Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System

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ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 1 | Issue – 6
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System
Irfan Khan
Student of M.Tech Power System, MTPS-13-29 ,
Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, AL- Falah University, Faridabad,
Haryana, India
Ameen Uddin Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, AL- Falah University,
Faridabad, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical
country like ours. The main hindrance for the
penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low
efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of
solar PV is very low. In order to increase the
efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
techniques are to be undertaken to match the source
and load property. These techniques are employed in
PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output
power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV
system have been proposed which depends on solar
irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe
(P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are
basic and most widely used. This project firstly
introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array.
To achieve the maximum power point tracking the
Incremental Conductance method and perturb and
observed (P&O) method are used. These two
algorithms are employed with PV model along with
converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different
converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are
design according to requirement and used. Few
comparisons such as voltage, current and power
output for each different combination have been
recorded.
Keywords: Perturb and Observe, Incremental
Conductance, Maximum Power Point Tracking,
energy storage system
INTRODUCTION
The Sun-that Power Plant in the Sky-bathes Earth in
Ample of Energy to fulfill world’s power needs many
times over. It doesn’t give out CO2 emissions. It
won’t run out & its free.
Temperature and Irradiation are the major hindrances
in exploitation of solar cell efficiency and
consequently the need for Algorithm arises for getting
the maximum power output from the solar cell. And
hence PV power control is one of the burning research
fields these days.
There are different techniques for MPPT such as
Perturb and Observe (hill climbing
method),Incremental conductance, Fractional Short
Circuit Current, Fractional Open Circuit Voltage,
Fuzzy Control, Neural Network Control etc. Among
all the methods Perturb and observe (P&O) and
Incremental conductance are most commonly used
because of their simple implementation, lesser time to
track the MPP and several other economic reasons.
Under abruptly changing weather conditions
(irradiance level) as MPP changes continuously, P&O
takes it as a change in MPP due to perturbation rather
than that of irradiance and sometimes ends up in
calculating wrong MPP. However this problem gets
avoided in Incremental Conductance method as the
algorithm takes two samples of voltage and current to
calculate MPP. However, instead of higher efficiency
the complexity of the algorithm is very high compared
to the previous one and hence the cost of
implementation increases. So we have to mitigate
with a tradeoff between complexity and efficiency.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
1. MODELING OF SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System: The process of
converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is
called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. A photovoltaic
(PV) system directly converts sunlight into electricity.
The basic device of a PV system is the photovoltaic
(PV) cell. A PV cell typically produces voltage 0.5
volt. In order to increase the voltage cells are
connected in series and to increase the current they
are connected in parallel. The photovoltaic module is
the result of associating a group of PV cells in series
and parallel and it represents the conversion unit in
this generation system. An array is the result of
associating a group of photovoltaic modules in series
and parallel.
Equivalent Circuit of PV Cell: The equivalent
circuit, which describes the static behavior of the solar
cell, is commonly composed of a current source, a pn
junction diode and a shunt resistor (Rsh) in parallel
along with a series resistor (Rs). Thecurrent source
models electron injection from light. Rs is the total
Ohmic resistance of the solar cell, which is essentially
the bulk resistance. Smaller Rs values equate to
increased solar cell efficiencies. Rsh accounts for
stray currents, such as recombination currents and
leakage currents around the edge of devices. In this
case a larger Rsh value equates to increased solar cell
efficiency, since it means that the stray currents are
reduced.
Fig. 1 Single diode Equivalent circuit of solar cell
2. CONVERTER DESIGN AND
SIMULATION
Designing of Converters
Fig.-2 PV module with dc-dc converter
DC/DC converters are used in applications where an
average output voltage is required, which can be
higher or lower than the input voltage. To maximize
the power output of the PV system, a high-efficiency,
low-cost DC/DC converter with an appropriate
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is
commonly employed to control the terminal voltage
of the PV system at optimal values in various solar
irradiation conditions. A dc to dc converter which
interface between load and module, serve the purpose
of transferring maximum power from PV module to
the load. By changing the duty cycle the load
impedance as seen by the source is varied and
matched at the point of the peak power with the
source so as to transfer the maximum power.
The aim of this work is to make a comparative of the
photovoltaic system performance using the three basic
topologies of three different DC-DC converters. This
are discussed below:
1. Boost Converter: A power converter whose dc
input voltage is less than the dc output voltage.
This means the PV input voltage is less than the
battery voltage in the system.
Fig.3 circuit diagram of Boost converter
2. Buck-Boost Converter: This is a combination of
buck converter and a boost converter. Here, the
output voltage can be increased or decreased with
R-
L
O
A
D

respect to the input voltage by varying the duty
cycle.
Fig. 4 Circuit Diagram of Buck-Boost Converter
3. Cuk converter:
CuK converter is actually the cascade combination
of a boost and a buck converter. The capacitor C1
acts as a primary means to store and transfer the
power from input to output. The voltage vc1 is
always greater than either input or output voltage.
The average output to input relations are similar to
that of a buck-boost converter circuit.
Fig. 5 Circuit representation of CuK converter
4. SIMULATION OF SPV SYSTEM
Simulation of Solar Array: Following shows the
equivalent circuit of the ideal photovoltaic cell. The
basic equation from the theory of semiconductors that
mathematically describes theI-V characteristic of the
ideal photovoltaic cell is:
where Ipv, cell is the current generated by the incident
light(it is directly proportional to the Sun irradiation),
Id is the Shockley diode equation, I0,cell [A] is the
reverse saturation or leakage current of the diode [A],
q is the electron charge [1.60217646・10−19C], k is
the Boltzmann constant[1.3806503・10−23J/K], T
[K] is the temperature of the p-n junction, and a is the
diode ideality constant.
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Imp 7.61 Ns 54
Vmp 26.3 V I0,n 9.825 ·
10−8 A
Pmax 200.143 Ipv 8.214 A
Isc 8.21 A a 1.3
Voc 32.9 V Rp 415.405
ohm
Kv -0.1230
V/K
Rs 0.221 ohm
Ki 0.0032
A/K
Table-1- Parameters of the KC200GT solararray
at 25 ◦C,1000W/m2.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Result: Simulation of IV and PV curve of solar
array:
Fig 6: characteristics of solar array at 1000 W/square
m

Fig. 7 PV characteristics of solar array at 1000
W/square m.
Fig 8: Variation in current with change in irradiation.
4.2 Discussion:
In this project, we have gone through the Solar Cell
Equations and its Simulation. Along with this, we also
incorporated the study of various MPPT Algorithms
for maximum power output from the solar cell module
or panel.
From the various algorithms, we have implemented
the Incremental Conductance Algorithm in Matlab
Simulink. We have compared the output from the
Solar Cell incorporating MPPT Algorithm with the
output without MPPT incorporation.
Through solar array, we are getting the MPP current
of around 7.61A while the MPP voltage is around
26.3V. The maximum power output we are getting
from solar array alone is around 200W. To get this
constant output voltage, we have implemented the
MPPT Algorithms with different converters like dc-dc
Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk Converter.
Employing Boost converter, the results of MPP
current and power are almost same in both the
algorithms. There is minor variation with the actual
value of MPP current and maximum power from
actual value. However there are reduced ripples upon
implementation of P&O algorithm. Employing Buck-
Boost Converter, however the values of MPP current
and maximum power are good but the ripples in the
output voltage is much increased which are
completely undesirable.
Finally with Cuk Converter, the results are good and
the ripples are much reduced. However, the value of
MPP current and maximum power are almost equal
and the output voltage across the load almost equal to
the desirable. And from converters, the best results are
obtained from Cuk Converter since the output voltage
is much closer to the actual. The output voltage of cuk
converter is around 48V with inverted polarity
whereas the required output is also 48V.
In the end, the IC MPPT Algorithm used model with
Cuk Converter has better results than P&O MPPT
Algorithm used model. So we would suggest using IC
Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking of
solar photovoltaic system and cuk converter for
maintain output voltage constant.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. There is higher number of applications of SPV
system like space applications, providing
electricity to remote areas etc.
2. Simulation of solar cell gives us a in depth idea of
solar cell and the origin of its characteristics.
3. MPPT increases the efficiency of SPV system
with tracking efficiencies ranging from 80%-99%.
4. Reaching a stable, true MPP at steady state instead
of oscillating around this point would further
improve the system’s efficiency and increase
reliability.
5. Thus, implementing the Incremental Conductance
Algorithm is a good choice.
6. Through simulation we can see that the system
completes the maximum power point tracking
successfully despite of fluctuations. When the
external environment changes suddenly the
system can track the maximum power point
quickly. Although there is little deviation in the
results, the overall trends and forms are practical.
Future Work:
In future, we would like to develop two different
working model of Solar Photovoltaic system
employing these algorithms practically using Cuk
Converter.
REFERENCES
1) Zhou Xuesong, Song Daichun, Ma Youjie, Cheng
Deshu, “The simulation and design for MPPT of
PV system Based on Incremental Conductance
Method” WASE International Conference on
Information Engineering,2010.
2) Jacob James Nedumgatt, Jayakrishnan K.
B.Umashankar S.Vijayakumar , Kothari D P
“Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm for Solar
PV Systems-Modeling and Simulation,” IEEE

Trans. Power Electron., Vol.20, pp.1033 -1036,
Dec 2011
3) Jay Patel, Vishal Sheth, Gaurang Sharma, “Design
& Simulation of Photovoltaic System Using
Incremental MPPT Algorithm”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol.
2, Issue 5, May 2013.
4) J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P.
Rodriguez, “Control of power converters in AC
microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.
27, no. 11, pp. 4734–4739, Nov. 2012.
5) J.A. Ramos-Hernanz, J.J. Campayo, J. Larranaga,
E. Zulueta, O. Barambones, J. Motrico, U.
Fernandez Gamiz, I. Zamora “TWO
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL SIMULATION
MODELS IN MATLAB / SIMULINK”, March
2012 Issue 10 Volume 4 Number 1;.

Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System

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Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System