of them (UE-A and UE-B) happen to pick the same preamble. This results in a resulting in a collision. UE-C picks a distinct preamble so it succeeds in the random access procedure. (3) Contention between UE-A and UE-B is resolved in UE-A'S favor. UE-A proceeds with the RRC connection. (4) UE-C times out and retries the random access procedure. � EventHelix.com Inc, 2015
- 21. Key Benefits with 5G: Peak 5G speeds are expected to be up to 100x faster [see footnote 1] than the speed of 4G LTE networks. Reduced latency will support new applications that leverage the power of 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence. Increased capacity on 5G networks can minimize the impact of load spikes, like those that take place during sporting events and news events.