Module cell structure and function
13 likes15,306 views
This document is a module on cell structure and function, aimed at teaching students about cells, the basic unit of life. It includes lessons on cell theory, differentiating types of cells, and expectations for learner outcomes. The module features pre-tests, instructional activities, and historical developments in cell biology, including pivotal discoveries by scientists like Hooke and Leeuwenhoek.
Module cell structure and function
- 1. Science 7 Module Cell Structure and Function Smiling Grass Cell Philippine Normal University Taft Ave., Manila College of Education Department of field Study and Student Teaching Certificate of Teaching Program (CTP)
- 2. About the Cover (Photo not mine, credits to the owner) A cross section of the leaf of marram grass Ammophila arenaria, a species of dune grass that’s primarily responsible for trapping windblown sand and building the dune systems around our coast. Marram grass survives by rolling up its leaves during long periods of drought, minimizing water loss. This cross section of a partially rolled leaf has been stained with fluorescent dyes to light up different cell types within the leaf, with the outside surface of the leaf at the bottom of the picture (smooth, curved surface) and the inner convoluted surface at the top. (http://beyondthehumaneye.blogspot.com/2009/06/dunebuilder. html) Copyright Page Science 7 Module Cell Structure and Function by John Daniel P. Gumban to Dr. Lenard A. Tabaranza October 2013
- 3. Module Cell Structure and Function What this module is about This module will help you gain knowledge about cell: the basic unit of all living matter. It is the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are composed. The cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of integrating the essential life processes. The cell is the key to biology because it is at this level that life truly springs. As you read this, you will learn more about the activities of the cell, the structures and the material of life that fills them. Later on, you will discover what a living matter is made of. This module has the following lessons: ● Lesson 1 Cell Theory ● Lesson 2 Cell: The Basis of Life ● Lesson 3 Cell Types What are you expected to learn After going this module, you are expected to: ● Identify the different parts of the cell; ● Differentiate plant cells from animal cell; ● Differentiate unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms; ● Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells; ● Appreciate cell as a highly organized structure. How to learn from this module I know you want to start to learn about cells. So you must follow these steps and instructions to be able to achieve the objectives of this module. ● Read and follow the instructions carefully. ● Answer the pretest before you start the lesson. ● Take note and record point for clarification. ● Try to achieve at least 75% level of proficiency in the tests. ● Work diligently and honestly. ● Answer the protest.
- 4. What to do before (Pretest) To start off, you have to answer the pretest for you to measure how much you know about the topic. You can start now. There are 20 questions. Each question has ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER. Choose the one you believe to be best. Each question is worth 2 points. Read each question fully and carefully. Take your time. GOOD LUCK! 1. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this information you can conclude that the cell is: a. a plant cell c. a bacteria cell b. an animal cell d. a prokaryotic cell 2. A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is known as a (an) ______________ cell. a. plant c. eukaryote b. animal d. prokaryote 3. A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small number of ________________. a. ribosomes c. mitochondria b. lysosomes d. chromosomes 4. Digestive enzymes or hydrolytic enzymes are terms associated with _________. a. ribosomes c. golgi apparatus b. lysosomes d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum 5. In which of the following items would you expect to find cells? a. strawberry c. silver dollar b. eyeglasses d. plastic flower 6. Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called _______________. a. plants c. eukaryotes b. organelles d. prokaryotes 7. Plant cells often have a boxlike shape because of the ________________. a. nucleus c. cytoplasm b. cell wall d. cell membrane 8. The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the _______________ and _________________. a. ribosomes and vacuoles c. mitochondria and chloroplast b. chloroplasts and lysosome d. Golgi complex and chloroplast
- 5. 9. What is the outermost boundary of an animal cell? a. the cell wall c. the cell membrane b. the cytoplasm d. the nuclear envelope 10. What site regulates what goes in and out of the cell? a. cell wall c. cell membrane b. vacuole d. nuclear membrane 11. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains flagella, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. a. plant c. animal b. fungi d. bacteria 12. Where is the site of protein synthesis? a. nucleus c. ribosome b. lysosome d. mitochondria 13. Which is the “brain” of the cell? a. nucleus c. golgi bodies b. chloroplast d. mitochondria 14. Which of the following forms of life is not eukaryotic? a. a bacteria cell c. a plant cell like gumamela b. protist such as amoeba d. a human cell such as Red Blood Cell 15. Which of the following is found in the nucleus? a. vacuoles c. mitochondria b. chloroplasts d. chromosomes c. 16. Which of the following is not true of chloroplasts? a. They synthesize sugar c. They are only found in plants. b. They contain pigments d. They appear green because of chlorophyll 17. Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell? a. lysosome c. mitochondria b. chloroplast d. endoplasmic reticulum 18. Which of the following statements is always true? a. All cells have a cell wall. c. All cells contain chloroplast. b. All cells contain nucleus. d. All cells have cell membrane. 19. Which of the following structures are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? a. nucleus c. both b and c b. ribosomes d. cell membrane 20. Which organelle has no membrane? a. vacuole c. ribosome b. lysosome d. chloroplast
- 6. Lesson 1. Cell Theory The cell theory, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in 1839 by Schleiden and Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin’s theory of evolution (1859), Mendel’s laws of inheritance (1865), and the establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940). Fact File The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells. It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on the letter “i”. First Cells Seen in Cork “I took a good clear piece of Cork and with a Penknife sharpen’d as keen as a razor … cut off … an exceeding thin piece of it, and placing it on a balck object Plate … and casting the light on it with a deep planoconvex Glass, I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous … these pores, or cells, were not very deep, but consisted of a great many little Boxes, separated out of one continued long pore by certain Diaphragms … Nor is this kind of texture peculiar to Cork only; for upon examination with my Microscope, I have found that the pith of an Elder, or almost any other Tree, the inner pul or pith of the Cany hollow stalks of several other Vegetables: as of Fennel, Carrets, Daucus, Burdocks, Teasels, Fearn … & c. have so much kind of Schematisme, as I have lately shown that of Cork.” Robert Hooke (first report on the existence of cell, 1665) from Microphagia While the invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible to human observation, the microscope opened up smaller worlds, showing what living forms were composed of. The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it looked strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name. However what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope. Hooke’s description of these cells was published in Micrographia. The cell walls observed by Hooke gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. Figure 1.1 The cells observed by Hook in the honeycomb structure of a cork tissue
- 7. Using handcrafted microscopes, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules (which we now refer to as microorganisms). He was also the first to record and observe muscle fibres, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Fact File In 1681, Anton van Leeuwenhoek examined his own stool samples during times of diarrhea. In his runny stool, he found little animals. Leeuwenhoek described Giardia being a slow moving animal, but able to make quick motions with their “paws.” Today, we know this is a helical motion that is caused by flagella. Formulation of Cell Theory In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying afterdinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that when Schwann heard Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by the similarity of these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The two scientists went immediately to Schwann’s lab to look at his slides. Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a treatise devoid of acknowledgments of anyone else’s contribution, including that of Schleiden (1838). These discoveries of Schleiden and Schwann introduced the cell theory. This theory states that: 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms. In 1855, third statement on the cell theory was added by Rudolf Virchow. It states that: 3. All living cells come from preexisting cells, by division. This ability of cells to divide and form new cells is the reason for the reproduction and growth of all organisms. The modern principles of the Cell Theory include the following: 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms. 3. All living cells come from preexisting cells, by division. 4. The activity of an organism is the total activity of the independent cells of the organism. 5. All energy flow of life occurs within the cell. 6. The cells contain hereditary information and is passed from one to another during cell division. 7. The chemical composition of cell are basically the same in organisms of similar species.
- 8. Table 1.1 Landmarks in the Study of Cell Biology 1595 Hans and Zacharias Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope. 1626 Francesco Redi postulated that living things do not arise from spontaneous generation. 1655 Robert Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork. 1674 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later. 1833 Robert Brown described the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid. 1840 Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cell are also cells. 1856 Nathanael Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell. 1858 Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist) expounds his famous conclusion: “omnis cellula e cellula”, that is “cells develop only from existing cells” (cells come from preexisting cells) 1857 Albert von Kölliker described mitochondria. 1869 Johannes Friedrich Miescher isolated DNA for the first time. 1879 Walther Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis. 1833 Germ cell are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity. 1898 Golgi described the golgi apparatus. 1926 Theodor Svedberg developed the first analytical ultracentrifuge. 1938 Peter Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from cytoplasm. 1939 Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope, 1941 Albert Coons used fluorescent labeled antibodies to detect cellular antigens. 1952 George Otto Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line. 1953 Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and James Watson proposed structure of DNA doublehelix. 1955 Harry Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture. 1957 Matthew Meselson, Franklin Stahl and Jerome Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids. 1965 RG Ham introduced a defined serumfree medium. Cambridge Instruments produced the first commercial scanning electron microscope.
- 9. 1976 Rizzino Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines require different mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serumfree media. 1981 Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell line established. 1987 First knockout mouse created. 1998 Mice are cloned from somatic cells. 2000 Human genome DNA sequence draft. 2001 Cell cycle regulation (cyclins). 2002 Mouse genome sequenced. 2004 Rat genome sequenced. 2006 Andrew Fire and Craig Mello described method of RNA interference (RNAi) with singlestranded RNA. Prior to 1931 when the first electron microscope was developed, magnification of microscopes was limited to about 2000 times. The small cell structures did not show up well or remained invisible. The electron microscope not only showed more detail of previously known parts of the cell but also revealed new parts. Cells and cell structures can now be examined at magnifications of up to 500 000 times and more. Fact File The shape and appearance of a cell depends on what job it does. Cells consist of jellylike cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane. Nutrients pass through this membrane and substances produced by the cell leave.
- 10. What you will do Activity 1.1 The Street Sweepers The air we breathe is filled with dust, smoke, and even small bacteria. How come all these materials do not accumulate in the lungs and clog their passageways? What you will do Self Test 1.1 Answer the following questions briefly. 1. What contributions did van Leeuwenhoek, Hook, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make to the development of the cell theory? 2. What role did the invention of the microscope play in the development of the cell theory?
- 11. Lesson 2. Cell: The Basis of Life Have you tried check leaves and observe its surface? Have you tried to exam the wings of insects? Have you ever observed the skin of the onion? Such curiosity led early scientist to examine living things in the hope of getting a better view of their structure. Little by little, they discovered that all living things are made of cells. Cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms such as the birds you watch, the cork trees and so on are made of living cells. Figure 2.1 All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. http://www.deshow.net/animal/binganimalwallpaper846. html Fact File Cells need food, oxygen and a watery environment in order to survive. Food and water are supplied by the blood and other body fluids, which also carry away wastes. Blood also contains all of the food substances and chemicals needed by the cell. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CELL Cells have three major parts: 1. Nucleus serves as the control center of the cell; 2. Cytoplasm is the material between the nucleus and the outer boundary where organelles are found; 3. Cell Membrane serves as the outer boundary of the cell and organelles the passage of materials to and from the cell.
- 12. Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a thin semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others. Thus the cell membrane also serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape. Figure 2.2 Cell Membrane Find Out Break a chicken egg into a dish, and look at the yolk. How large do you think is it? Estimate its width. Then use a metric ruler to measure the width of your chicken yolk cell. With a hand lens, observe the yolk closely. Other cells that can be seen easily are large fish eggs. Feedback: Most cells are too small to be seen without the help of a microscope. Luckily, there are a few cells that can be seen with your naked eyes. Fact File The largest cell in human body is the egg cell or ovum, which may be fertilized by a sperm cell and grow into a baby. Cytoplasm Structures The cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. This includes mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, golgi bodies, lysosomes, and vacuole.
- 13. Mitochondria are commonly called the “power houses” of the cell. They trap the energy that results when food is broken down. Just as a power plant supplies energy to a business, mitochondria provide energy for the cell. Some types of cells are more active than others, that’s why they can have more mitochondria. Figure 2.3 Mitochondria Analyze This Why might a muscle cell have more mitochondria than other cells? Feedback: Muscle cells are always undergoing some type of movement. Muscles are also the ones exposed to strenuous activities like doing some household chores, running, walking, etc. Endoplasmic reticulum are network of canals extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane and takes up quite a lot of space in some cells. It moves material from one place to another place inside the cell. There are two regions of the endoplasmic reticulum that differ in both structure and function. One region is called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum because it has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The other region is called Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum because it lacks attached ribosomes. Typically, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a tubule network and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is a series of flattened sacs. Figure 2.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 14. Ribosomes are the tiny dots you see on the edges of some of the endoplasmic reticulum. Some cells may contain millions of ribosomes. Ribosomes are cell organelles that consist of RNA and proteins. They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell. Depending on the protein production level of a particular cell, ribosomes may number in the millions. Figure 2.5 Ribosome Fact File Cells contain thousands of ribosomes. Ribosomes are organelles that produce amino acids and proteins in the cells. They do this by reading RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is a process called translation. Every second, ribosomes can add 3+ amino acids to a new protein. In a manufacturing business, products are made, packaged, and moved to loading centers to be carried away. Structures called golgi bodies are responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping certain cellular products, particularly those from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Depending on the type of cell, there can be just a few complexes or there can be hundreds. Cells that specialize in secreting various substances typically have a high number of Golgi bodies. are the packaging and releasing structures of the cell. When something is released, it is given off by the cell. Figure 2.6 Golgi Bodies Applying a Concept An animal cell contains about 10 to 20 golgi bodies, while a plant cell contains several hundreds. Why do you think there is such a difference in the number of these structures in each cell type? Feedback: The fact that plants produce so many materials (food, oils, resins, etc.), they will be in need of more golgi bodies to store the said materials.
- 15. Do you know that cells also produce wastes? In the cytoplasm, structures called lysosomes. Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes. They are made by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. Lysosomes contain various hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of digesting nucleic acid, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins.They are active in recycling the cell's organic material and in the intracellular digestion of macromolecules. In addition, in many organisms, lysosomes are involved in programmed cell death. On the other hand, lysosomes contain chemicals that digest wastes and wornout/ damaged cell parts. When a cell dies, chemicals in the lysosomes act to quickly break down the cell. In a healthy cell, the membrane around the lysosome keeps it from breaking down the cell itself. Plant cells do not have lysosomes. Figure 2.7 Lysosome Fact File There are two ways that a cell can die: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by an external force, such as poison, a bodily injury, an infection or getting cut off from the blood supply. Apoptosis, it's when a cell commits suicide. It's sometimes referred to as programmed cell death, and indeed, the process of apoptosis follows a controlled, predictable routine. Many businesses have warehouses for storing products until they are sold. Vacuoles are storage areas in cells. A membranebound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell whose function includes intracellular secretion, excretion, storage, and digestion. It can be found in animal and plant cells, and it can be especially conspicuous in plant cells. Figure 2.8 Vacuole
- 16. Analyze This In plant cells, vacuoles are big. In animal cells, vacuoles are small. Why do you think so? Feedback: Plants are said to be the producers of food in the environment. They may produce sugar, oil, nectar, etc. They are in need of bigger vacuoles to store such materials. The Nucleus The nucleus is a membrane bound structure and act as the “control center” of the cell. The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane). This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in regulating the flow of molecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. The nucleus contains coded instructions for all of the cell’s activities. These coded instructions are stored on special structure called the chromosomes. When a cell is "resting" i.e. not dividing, the chromosomes are organized into long entangled structures called chromatin and not into individual chromosomes as we typically think of them. The nucleus also contains the nucleolus which helps to synthesize ribosomes. The nucleolus contains nucleolar organizers which are parts of chromosomes with the genes for ribosome synthesis on them. Copious amounts of RNA and proteins can be found in the nucleolus as well. The nucleus controls the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm through the use of messenger RNA. Messenger RNA is produced in the nucleolus of the cell and travels to the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear envelope. Figure 2.9 Parts of Nucleus Fact File A typical DNA molecule is so long and thin that if it were the thickness of spaghetti, it would be 5 miles (8km) long.
- 17. Figure 2.10 Animal Cell You have just looked at the inner workings of an animal cell. Imagine now that you are taking a microscopic tour through the green plant cell on the side. You will find that some structures in this cell are quite different from the structures in an animal cell. Take note of them. The outer covering of the plant cell is not soft and thin. Instead, it is surrounded by a rigid/tough structure called the cell wall that supports and protects the plant cell. Once you pass through the cell wall, you see the same structures you saw in the animal cell. The dark green bodies you see around you are chloroplasts. Substances inside the chloroplast help a green plant cell trap the sun’s energy and then produce food. Figure 2.11 Plant Cell
- 18. Imagine you could take a trip into a tiny bacterial cell. Bacteria and bluebacteria are quite different from other cells. They have fewer structures than plant or animal cells. However, they carry out all of the life processes that other cells carry out. You can see that a bacterium has a cell wall, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. The chromosome material (nucleoid), which directs the cell’s activities, floats freely through the cytoplasm. The other structures are lacking. Figure 2.12 Bacterial Cell Fact File Bacteria are tiny, singlecelled organisms. They can measure as little as 0.001 mm across and they can only be seen under a microscope. There are many different sorts of bacteria, and most of them are harmless.
- 19. What you will do Activity 2.1 Challenge Make your own model of a cell at home. Prepare a small package of gulaman and pour it into dish. Put common foods in the gelatin to represent cell structures. You could use lettuce or shredded carrots for endoplasmic reticulum and raisins for mitochondria. Be creative! Unmold your “cell”. And serve it to your family for salad or dessert. What you will do Selftest 2.1 Let us see how well you can make a summary of what you know about the cell. Below is a table that lists the names of the cell structure(s). Now, compare animal, plant and bacterial cells by putting a (/) if the structure is present and an (x) if the structure is absent under each column. Structures Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 1. Cell wall 2. Cell membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Mitochondria 5. Ribosomes 6.Endoplasmic Reticulum 7. Golgi bodies 8. Lysosomes 9. Vacuoles 10. Chloroplasts 11. Nucleus 12. Chromosomes
- 20. What you will do Self Test 2.2 A Tale of a Tail Mr. Gumban’s' class studied the parts of plant and animal cells. The class captured tiny tadpoles in a local stream. Mr. Gumban showed the students how to care for the tadpoles in the classroom. Gradually, as the animals grew, the bodies were changing in shape. Back and front legs grew out. The mouth expanded from a small hole to a large opening capable of swallowing large insects. In addition, the tails started to disappear. Mr. Gumban told the whole class that there would be a bonus question about the tadpoles in the test on animals. For a study clue, she told them to review their notes on cells. What do changes in the body parts of the tadpoles have to do with cells? Figure 2.13 Tadpole Think critically: Answer the bonus question: What cell part makes the tadpole tails disappear? How?
- 21. Lesson 3. Cell Types PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES Not all organelles described in the previous section are present in all cells. Cells can be grouped into two large categories: prokaryotes (cell without a true nucleus) and eukaryotes (cell with a true nucleus). Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are singlecelled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth. As organized in the Three Domain System, prokaryotes include bacteria and archaeans. Prokaryotes are able to live and thrive in various types of environments including extreme habitats such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and the guts of animals. Fact File The first recorded observation were of the bacteria found in the dental plaque of two old men who never cleaned their teeth. Prokaryotic Cell Structure Prokaryotic cells are not as complex as eukaryotic cells. They have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotes do not have membranebound organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. They do not possess lysosomes, vacuoles, and Golgi bodies. Their ribosomes are small. Chlorophyll, when present, is not contained in chloroplasts. Figure 3.1 Examples of Prokaryotes. From left to right: lactobacillus, E. coli and salmonella.
- 22. Eukaryotes Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists. Typically, eukaryotic cells are more complex and much larger than prokaryotic cells. On average, prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller in diameter than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have welldefined nuclear membrane and distinct nucleolus. Membranebound organelles are found in eukaryotes, such as Golgi bodies and mitochondria. Plant and Animal Cells The second cell grouping is Plants versus Animal cells. Both of these cell types are eukaryotes. This means they have a lot of organelles in common. One organelle they don’t have in common is chloroplasts, which only plants have. Another organelle difference is the vacuoles. In animal cells the vacuoles are small and plenty. In the plant cells, there is a large central vacuole that occupies over 50% of the plant cell’s volume. This vacuole is filled with water and nutrients under pressure. The pressure helps maintain the plant cell’s rigid shape. The rigid shape results in plant cells looking rectangular as compared to the round like animal cells. While both cell types have cell membranes, the plant cell’s rigidity is further maintained by an additional cell wall outside the membrane. Figure 3.2 Eukaryotic Organisms Fact File DNA strands look like a twisted ladder. Sections of DNA are called genes. All the instructions for growing a new human being are coded into the DNA molecule.
- 23. Table 3.1 Comparison of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Cell membrane present present Nuclear membrane absent present Membranebound organelles absent present Ribosomes small large Chlorophyll when present are not found in chloroplasts found in chloroplasts Mitochondria absent present Chromosomes single loop of circular DNA multiple doublehelix Fact File Chromosomes are tiny threads that are present in all cells apart from red blood cells. They contain all the information for an entire person to develop. There are 46 chromosomes in each cell. They come in 22 pairs, plus another special pair that determine the person’s sex. What you will do Self Test 3.1 Answer the following questions: 1. Chloroplasts are found in which type of cell? 2. What do you call the broad group of cells that lack membrane bounded organelles? 3. What type of cell (prokaryote or eukaryote) has DNA that floats freely in the cell? 4. Mushroom is a unicellular organism. (True or false) 5. Human is a multicellular organism. (True or false)
- 24. Let’s Summarize 1. Cells are amazing, variable, beautiful, and functionally superb. A concept of genius, they work alone or in groups with equal ease. 2. Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made up of one or more cells. Organisms that exist as single cells are called unicellular and organisms that are made up of groups of cells working together are called multicellular. 3. Because all living things are made up of cells, and because we desire to understand ourselves and the other living things around us it makes sense to learn something about cells. 4. All living things are divided into two major groups depending on how their cells are set up. These two groups are the Prokaryotes and the Eukaryotes. 5. The basic structure of plant and animal cell is almost the same except for certain differences. The basic structure of a cell is composed of the following components. a. Cell Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus However in plants, a rigid "Cell wall" is present outside the cell membrane or plasma membrane. 6. Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. All cells come from preexisting cells Whew! At last! You have finished studying the module. But, before you completely exit from this module, let us find out how much you learned from this material.
- 25. Post-Test Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this information you can conclude that the cell is: a. a plant cell c. a bacterial cell b. a animal cell d. a prokaryotic cell 2. A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is known as a(an) ______________ cell. a. plant c.eukaryote b. animal d. prokaryote 3. A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small number of a. ribosomes c. mitochondria b. lysosomes d. chromosomes 4. Digestive enzymes or hydrolytic enzymes are terms associated with a. ribosomes c. golgi apparatus b. lysosomes d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum 5. In which of the following items would you expect to find cells? a. strawberry c. silver dollar b. eyeglasses d. plastic flower 6. Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called a. plants c. eukaryotes b. organelles d. prokaryotes 7. Plant cells often have a boxlike shape because of the a. nucleus c. cytoplasms b. cell wall d. cell membrane 8. The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the _______________ and _________________. a. ribosomes and vacuoles c. mitochondria and chloroplasts b. chloroplasts and lysosomes d. Golgi complex and chloroplast 9. What is the outermost boundary of an animal cell? a. the cell wall c. the nuclear membrane b. the cytoplasm d. the nuclear envelope
- 26. 10. What site regulates what goes in and out of the cell? a. cell wall c. cell membrane b. vacuole d. nuclear membrane 11. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains flagella, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. a. plant c. animal b. fungi d. bacteria 12. Where is the site of protein synthesis? a. nucleus c. ribosome b. lysosomes d. mitochondria 13. Which is the “brain” of the cell? a. nucleus c. golgi bodies b. chlorop[lats d. mitochondria 14. Which of the following forms of life is NOT eukaryotic? a. a bacterial cell c. a plant cell like gumamela b. protist such as amoeba d. a human cell such as red blood cell 15. Which of the following is found in the nucleus? a. vacuole c. mitochondria b. chloroplasts d. chromosomes 16. Which of the following is NOT true of chloroplasts? a. They synthesize sugar b. They contain pigments c. They are only found in planta d. They appear green because of chlorophyll 17. Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell a. lysosome c. mitochondria b. chloroplasts d. endoplasmic reticulum 18. Which of the following statements is always true? a. All cells have a cell wall c. All cells contain chloroplast. b. All cells contain nucleus. d. All cells have a cell membrane. 19. Which of the following structures are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? a. nucleus c. both b and c b. ribosomes d. cell membrane 20. Which organelle has no membrane? a. vacuole c. ribosome b. lysosome d. chloroplast
- 27. Key to Answers Pretest 1. c 6. d 11. d 16. c 2. d 7. b 12. a 17. a 3. d 8. a 13. d 18. d 4. c 9. b 14. b 19. c 5. a 10. c 15. c 20. c LESSON 1 Activity 1.1 The Street Sweepers Lining the passageways are special cells that release a mixture of water, carbohydrates, and salts, called mucus. The particles of dust and dirt that are inhaled are trapped in this sticky mucus. Underneath this layer of mucus is another group of specialized cells that have cilia. As the cilia move, they create a sweeping action. This action keeps the most vital passageways in the body clean and open for business. SelfTest 1.1 1. Leeuwenhoek: discovered protozoa Hooke: described “cells” in cork Schleiden & Schwann: proposed cell theory Virchow: concluded that cells come from preexisting cells 2. The microscope opened up the world of the very small to biologists. It enabled scientists to discover that all living things are made up of cells. LESSON 2 SelfTest 2.1 Structures Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 1. Cell wall X / / 2. Cell membrane / / / 3. Cytoplasm / / / 4. Mitochondria / / x
- 28. 5. Ribosomes / / / 6.Endoplasmic Reticulum / / x 7. Golgi bodies / / x 8. Lysosomes / x x 9. Vacuoles / / x 10. Chloroplasts x / x 11. Nucleus / / x 12. Chromosomes / / / SelfTest 2.2 The body parts of the tadpoles change in response to the activity of the cells which is cell division. When cells divide, their number increases. Growth results when cells increase in number. The tails of the tadpole disappear due to the lysosomal activity. The lysosome, if you will recall, contains powerful chemicals which are used to digest or break down materials LESSON 3 Activity 3.1 Feedback: Onecelled organisms may have fewer or different structures from plant or animal cells. However, they carry out all of the life processes (reproduction, digestion, excretion, respiration, etc.) that other cells carry out. SelfTest 3.1 1. plant 2. prokaryote 3. prokaryote 4. false 5. true PostTest 1. c 6. b 11. b 16. c 2. d 7. a 12. a 17. a 3. d 8. c 13. d 18. d 4. b 9. c 14. b 19. c 5. c 10. d 15. a 20. c
- 29. References Books: Ahuja M.; (2006). Life Sciences. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 105109 Chancellor Press (Bounty Books); (2001). Tell Me What?. WS Pacific Publications Inc., Manila, Philippines. pp. 3871 Chancellor Press (Bounty Books); (2001). Tell Me Where?. WS Pacific Publications Inc., Manila, Philippines. pp. 140173 Chancellor Press (Bounty Books); (2001). Tell me When?. WS Pacific Publications Inc., Manila, Philippines. pp. 3871 Lozano, L.; Sandico, P.M.; (2003). Science and Technology for the Future II. Diwa Scholastic Press Inc. pp. 92104 Module: Project EASE (Effective Alternative Secondary Education). Biology Module 2. Cell structure and Function. Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Education, Pasig City. Electronic Sources: Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://depedmati.wikispaces.com/file/view/K+TO+12+BEC+COMPETENCIES+AND+LEARNING +RESOURCES+FOR+GRADE+7.pdf Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://goo.gl/fLMSSo Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellularmicroscopic/ cellinfo. htm Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://beyondthehumaneye.blogspot.com/2009/06/dunebuilder. html Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/cellbiology. html Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://bitesizebio.com/articles/historyofcellbiology/ Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://biology.tutorvista.com/cell/celltheory. html Retrieved October 15, 2013 from fig.cox.Miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/cell.text.htm
- 30. Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://goo.gl/SbqIZp Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/timeline.htm Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://www.historyofthemicroscope. org/hansandzachariasjansenmicroscopehistory. php Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://www.deshow.net/animal/binganimalwallpaper846. html Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://goo.gl/12giJo Retrieved October 15, 2013 from http://www.historyofthemicroscope. org/antonvanleeuwenhoekmicroscopehistory. php Retrieved October 16, 2013 from http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/aid/v7/n1/antonyvanleeuwenhoekcreationmagnifiedmicroscopes Retrieved October 16, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/p/nucleus.htm Retrieved October 16, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/od/biologydictionary/g/cellmembrane. htm Retrieved October 16, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/endoplasmicreticulum. htm Retrieved October 16, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/p/ribosomes.htm Retrieved October 16, 2013 from http://www.ask.com/question/interestingfactsaboutribosome Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/b/2008/11/07/whatarelysosomes. htm Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellularmicroscopic/ apoptosis.htm Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://www.biologyonline. org/dictionary/Vacuole Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/prokaryotes.htm Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://www.ask.com/question/examplesofprokaryoticorganisms Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://goo.gl/pPKiaU Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/a/eukaryprokarycells.htm Retrieved October 17, 2013 from http://hyperphysics.phyastr. gsu.edu/hbase/biology/golgi.html