Module I.ppt
- 1. Module I Chapter 1, “What Is IoT?” For VIII B
- 2. Chapter explores the following topics • Genesis of IoT • IoT and Digitization • IoT Impact • Convergence of IT and OT • IoT Challenges
- 3. “What Is IoT?” • IoT is to “connect the unconnected.” • IoT is a technology transition in which devices will allow us to sense and control the physical world by making objects smarter and connecting them through an intelligent network. • When objects and machines can be sensed and controlled remotely across a network, a tighter integration between the physical world and computers is enabled.
- 4. “What Is IoT?” • This allows for improvements in the areas of efficiency, accuracy, automation, and the enablement of advanced applications
- 5. Genesis of IoT • IoT is often said to have started between the years 2008 and 2009 • The creation of the term “Internet of Things” is Kevin Ashton.
- 6. Evolutionary Phases of the Internet
- 7. IoT and Digitization • IoT focuses on connecting “things,” such as objects and machines, to a computer network, such as the Internet. • Digitization can mean different things to different people but generally encompasses the connection of “things” with the data they generate and the business insights that result. • Digitization is the conversion of information into a digital format • Example : the video rental industry and transportation
- 8. • In the context of IoT, digitization brings together things, data, and business process to make networked connections more relevant and valuable. • Home automation with popular products, such as Nest
- 9. IoT Impact
- 10. The benefits of IoT and their impact • Connected Roadways • Connected Factory • Smart Connected Buildings • Smart Creatures
- 11. Connected Roadways • IoT is going to allow self-driving vehicles to better interact with the transportation system around them through bidirectional data exchanges while also providing important data to the riders. • Self driving vehicles need always-on, reliable communications and data from other transportation-related sensors to reach their full potential. • Connected roadways is the term associated with both the driver and driverless cars fully integrating with the surrounding transportation infrastructure.
- 13. Connected roadways solutions focus on resolving today’s transportation challenges
- 14. Connected Roadways • IoT-connected roadways, a concept known as Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) is possible. • This application warns a driver (or triggers the appropriate response in a self-driving car) when it is not safe to enter an intersection due to a high probability of a collision—perhaps because another car has run a stop sign or strayed into the wrong lane.
- 15. Connected Roadways • Automated vehicle tracking, cargo management, and road weather communications. • In automated vehicle tracking, a vehicle’s location is used for notification of arrival times, theft prevention, or highway assistance. • Cargo management provides precise positioning of cargo as it is route so that notification alerts can be sent to a dispatcher and routes can be optimized for congestion and weather. • Road weather communications use sensors and data from satellites, roads, and bridges to warn vehicles of dangerous conditions or inclement weather on the current route.
- 17. Connected Roadways • connected roadways are undergoing massive disruption is in how the data generated by a car will be used by third parties. • The data generated by your car needs to be handled in a secure and reliable way, which means the network needs to be secure, it must provide authentication and verification of the driver and car, and it needs to be highly available. • Automobile manufacturers can collect information from sensors to better understand how the cars are being driven, when parts are starting to fail, or whether the car has broken down—details that will help them build better cars in the future
- 18. Connected Roadways • Car sensors will be able to interact with third-party applications, such as GPS/maps, to enable dynamic rerouting to avoid traffic, accidents, and other hazards. • Internet-based entertainment, including music, movies, and other streamings or downloads, can be personalized and customized to optimize a road trip. • All these data opportunities bring into play a new technology: the IoT data broker
- 19. Connected Roadways • The data generated by the car and driver becomes a valuable commodity that can be bought and sold. • While the data transmitted from the car will likely go to one initial location in the cloud, from there the data can be separated and sold selectively by the data broker. • Information brokers have been around a long time, the technology used to aggregate and separate the data from connected cars in a secure and governed manner is rapidly developing and will continue to be a major focus of the IoT industry for years to come.
- 20. Connected Factory • The main challenges facing manufacturing in a factory environment today include the following: • Accelerating new product and service introductions to meet customer and market opportunities. • Increasing plant production, quality, and uptime while decreasing cost Mitigating unplanned downtime (which wastes, on average, at least 5% of production). • Securing factories from cyber threats Decreasing high cabling and re- cabling costs (up to 60% of deployment costs) • Improving worker productivity and safety. •
- 21. Connected Factory • Executive management is looking for new ways to manufacture in a more cost-effective manner while balancing the rising energy and material costs. • Product development has time to market as the top priority. • Plant managers are entirely focused on gains in plant efficiency and operational agility. • The controls and automation department looks after the plant networks, controls, and applications
- 22. Connected Factory • Industrial enterprises around the world are retooling their factories with advanced technologies and architectures to resolve these problems and boost manufacturing flexibility and speed. • A convergence of factory-based operational technologies and architectures with global IT networks is referred to as the connected factory. • In addition to sensors, the devices on the plant floor are becoming smarter in their ability to transmit and receive large quantities of real-time informational and diagnostic data. • Ethernet connectivity is becoming pervasive and spreading beyond just the main controllers in a factory to devices such as the robots on the plant floor.
- 23. Connected Factory • For example, a smelting facility extracts metals from their ores. The facility uses both heat and chemicals to decompose the ore, leaving behind the base metal. • This is a multistage process, and the data and controls are all accessed via various control rooms in a facility. • With IoT and a connected factory solution, true “machine-to-people” connections are implemented to bring sensor data directly to operators on the floor via mobile devices.
- 24. Connected Factory • A connected factory solution involves a real-time location system (RTLS). • An RTLS utilizes small and easily deployed Wi-Fi RFID tags that attach to virtually any material and provide real-time location and status. • These tags enable a facility to track production as it happens. These IoT sensors allow components and materials on an assembly line to “talk” to the network. • If each assembly line’s output is tracked in real time, decisions can be made to speed up or slow production to meet targets, and it is easy to determine how quickly employees are completing the various stages of production. • Bottlenecks at any point in production and quality problems are also quickly identified.
- 25. Connected Factory • IoT as an evolution of the Internet, it is also sparking an evolution of industry. • In 2016 the World Economic Forum referred to the evolution of the Internet and the impact of IoT as the “fourth Industrial Revolution.
- 27. Connected Factory • The IoT wave of Industry 4.0 takes manufacturing from a purely automated assembly line model of production to a model where the machines are intelligent and communicate with one another. • IoT in manufacturing brings with it the opportunity for inserting intelligence into factories. • Creating smart objects, which involves embedding sensors, actuators, and controllers into just about everything related to production
- 28. Smart Connected Buildings • IoT is making a disruptive impact is in the smart connected buildings space. • The function of a building is to provide a work environment that keeps the workers comfortable, efficient, and safe. Work areas need to be well lit and kept at a comfortable temperature. • Intelligent systems for modern buildings are being deployed and improved for each of these functions, most of these systems currently run independently of each other—and they rarely take into account where the occupants of the building actually are and how many of them are present in different parts of the building.
- 29. Smart Connected Buildings • Sensors are often used to control the heating, ventilation, and air- conditioning (HVAC) system. • Temperature sensors are spread throughout the building and are used to influence the building management system’s (BMS’s) control of air flow into a room. • The building automation system (BAS) has been developed to provide a single management system for the HVAC, lighting, fire alarm, and detection systems, as well as access control. • All these systems may support different types of sensors and connections to the BAS.
- 30. • Communication protocol responsible for building automation is known as BACnet (Building Automation and Control Network). • The BACnet protocol defines a set of services that allow Ethernet- based communication between building devices such as HVAC, lighting, access control, and fire detection systems. The same building Ethernet switches used for IT may also be used for BACnet. • This standardization also makes possible an intersection point to the IP network (which is run by the IT department) through the use of a gateway device. • BACnet/IP has been defined to allow the “things” in the building networthus allowing closer consolidation of the building management system on a single network to communicate over IP,
- 32. Smart Connected Buildings • IoT technology in the smart connected building, and one that is seeing widespread adoption, is the “digital ceiling.” • The digital ceiling is more than just a lighting control system. This technology encompasses several of the building’s different networks—including lighting, HVAC, blinds, CCTV (closed-circuit television), and security systems—and combines them into a single IP network.
- 34. • Central to digital ceiling technology is the lighting system. • The lower power requirements of LED fixtures allow them to run on Power over Ethernet (PoE), permitting them to be connected to standard network switches. • In a digital ceiling environment, every luminaire or lighting fixture is directly network-attached, providing control and power over the same infrastructure. • This transition to LED lighting means that a single converged network is now able to encompasses luminaires that are part of consolidated building management as well as elements managed by the IT network, supporting voice, video, and other data applications.
- 35. Digital ceiling • Modern LED ceiling fixtures support occupancy sensors. • These sensors provide high-resolution occupancy data collection, which can be used to turn the lights on and off, and this same data can be combined with advanced analytics to control other systems, such as HVAC and security. • Modern lighting sensors integrate a variety of occupancy-sensing technologies, including Bluetooth low energy (BLE) and Wi-Fi.
- 36. • When someone walks near a light, the person’s location is detected, and the wireless system can send information to control the air flow from the HVAC system into that zone in real time, maximizing the comfort of the office worker. • Example of an occupancy sensor in a digital ceiling light.
- 37. Smart Creatures IoT also provides the ability to connect living things to the Internet. Sensors can be placed on animals and even insects just as easily as on machines.
- 38. Smart Creatures • The most well-known applications of IoT with respect to animals focuses on what is often referred to as the “connected cow.” • A Dutch company, developed a sensor that is placed in a cow’s ear. • The sensor monitors various health aspects of the cow as well as its location and transmits the data wirelessly for analysis by the farmer. • The data from each of these sensors is approximately 200 MB per year.
- 39. Smart Creatures • Once the data is being collected, however, you get a complete view of the herd, with statistics on every cow. • You can learn how environmental factors may be affecting the herd as a whole and about changes in diet. • This enables early detection of disease as cows tend to eat less days before they show symptoms. • These sensors even allow the detection of pregnancy in cows.
- 40. Application of IoT to organisms involves the placement of sensors on roaches • Researchers at North Carolina State University are working with Madagascar hissing cockroaches in the hopes of helping emergency personnel rescue survivors after a disaster. • An electronic backpack attaches to a roach. This backpack communicates with the roach through parts of its body. • Low-level electrical pulses to an antenna on one side makes the roach turn to the opposite side because it believes it is encountering an obstacle. • The cerci of the roach are sensory organs on the abdomen that detect danger through changing air currents. When the backpack stimulates the cerci, the roach moves forward because it thinks a predator is approaching.
- 41. • Technology has also been tested to keep the roaches in the disaster area. • The use of roaches in this manner allows for the mapping of spaces that rescue personnel cannot access, which helps search for survivors. • To help with finding a person trapped in the rubble of a collapsed building, the electronic backpack is equipped with directional microphones that allow for the detection of certain sounds and the direction from which they are coming.
- 42. Convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) • IT supports connections to the Internet along with related data and technology systems and is focused on the secure flow of data across an organization. • OT monitors and controls devices and processes on physical operational systems. These systems include assembly lines, utility distribution networks, production facilities, roadway systems, and many more. • These systems include assembly lines, utility distribution networks, production facilities, roadway systems, and many more.
- 43. • The IT organization is responsible for the information systems of a business, such as email, file and print services, databases, and so on. • OT is responsible for the devices and processes acting on industrial equipment, such as factory machines, meters, actuators, electrical distribution automation devices, SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems, and so on. • OT has used dedicated networks with specialized communications protocols to connect these devices, and these networks have run completely separately from the IT networks. • Management of OT is tied to the lifeblood of a company. For example, if the network connecting the machines in a factory fails, the machines cannot function, and production may come to a standstill, negatively impacting business on the order of millions of dollars.
- 44. The differences between IT and OT networks and their various challenges.
- 46. IT and OT • The overall benefit of IT and OT working together is a more efficient and profitable business due to reduced downtime, lower costs through economy of scale, reduced inventory, and improved delivery times. When IT/OT convergence is managed correctly, IoT becomes fully supported by both groups.
- 47. IoT Challenges
- 49. Important Questions • What is IoT? List out the benefits of it. • List out the applications of IoT. Discuss any one in detail. • Differentiate between OT and IT. • How Iot is used in buildings? • Discuss IoT challenges. • Discuss Challenges being addressed by Connected Roadways • Write a note on i> Genesis of IoT. ii>IoT and Digitization