Model Templates for PROCESS
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This document provides conceptual and statistical diagrams for 18 models that can be estimated using the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS. The models allow for mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Key features of each model are summarized, including the mathematical forms for direct and indirect effects.
Model Templates for PROCESS
- 1. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press M Y X Y b1 eY 1 X M XM b2 b3 Model 1 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b3M
- 2. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press M Y X Y b1 eY 1 X D1 b2 bk Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram D1X Dk-1 Dk-1X . . . . . . . . . bk+1 b2k-1 . . . M XM Model 1 Multicategorical M with k categories (PROCESS v2.14 or later) Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + bk+1D1 + + b2k-1D2k-1 . . .
- 3. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press M Y X Y b1 eY 1 D1 bk-1 bk Model 1 Multicategorical X with k categories (PROCESS v2.14 or later) Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram b1 + bk+1M bk-1 + b2k-1M D1M Dk-1 Dk-1M . . . . . . . . . bk+1 b2k-1 . . . M XM X Conditional effect of X on Y = . . . {
- 4. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press M Y X Y b2 eY 1 M X W b1 b3 Model 2 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b4M + b5W W XW XM b4 b5
- 5. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press M Y X Y b2 eY 1 M X W b1 b3 Model 3 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b4M + b5W+ b7MW XW XM b4 b5 XMW MW b6 b7 W
- 6. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 c' Model 4 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai bi ai bi Mi Y X eMi 1 Direct effect of X on Y = c' Note: Model 4 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel.
- 7. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Relative indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = a1 bi Mi Y eMi 1 Relative direct effect of X on Y = Model 4 Multicategorical X with k categories (PROCESS v2.15 or later) D1 Dk-1 . . . X ak-1 c' 1 c' k-1 . . . . . . i Note: Model 4 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. a1 bi . . . {ak-1 bi c'1 . . . {c'k-1
- 8. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 5 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai bi ai bi Mi Y X eMi 1 Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W *Model 5 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel W W XW c1' c2' c3'
- 9. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press M1 Y X eY 1 Model 6 (2 mediators) Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi eM1 1 Direct effect of X on Y = c' M2 M1 Y X c' a1 M2 a2 b1 b2 d21 eM2 1 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2 Note: Model 6 allows up to 4 mediators operating in serial.
- 10. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Model 6 (3 mediators) Y X M1 M3 M2 Y X M1 M3 M2 eM3 eY eM1 eM2 c' b1 b2 b3 a1 a2 a3 d21 d32 d31 1 1 1 1 Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi Direct effect of X on Y = c' Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M3 in serial = a1 d31 b3 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M3 in serial = a1 d21 d32 b3 Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M3 in serial = a2 d32 b3
- 11. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Model 6 (4 mediators) Y X M1 M3 M2 a1 Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi Direct effect of X on Y = c' Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M3 in serial = a1 d31 b3 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, M3, and M4 in serial = a1 d21 d32 d43 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M3 in serial = a2 d32 b3 M4 eM1 1 Y X M1 M3 M2 M4 eM2 1 eM3 1 eM4 1 eY 1 a2 a3 a4 c' b3 b4 b2 b1 d32 d21 d43 d31 d42 d41 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M4 in serial = a1 d41 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M4 in serial = a2 d42 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M3 and M4 in serial = a3 d43 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M3 in serial = a1 d21 d32 b3 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M4 in serial = a1 d21 d42 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M3, and M4 in serial = a1 d31 d43 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M2, M3, and M4 in serial = a2 d32 d43 b4
- 12. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 c' Model 7 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)bi a1i bi Mi Y X eMi 1 Direct effect of X on Y = c' Note: Model 7 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. W W XW a2i a3i
- 13. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 8 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)bi a1i bi Mi Y X eMi 1 Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W Note: Model 8 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. W W XW a2i a3i c1' c2' c3'
- 14. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 c' Model 9 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ) bi a1i bi Mi Y X eMi 1 Direct effect of X on Y = c' *Model 9 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel W W Z a2i a3i Z XW XZ a4i a5i
- 15. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 10 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ) bi a1i bi Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 10 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel W W Z a2i a3i Z XW XZ a4i a5i c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z
- 16. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 X W Model 11 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram XW WZ XZ XWZ Z Z eMi Mi c' a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i bi a6i a7i Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi *Model 11 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Direct effect of X on Y = c' W Mi 1
- 17. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 X W Model 12 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram XW WZ XZ XWZ Z eMi Mi a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i bi a6i a7i Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi Note: Model 12 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ Z W Mi 1
- 18. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 13 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram XW WZ XZ XWZ Z eMi Mi a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i bi a6i a7i Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi *Model 13 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel c1' c2' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W Z W 1
- 19. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 14 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b3iV) ai b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Direct effect of X on Y = c' Note: Model 14 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. V V MiV c' b2 b3i
- 20. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 15 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV) ai b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Note: Model 15 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. V V XV b2i MiV c1' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V c2'
- 21. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 16 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) ai b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Direct effect of X on Y = c' *Model 16 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V V MiV c' b2 b4i Q Q MiQ b3 b5i
- 22. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 17 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ) ai b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q *Model 17 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V V MiV Q Q MiQ XQ XV b2i b3i c1' c2' c3' c4' c5'
- 23. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 Mi X V Model 18 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram VQ Q Q eMi Mi c' ai Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 18 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Direct effect of X on Y = c' V MiV MiQ MiVQ b1i b2 b3 b4i b5i b6 b7i 1
- 24. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 19 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y X Y eY 1 Mi X V Model 19 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram VQ Q Q eMi Mi ai Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ) V MiV MiQ MiVQ b1i b2i b3i b4i XV XQ XVQ c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ 1
- 25. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 Mi X V Model 20 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram VQ Q Q eMi Mi ai Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ) *Model 20 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V MiV MiQ MiVQ b1i b2 b3 b4i b5i b6i XV c1' c2' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V 1
- 26. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 21 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV) Direct effect of X on Y = c' Note: Model 21 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. V W eY 1 c' a1i Mi Y X eMi 1 W XW a2i a3i MiV V b1i b2 b3i
- 27. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 22 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV) Note: Model 22 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. V W eY 1 a1i Mi Y X eMi 1 W XW a2i a3i MiV V b1i b2 b3i Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W c1' c2' c3'
- 28. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 23 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b3iV) *Model 23 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Direct effect of X on Y = c' Z eY 1 Statistical Diagram a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 W XW a2i MiV a3i Z XZ a4i a5i b2 c' V b3i
- 29. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 24 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b3iV) *Model 24 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5' Z Z eY 1 Statistical Diagram a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 W XW a2i MiV a3i Z XZ a4i a5i b2 V b3i c1' c2' c3' c4' c5'
- 30. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 X W Model 25 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram XW WZ XZ XWZ Z Z eMi Mi c' a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i b1i a6i a7i Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV) *Model 25 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Direct effect of X on Y = c' W MiV Mi V b3i b2 V 1
- 31. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 X W Model 26 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram XW WZ XZ XWZ Z eMi Mi a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i a6i a7i *Model 26 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ Z W Mi MiV V b3i b2 V Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV) b1i 1
- 32. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Y eY 1 X W Model 27 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram XW WZ XZ XWZ Z eMi Mi a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i a6i a7i *Model 27 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel c1' c2' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W Z W Mi MiV V b3i b2 V Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV) b1i 1
- 33. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 28 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV) b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 28 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W XV c1' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V W MiV V XW a1i a2i a3i c3' c2' b2i
- 34. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 29 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV) b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 29 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W XV c1' c2' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'V W MiV V XW a1i a2i a3i c4' c3' b2i c5'
- 35. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 30 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV) *Model 30 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V Z eY 1 Statistical Diagram a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 W XW a2i MiV a3i Z XZ a4i a5i V b2i c1' c2' c3' XV
- 36. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 31 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV) *Model 31 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'V Z eY 1 Statistical Diagram a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 W XW a2i MiV a3i Z XZ a4i a5i XV b2i c1' c2' c3' V c4' c5' c7' c6'
- 37. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 32 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 32 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV) MiV XV b1i b2i XW XZ XWZ c1' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V Mi Y X a1i a2i a3i Z W V V a4i a5i a6i a7i c2' c3' 1
- 38. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 33 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 33 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV) MiV XV b1i b2i XW XZ XWZ c1' c2' c3' c4' c6' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ + c9'V Mi Y X a1i a2i a3i Z W V V a4i a5i a6i a7i c5' c7' c8' c9' 1
- 39. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 34 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 34 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV) MiV XV b1i b2i XW XZ XWZ c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V Mi Y X a1i a2i a3i Z W V V a4i a5i a6i a7i 1
- 40. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y eY 1 Mi W X Model 35 Statistical Diagram Q eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) *Model 35 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Direct effect of X on Y = c' MiV MiQ b1i b2 b3 b4i b5i Mi Y X Conceptual Diagram V Q W V XW c' a1i a2i a3i 1
- 41. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 36 Conceptual Diagram *Model 36 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V Q Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ) b1i b2i b3i V XW a1i a2i a3i V W MiV MiQ XV XQ c1' c2' c3' c5' c4' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q 1
- 42. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 37 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 37 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Direct effect of X on Y = c' V W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i b6 b7i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiVQ c' MiV MiQ b2 b3 b4i b5i 1
- 43. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 38 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ) *Model 38 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiVQ MiV MiQ b2i b3i b4i XV XVQ XQ c1' c4' c5' c2' c3' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ c6' 1
- 44. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 39 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ) *Model 39 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram VX eMi b1i b6i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiVQ MiV MiQ b2 b3i b4i b5 Q c1' c2' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V 1
- 45. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y eY 1 Mi W X Model 40 Statistical Diagram Q eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) *Model 40 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W MiV MiQ b1i b2 b3 b4i b5i Mi Y X Conceptual Diagram V Q W V XW a1i a2i a3i c1' c2' c3' 1
- 46. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 41 Conceptual Diagram *Model 41 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V Q Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ) b1i b2i b3i V XW a1i a2i a3i V W MiV MiQ XV XQ c1' c2' c3' c7' c6' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c6'V + c7'Q c4' c5' 1
- 47. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 42 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 42 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W V W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i b6i b7i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiVQ MiV MiQ b2i b3i b4i b5i c1' c2' c3' 1
- 48. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 43 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ) *Model 43 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiVQ MiV MiQ b2i b3i b4i XV XVQ XQ c1' c6' c7' c4' c5' c9' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c6'V + c7'Q + c9'VQ c8' c2' c3' 1
- 49. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 44 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ) *Model 44 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram VX eMi b1i b6i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiVQ MiV MiQ b2 b3i b4i b5i Q c1' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V c2' c3' 1
- 50. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 45 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) *Model 45 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Direct effect of X on Y = c' Z Statistical Diagram Y eY 1 X W XW V XZ Q Z eMi c' a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i b1i MiV Mi b4i b2 Q MiQ b3 b5i 1
- 51. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 46 Conceptual Diagram Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) *Model 46 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Direct effect of X on Y = c' Z W Y Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ WZ c' Z XZ XWZ b2 b3 b4i b5i a4i a5i a6i a7i V Q eY 1 1
- 52. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 47 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 47 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V Direct effect of X on Y = c' Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiV MiQ c' MiVQ Z XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i b6i b7i a4i a5i W Z 1
- 53. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X Model 48 Conceptual Diagram Q Mi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) . (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 48 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V Direct effect of X on Y = c' Z W Y eY 1 Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i VQ MiV MiQ WZ c' MiVQ Z XZ XWZ b2 b3 b4i b5i b6i b7i a4i a5i a6i a7i 1
- 54. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 49 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) *Model 49 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Z Statistical Diagram Y eY 1 X W XW V XZ Q Z eMi a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i b1i MiV Mi b4i b2 Q MiQ b3 b5i Conditional direct effect of X on Y = + c1' + c4'W + c5' Z c1' c2' c4' c5' c3' 1
- 55. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 50 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ) *Model 50 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V W Z Q Y Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i XV MiV MiQ XQ Z XZ b2i b3i a4i a5i eY 1 c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q 1
- 56. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 51 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ) *Model 51 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V Q Y Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ Z XZ b4i b5i a4i a5i eY 1 c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ Z W WZ XWZ b2 b3 a6i a7i c6' c7' 1
- 57. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 52 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ) *Model 52 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel V Q Y Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i XV XQ Z XZ b2i b3i a4i a5i c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q Z W WZ XWZ a6i a7i MiV MiQ eY 1 1
- 58. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 53 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 53 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ Z XZ b4i b5i a4i a5i eY 1 c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z b2 b3 Q V W Z MiVQ VQ b6 b7i 1
- 59. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 54 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ) *Model 54 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y Mi W X Statistical Diagram Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ Z XZ b2i b3i a4i a5i c1' c2' c3' c4' c6' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ Q V W Z MiVQ VQ b4i XQ XV XVQ eY 1 c5' c7' 1
- 60. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 55 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) . (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ) *Model 55 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Statistical Diagram Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ Q V W Z Y Mi W X Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ Z XZ b4i b5i a4i a5i c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' WZ XWZ b2 b3 a6i a7i c6' c7' VQ MiVQ b6 b7i eY 1 1
- 61. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 56 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) . (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ) *Model 56 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Statistical Diagram Conditional direct effect of X on Y = (c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ) Q V W Z Y Mi W X Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ Z XZ b4i a4i a5i c1' WZ XWZ a6i a7i VQ MiVQ eY 1 XV XQ XVQ c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' b2i b3i 1
- 62. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X Model 57 Conceptual Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) . (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ) *Model 57 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Statistical Diagram Conditional direct effect of X on Y = (c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ + c10'V + c11'Q + c13'VQ) Q V W Z Y Mi W X Q eMi b1i V XW a1i a2i a3i MiV MiQ Z XZ b4i a4i a5i c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' WZ XWZ a6i a7i c6' c7' VQ MiVQ eY 1 XV XQ XVQ c8' c9' c10' c11' c12' c13' b2i b3i 1
- 63. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Y X eY 1 Model 58 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Note: Model 58 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. W c' Direct effect of X on Y = c' Mi W XW a2i MiW b3i b2 a3i
- 64. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press eY 1 Model 59 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b2iW) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Note: Model 59 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. c1' W XW a2i MiW b2i a3i Mi Y X W c3' c2' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W
- 65. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press eY 1 Model 60 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b3iW) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 60 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel c' W XW a2i MiW b3i a3i Mi Y X W Direct effect of X on Y = c' Z Z XZ a4i a5i b2
- 66. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press eY 1 Model 61 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b2iW) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 61 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel c1' W XW a2i MiW b2i a3i Mi Y X W c3' c2' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W Z Z XZ a4i a5i
- 67. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press eY 1 Model 62 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b3iW) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 62 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel W XW a2i MiW b3i a3i Mi Y X W Z Z XZ a4i a5i b2 c1' c2' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'Z
- 68. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press eY 1 Model 63 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b2iW) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 63 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel W XW a2i MiW a3i Mi Y X W Z Z XZ a4i a5i b2i c1' c2' c3' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z c4' c5'
- 69. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press eY 1 Model 64 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b4iW + b5iV) a1i b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 *Model 64 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel c' W XW a2i b4i a3i Mi Y X W Direct effect of X on Y = c' V MiV b3 b5i V b2 MiW
- 70. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Model 65 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram *Model 65 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Mi Y X W Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W V eY 1 a1i b1i Mi Y X c1' W XW a2i b3i a3i c3' c2' MiV b2 b4i V eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW + b4iV) MiW 1
- 71. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Model 66 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram *Model 66 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Mi Y X W Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V V eY 1 a1i b1i Mi Y X c1' W a2i a3i c2' MiV b4i XW eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW + b4iV) XV MiW b3i c3' b2 V 1
- 72. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Model 67 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram *Model 67 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Mi Y X W Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V V eY 1 a1i b1i Mi Y X c1' W a2i a3i c2' MiV b3i XW eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b2iW + b3iV) XV MiW b2i c5' V c3' c4' 1
- 73. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 68 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 68 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iW) MiW b1i b3i XW XZ XWZ c' Direct effect of X on Y = c' Mi Y X W Z a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i a6i a7i b2 1
- 74. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 69 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 69 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iW) MiW b1i b2i XW XZ XWZ c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ Mi Y X W Z a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i a6i a7i 1
- 75. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 70 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X Model 70 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WV W eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iW + b5iV + b7iWV) MiW MiV MiWV b1i b2 b4i b5i XW c' Direct effect of X on Y = c' Mi Y X W V a1i a2i a3i V b3 b7i b6 1
- 76. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 71 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 71 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WV V eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iW + b3iV + b4iWV) MiW MiV MiWV b1i b2i b3i b4i XW XV XWV c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'V + c7'WV Mi Y X W V a1i a2i a3i 1
- 77. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 72 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 72 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) . (b1i + b4iW + b5iZ + b7iWZ) MiW MiZ MiWZ b1i b2 b3 b4i XW XZ XWZ c' Direct effect of X on Y = c' Mi Y X W Z a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i a6i a7i b5i b6 b7i 1
- 78. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 73 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 73 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram WZ Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) . (b1i + b2iW + b3iZ + b4iWZ) MiW MiZ MiWZ b1i b2i b3i b4i XW XZ XWZ c1' c2' c3' c4' c5' c6' c7' Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ Mi Y X W Z a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i a6i a7i 1
- 79. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press Mi Y X eY 1 Model 74 Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + c2i'X) ai b1i Mi Y X eMi 1 Note: Model 74 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. PROCESS does not produce a table of conditional direct effects for model 74. With only one mediator, use model 1 to generate the conditional direct effects, specifying M as moderator. XMi c1' c2i' Conditional direct effect of X = c1' + c2i'M
- 80. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 75 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Model 75 (PROCESS v2.05 or later) Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iW + b5iZ) MiZ b1i b2 b3 b4i XW XZ c' Direct effect of X on Y = c' Mi Y X W Z a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i b5i 1 MiW
- 81. Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS c ⃝2013-2016 Andrew F. Hayes and The Guilford Press *Model 76 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel Y eY 1 Mi X W Conceptual Diagram Statistical Diagram Z eMi Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iW + b3iZ) MiZ b1i b2i XW XZ a1i a2i a3i a4i a5i b3i 1 MiW Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z c2' c3' c4' c5' c1' Mi Y X W Z Model 76 (PROCESS v2.05 or later)