MODULE 1 SCIEnce 10 .ppt

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Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Chapter 10
Objectives
• Summarize the theory of plate tectonics.
• Identify and describe the three types of plate
boundaries.
• List and describe three causes of plate movement.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
How Continents Move
• plate tectonics the theory that explains how large
pieces of the lithospehere, called plates, move and
change shape
• lithosphere the solid, outer layer of Earth that
consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the
mantle
• asthenosphere the solid, plastic layer of the mantle
beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that
flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to
move on top of it

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
How Continents Move, continued
• The lithosphere forms the thin
outer shell of Earth and is
broken into several blocks or
tectonic plates.
• The tectonic plates ride on
the asthenoshpere in much
the same way that blocks of
wood float on water.
• Tectonic plates can include continental crust, oceanic crust, or
both.
• Continents and oceans are carried along on the moving tectonic
plates in the same way that passengers
are carried by a bus.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Tectonic Plates
• Scientists have identified about 15 major tectonic
plates.
• Scientists identify plate boundaries primarily by
studying data from earthquakes.
• The locations of volcanoes can also help identify the
locations of plate boundaries.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Tectonic Plates, continued
The boundaries of tectonic plates do not always match the outlines of continents.

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Reading Check
How do scientists identify locations of plate boundaries?
Chapter 10
Tectonics

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Reading Check Answer
How do scientists identify locations of plate boundaries?
Scientists use the locations of earthquakes, volcanoes,
trenches, and mid-ocean ridges to outline tectonic
plates.
Chapter 10
Tectonics

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What is Plate Tectonics?
Lithosphere consists of crust and the upper portion
of the mantle. Figure 1 shows two types of crust, the
continental crust and the oceanic crust. The
continental crust is thicker but less dense than the
oceanic crust. Because of the difference in density,
continental crust floats higher than the oceanic crust.

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1. The world’s earthquakes are not randomly distributed
over the Earth’s surface. They tend to be concentrated in
narrow zones.
2. Some are located near the edges of the continents,
some are in mid continents, while others are in oceans .
3. PLACE there's no Earthquake is
large part of the Pacific ocean, northernmost Asia,
majority of Europe, eastern portion of North and South
America and western Africa.
4. It is important to identify areas which are prone to
earthquakes so that necessary precautions could be done if

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1. Volcanoes are not randomly distributed. Majority of them
are found along the edges of some continents.
2. Majority are found along the edges of some continents,
particularly in the western coast of North & South America,
East and South East Asia.
3. In Comparing the location of earthquake epicenters with
the location of volcanoes around the world.
Answer: Earthquake epicenters and volcanoes are both
situated at the same locations.
VOLCANO

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MOUNTAIN RANGES

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the relation of the mountain ranges with the earthquake
epicenters and volcanoes is
Mountain ranges are found in places where volcanoes
and/or earthquake epicenters are also located.
Geologic activities such as seismicity (occurrence of
earthquake), volcanism and mountain formation are the
basis of scientists in dividing Earth’s lithosphere.
MOUNTAIN RANGES

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Types of Plate Boundaries
• Tectonic plate boundaries may be in the middle of the
ocean floor, around the edges of continents, or even
within continents.
• The three types of plate boundaries are divergent
boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform
boundaries.
• Each plate boundary is associated with a
characteristic type of geologic activity.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Types of Plate Boundaries, continued
Rift Volcano
- Plates move apart
Can you identify
adjacent plates
depicting divergent
boundary on Figure 8?

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Lets take the case of the Philippine
plate and the Eurasian plate. You will
notice that the two plates are moving
toward each other.
This is an example of a zone
where plates collide, and this
second type of plate boundary is
called?

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
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Earthquakes
- Plates collide

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
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Earthquakes
Earthquake Fault
- Plates slide or grind
past each other

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Converging Oceanic Crust Leading Plate and Continental Crust
Leading Plate
OCEANIC PLATE
because it is relatively
thinner compared to plate
B
CONTINENTAL PLATE
because it is thicker and
floats higher than the other
plate
Plate A bends downward
because it is denser
SUBDUCTION
- the bending of the crust
towards the mantle.
- Sinking of plate.

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as it continues to move
downward, The leading
edge of Plate A will start
to melt because the
temperature beneath the
crust (mantle) is higher
MAGMA -also called molten material
(Oceanic)
(Continental)
Volcanoes are formed on
top of Plate B
TRENCH is also formed, a depression
on the ocean floor because of the
subduction process.
-> also called Submarine valleys
As continue to grind against each other
is the occurrence of

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Event that will occur if the plate move:
• Plate B undergoes subduction process or the sinking of plate
towards the mantle.
• Earthquakes can happen since the two plates are grinding against
If the edge of Plate A suddenly flicks upward
a Tsunami is formed at the surface of the sea.

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Formation of the Philippine Archipelago
oceanic-oceanic converge
-collision of two oceanic plates
Islands were formed 65 million years ago at the southern
edge of the Philippine Sea Plate
Palawan, Mindoro, and the Zamboanga Peninsula are all
highland sections of the Sundaland block of the Eurasian
plate

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Philippine Trench and East Luzon Trough are
both products of subducting Philippine Sea Plate

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If two Continental plates
collide or converge, it
create a large group of tall
mountains called
mountain range.
If two oceanic plates collide
or converge a Volcano,
Trench and Island arc are
formed.

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All four pictures show a crack
between two land masses.
Happen in Earth’s crust is that,
The land masses are moving
away from each other.
After million years, The distance between the land masses
will be far greater than what is shown in the picture.

Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
 A divergent plate boundary is characterized by two plates
moving away from one another.
 an underwater mountain ranges called Oceanic Ridge.
 New ocean floor is created along the length of ridges or fill the
gap.
Divergent Plate Boundary
 spreading rate at these ridges may vary from 2 to 20 cm per year.
 Examples include;
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (divergence of the South American plate and the African plate)
and Mid-Indian Ridge.
 Rift valleys
– is called to the breaking leads to the formation of down faulted valley
- also associated with the rising of hot materials from the mantle.

A) If tensional forces, due to the motion of convection currents in the upper
mantle, begin beneath continents, it can cause continents to split into two or
more smaller segments.
Evolution of Rift Valley into a Divergent Plate Boundary

B) A spreading center is formed and a rift valley is formed as a result of the associated
faulting (normal) and thinning of the crust. Eventually the thinning becomes significant
enough for ocean water to move into the rift valley.
Rift
Valley

C) Ridge (Rift) volcanism and seafloor spreading begin and a divergent plate boundary is
produced. The spreading rate at these ridges may vary from 2 to 20 cm per year.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Causes of Plate Motion
• Many scientists think that the movement of tectonic
plates is partly due to convection.
• Convection is the movement of heated material due
to differences in density that are caused by
differences in temperatures.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Causes of Plate Motion, continued
• The convection process can be modeled by boiling
water in a pot on the stove. As the water at the
bottom of the pot is heated, the water at the bottom
expands and becomes less dense than the cooler
water above it.

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Convection Cell
• The cooler, denser water sinks, and the warmer
water rises to the surface to create a cycle called a
convection cell.

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Tectonics
Chapter 10
Mantle Convection
• Scientists think that tectonic plates are part of a
convection system.

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• Energy generated by Earth’s core and radioactivity
within the mantle heat the mantle. This heated material
rises through the cooler, denser material around it.

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• As the hot material rises, the cooler, denser material
flows away from the hot material and sinks into the
mantle to replace the rising material.

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• As the mantle material moves, it drags the overlying
tectonic plates along with it.

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Activity 5 Slide and Shake
Procedure:
1.Attach a hook screw on one end of Blocks
2 and 3.
2. Arrange the blocks as shown in the
illustration below.
3. Place sandpaper on the side of the blocks
where they all meet.
4. Slowly pull Blocks 2 and 3 on its hook
screw to the direction indicated by the
arrow. Observe the motion of the blocks.

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Block 2 is moving away from Block 1
What
happen to
the
blacks?
while Block 3 is moving away from Block 4
Not easily to pull the
blocks because of
the friction between
the edges of the
block of wood.

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Activity 6 Drop It Like It’s “Hot Spot”
Answer: The surface of the paper which is directly in contact with the test tube became
wet.
Answer: Magma from the mantle is represented by the water in the test tube.

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• Radiometric Dating – use of geologists to
determined the age of each volcanic island.
• The farther the volcano from Hawaii is, the
older and less active it is.
• MANTLE PLUME- is called to the source of
molten materials from the mantle.
• A “hot spot” is an area in the mantle from
which hot materials rise as a thermal plume.

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PERFORMANCE
TASK

Focus
Epicenter Fault
Seismic wave
Modeling Earthquake Scenarios

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VOLCANO MODELS

MODULE 1 SCIEnce 10 .ppt

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