This document discusses a study that evaluated participatory policy processes in Malawi using the Comparative Government-Performance Evaluation (CGPE) approach. The study found large gaps between actual outcomes and socially optimal outcomes according to an estimated social welfare function. These gaps could be due to insufficient participation, wrong incentives, or missing knowledge. Analysis showed that knowledge gaps were more important than participation or incentive issues. The conclusion is that participation alone does not improve outcomes and it is more important to connect the scientific and practitioner worlds by transferring knowledge between the two sectors.