Monitoring for Harmful Algal Blooms | From Data to Decisions
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The document discusses the monitoring and impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs), focusing on their definitions, ecological and health threats, and the technology used for their detection. It highlights the significance of understanding algal pigments, various monitoring techniques, and the need for early detection to prevent negative consequences. The presentation emphasizes the integration of meteorological and water quality parameters for effective HAB management and introduces resources for further information on the topic.
Monitoring for Harmful Algal Blooms | From Data to Decisions
- 1. Stephanie A. Smith, Ph.D. Stephanie.Smith@Xyleminc.com Monitoring for Harmful Algal Blooms From Data to Decisions – Part I
- 2. Today’s Agenda Introductions Defining “Harmful” Algal Blooms (HABs) • Factors that contribute to HABs & why they are problematic Monitoring Water Quality for HABs • Parameters that lead to or result from blooms Understanding Algal Pigments & Fluorescence-Based Sensing • From satellites to handheld devices Leveraging Pigment Data to Mitigate Blooms Q&A 2
- 3. Our Featured Speaker Dr. Stephanie A. Smith 3 BACKGROUND Ph.D. in Microbiology The Ohio State University § Assistant Professor § Senior Scientist § Entrepreneur § Product Manager
- 4. The World of Harmful Algal Blooms Freshwater Marine Chris Goble, Stony Brook, Long Island NY CBC Canada
- 5. Freshwater HABs are obvious, right?
- 6. Or are they?.... 6 P. rubescens and M. aeruginosa Heather Raymond, OH EPA, 2012 Suspected Planktothrix rubescens, but turned out to be Euglena Heather Raymond, OH EPA, 2012
- 7. Or are they?.... Ohio EPA, accessed February 2013 www.epa.state.oh.us/portals/35/inland_lakes/ Planktothrix, Linda Merchant-Masonbrink Cylindrospermopsis, Heather Raymond
- 8. Or are they? 8 Lake St. Clair, MI Photo Vijay Kannappan, 2012 WBEZ News December 23, 2012
- 9. What is a Harmful Algal Bloom? • “Bloom” — overgrowth of algae, usually (but not always) visible or obvious • “Algae” — often not true algae, but rather cyanobacteria, a.k.a. “blue-green algae” • “Harmful” —posing a potential threat to animal and human health HAB Impacts: o Toxins
- 10. Toxic Cyanobacteria 10 Toxin Organisms Target Effects Microcystin Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Anabaenopsis, Planktothrix Liver Abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, liver inflammation, dermatitis, and more… Anatoxin Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix Nervous system Tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, slurred speech Cylindro- spermopsin Cylindrospermopsis,Aphanizom- enon, Umezakia, Lyngbya, Rhaphidiopsis, Anabaena Liver See Microcystin Saxitoxin Scytonema, Lyngbya Nervous system Tingling, numbness, nausea, vomiting. Can result in paralysis and possible death.
- 11. But are toxins all that matter? (POLL #1) Photos by Steve Morton, NOAA
- 12. But are toxins all that matter? 12 Ohio EPA, 2011 http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/28/LakeErie_NonDetectAtIntake.jpg
- 13. But are toxins all that matter? 13
- 14. What is a Harmful Algal Bloom? • “Bloom” — overgrowth of algae, usually (but not always) visible or obvious • “Algae” — often not true algae, but rather cyanobacteria, a.k.a. “blue-green algae” • “Harmful” —posing a potential threat to animal and human health and/or causing adverse ecological impacts HAB Impacts: o Toxins o Anoxic conditions that kill fish o Taste and odor issues in drinking water o Economic damage at recreational lakes
- 15. What are you going to do about it? “Actual detection of HABs and forecasting of blooms is very important to NIEHS, because that allows us to employ prevention strategies,” Tyson says.“If people have a better way of detecting, then they have a better way of forecasting and providing the public with information they need to protect themselves.” —Fred Tyson, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, from Environ Health Perspect 2014 22(8):A206-A213. 15
- 16. What are you going to do about it? 16 But what are you going to detect?
- 17. 17 Bloom Conditions - Weather
- 18. Monitor this… Because… Temperature High temperatures favor cyanobacteria Barometric pressure Affects dissolved gases at water’s surface Wind Blooms can migrate with wind patterns, and wind impacts mixing PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation—the energy source for growth of blue-green algae Rainfall Can stimulate nutrient introduction into waterways 18 HAB Monitoring - Meteorological
- 19. 19 Bloom Conditions — Water Quality
- 20. Monitor this… Because… Temperature High temperatures favor cyanobacteria pH ↑ pH due to high growth; makes CO2 more bioavailable Turbidity A surrogate for increased biomass; may also be indicative of nutrient-bearing suspended solids during runoff events dO2 Decreases during a bloom; can lead to fish kills Conductivity Blue-green algae generally thrive in lower conductivity Nitrogen and phosphorus Growth-limiting nutrients can stimulate blooms when in high concentrations (eutrophic water) Chlorophyll Found in almost all algae Phycocyanin Found specifically in freshwater blue-green algae Phycoerythrin Found specifically in marine blue-green algae 20 HAB Monitoring—Water Quality
- 21. Section Summary It isn’t always easy to see a Harmful Algal Bloom • By the time you can it’s too late! • Not all blooms look alike; you might have one and not know • Just because it looks heavy, doesn’t mean it’s making toxins Early detection of a bloom is optimal The best approach to detection is to monitor a suite of meteorological and water quality parameters The most widely used fluorescence-based tools leverage the pigments of algae
- 23. Cyanobacteria = Blue-Green Algae ...but are they Algae? 23 Barry Rosen, USGS AnabaenaLyngbya Microcystis
- 24. Cyanobacteria are bacteria, which means that they... • Grow faster than a lot of other microplankton 24 Figure 4 from Paerl & Paul (2012), Water Research 46:1349-1363
- 25. 25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast Cyanobacteria are bacteria, which means that they... • Have some unique pigments in their thylakoids
- 26. In the thylakoids... 26 Campbell D et al. Microbial. Mol. Biol. Rev. 1998;62:667-683 PC Chl
- 27. 27 Everything that does photosynthesis has Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
- 28. 28 Chlorophyll Blue-green algae have Phycocyanin Phycocyanin in Cyanobacteria
- 30. 30 HAB Monitoring + PC Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll ChlorophyllChlorophyll = More Blue-Green Algae Phycocyanin PhycocyaninPhycocyanin PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
- 31. 31 Waste Heat 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis Other Fates • Pigment destruction • Triplet state conversion • Reactive Oxygen generation Light (Fluorescence) Photosynthetic Pigments are Fluorescent PC Chl PE
- 32. What is Fluorescence? Absorption • A molecule absorbs light • Sometimes called “excitation” 32 Emission • The molecule emits light of a longer wavelength, but lower energy • The energy that was absorbed but not released as light went somewhere else: waste heat, photosynthesis, etc. • Individual photosynthetic pigments have unique absorption and emission spectra
- 33. Absorption and Emission Spectra of Chlorophyll 33 Chlorophyll a in methanol
- 34. Absorption and Emission spectra of Phycocyanin 34 Phycocyanin in water
- 35. 35 Waste Heat 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis Other Fates • Pigment destruction • Triplet state conversion • Reactive Oxygen generation Light (Fluorescence) In the Thylakoids… PC Chl PE
- 36. 36 Pigment Peak Ex ʎ Peak Em ʎ Phycoerythrin 550 650 Phycocyanin 625 650 Allo- phycocyanin 615,650 655 Chlorophyll 440, 662 680 • Chlorophyll can absorb some of the light emitted by PE and PC • Sensors measure the emitted light • Big advantage: highly sensitive measurements, with high specificity Fluorescent Pigments We can identify pigments based on their absorption and emission spectra:
- 37. Section Summary Chlorophyll, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin function in photosynthesis • Phycoerythrin is mainly in marine cyanobacteria Each pigment is fluorescent, with unique excitation and emission properties Some pigments emit light that gets absorbed by other pigments • E.g., phycocyanin emits light that can be absorbed by chlorophyll Fluorescence forms the basis for highly sensitive, and highly specific monitoring and measurement tools for cyanobacteria
- 38. Water Quality Monitoring for HABs: How to Monitor Using Pigments 38
- 39. 39 HAB Monitoring Monitoring Satellites Handheld Fluorometers Continuous Monitoring Grab Samples Fixed Buoy with Sonde Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling with Sonde Lab Analyses Telemetry Satellites
- 40. Grab Samples & Lab Analysis Measuring, which is distinct from monitoring • Slow and expensive for making decisions • Still necessary to ground-truth monitoring data • Paired with monitoring: o Reduce material & labor costs o Reduce time 40
- 41. 41 Sample Concentrate Extract Measure Grab Samples and Lab Analysis EPA 544 LC/MS/MS for Microcystins Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA)
- 42. 42 HAB Monitoring Monitoring Satellites Handheld Fluorometers Continuous Monitoring Grab Samples Fixed Buoy with Sonde Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling with Sonde Lab Analyses Telemetry Satellites
- 43. Satellite Monitoring • Spectral analysis of fluorescent pigments • Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites and the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) sensor aboard the Sentinel-3 satellite • Gulf of Mexico and Lake Erie Monitoring by NOAA 43
- 44. NOAA HAB Bulletin, 20 July 2017 44 Planktothrix Microcystis To subscribe: https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNOAANOS/subscriber/new
- 45. NOAA HAB Bulletin, 24 July 2017 45
- 46. Satellite Monitoring Data to Decisions: Are conditions similar in your area? • Often when things are happening in Erie, they’re heating up in the Midwest! Limited to major bodies of water for now • Commercial offerings are emerging Some occlusion from cloud cover Only uses pigments—no other parameters at this time 46
- 47. 47 HAB Monitoring Monitoring Satellites Handheld Fluorometers Continuous Monitoring Grab Samples Fixed Buoy with Sonde Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling with Sonde Lab Analyses Telemetry Satellites
- 48. 48 HAB Monitoring Monitoring Satellites Handheld Fluorometers Continuous Monitoring Grab Samples Fixed Buoy with Sonde Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling with Sonde Lab Analyses Telemetry Satellites Multiparameter Monitoring
- 49. Water Quality Sensors for: • Turbidity • pH • Temperature / Conductivity • dO2 Total Algae Sensor (TAL) • Chlorophyll and • Phycocyanin or phycoerythrin Central wiper to protect against sensor fouling Internal or external continuous data logging 49 Multiparameter Monitoring
- 50. Multiparameter Monitoring: Continuous or Spot Spot Sampling or Continuous: Which approach makes sense for you? 50
- 54. Continuous HAB Monitoring 54 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12/12/20151/31/20163/21/20165/10/20166/29/20168/18/201610/7/201611/26/20161/15/2017 3/6/2017 4/25/2017 Precipitation(inches) BGA-PCug/L YSI Test Site BGA PC Conc precip
- 55. Continuous HAB Monitoring 55 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 12/12/20151/31/20163/21/20165/10/20166/29/20168/18/201610/7/201611/26/20161/15/2017 3/6/2017 4/25/2017 Precipitation(inches) Chlorophyllug/L YSI Test Site Chlorophyll precip
- 56. Multiparameter Monitoring: Continuous or Spot Data to Decisions: • Use to guide a program of grab samples/lab analyses • Pair with metrological data to support your decisions • How much data do you need to make your decisions? • YSI Facebook Live Event Continuous can yield very large data sets: every 15 min for up to 90 days! 56
- 57. 57 HAB Monitoring Monitoring Satellites Handheld Fluorometers Continuous Monitoring Grab Samples Fixed Buoy with Sonde Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling with Sonde Lab Analyses Telemetry Satellites
- 58. Profiling with Telemetry • Powerful combination of multiparameter monitoring with telemetry of data • Fixed and floating systems • Vertical profiling offers major advantages in the context of HABs 58
- 59. Vertical distribution of M. aeruginosa 59 Credit: http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/ Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteria.htm
- 60. Vertical distribution of M. aeruginosa Coupling hydrodynamics and buoyancy regulation in Microcystis aeruginosa for its vertical distribution in lakes. Medrano et al. (2013) Ecological Modelling 248:41-56 60 Percentactivelysinking
- 61. Source Water Monitoring ISS Profiler Weather Telemetry Data Acquisition Water Quality
- 62. Profiling with Telemetry Data to Decisions: • Get your data where you want it, when you want it • Key decisions like where to intake your water, when and where to treat source waters • But it’s a lot of data.... 62
- 63. 63 HAB Monitoring Monitoring Satellites Handheld Fluorometers Continuous Monitoring Grab Samples Fixed Buoy with Sonde Spot Monitoring Vertical Profiling with Sonde Lab Analyses Telemetry Satellites
- 64. Final Summary Fluorescent pigments are the basis for the most sensitive HAB monitoring tools available today • Pigments are used in a variety of monitoring and measuring contexts • For early detection of HABs, pair pigment monitoring with monitoring for other WQ parameters Combined with telemetry, managers can have immediate insights to help them respond rapidly to an oncoming HAB 64
- 65. Available (and Upcoming) HAB Resources 65
- 66. Future Webinar Data to Decisions Part II: Handling the Data • Interest in a deeper dive on the sensor technologies? • Upcoming partnership with Aquatic Informatics 66
- 67. You might want to follow... NOAA Harmful Algal Bloom Operational Forecast System (HAB-OFS) https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab_info.html 67
- 68. You might want to follow... 68 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Red Tide Status http://myfwc.com/REDTIDESTATUS
- 69. Mission: Water Magazine | Issue No. 3 69
- 70. Q&A with Dr. Stephanie A. Smith info@ysi.com +1 (937) 767-2762 Contact us: