Monosaccharides
Download as PPTX, PDF213 likes135,083 views
This document discusses carbohydrates and monosaccharides. It defines carbohydrates as compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. The document discusses various properties of monosaccharides including isomerism, anomerism, mutarotation, and common chemical reactions like oxidation, reduction, and reactions with acids and bases. It also summarizes important derivatives of monosaccharides such as amino sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, esters, and glycosides.
Monosaccharides
- 2. The term carbohydrate is derived from the French term : hydrate de carbone Compounds composed of C, H, and O Empirical formula (CH2O)n when n = 5 then C5H10O5 Not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula: e.g. deoxysugars, amino sugars etc Carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds found in nature (cellulose: 100 billion tons annually)
- 3. -They have large number of hydroxyl groups (polyhydroxy) -In addition they may contain-an aldehyde group (polyhydroxyaldehydes) or a keto group-(polyhydroxyketones). -Their derivatives may also contain nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. H C O H COH R HYDROXYL GROUP ALDEHYDE GROUP KETO GROUP
- 7. MONOSACCHARIDES NOMENCLATURE D-Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone.
- 8. Monosaccharides Classification Name Relevant examples 3 Triose Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone 4 Tetrose Erythrose ,Erythrulose 5 Pentose Ribose, Ribulose, Xylulose 6 Hexose Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose Neuraminic acid 9 Nonose also called Sialic acid
- 9. Aldose sugars n - denotes the number of asymmetric carbon atoms
- 10. Ketose sugars n - denotes the number of asymmetric carbon atoms
- 11. Asymmetric carbon atom Dihydroxyacetone.
- 13. D and L Isomers Of Glyceraldehyde
- 14. Isomers of Monosaccharides(D and L)
- 15. D and L Isomers of Fructose
- 17. POLARIMETRY
- 18. Specific rotation of various carbohydrates at 20oC
- 19. Isomers differing as a result of variations in configuration of the —OH and —H on carbon atoms 2, 3, and 4 of glucose are known as ep Isomers of Monosaccharides
- 25. Anomers Haworth Projection of -D-Glucose
- 26. Anomers
- 27. Anomers
- 28. Mutarotation
- 30. Structural representation of sugars
- 31. Rules for drawing Haworth projections
- 32. Rules for drawing Haworth projections
- 33. Rules for drawing Haworth projections
- 34. Rules for drawing Haworth projections
- 35. Pyranose and Furanose forms of Glucose
- 36. Pyranose and Furanose forms of Ribose
- 37. Chair and Boat Conformations Chair and boat conformations of a pyranose sugar 2 possible chair conformations of -D-glucose
- 42. Oxidation Products Of D-Glucose
- 43. Reduction
- 44. Sructures of some sugar alcohols
- 45. Action of strong acids on monosaccharides
- 46. Action of Alkalies on sugars
- 47. Action of Alkalies on sugars
- 48. Important derivatives of monosaccharides
- 49. Amino Sugars
- 51. 2-Deoxy sugars
- 52. Deoxy Sugars
- 53. 3-Sugar acids
- 54. 4-Sugar alcohols
- 55. 5-Sugar Esters
- 56. 6-Glycosides
- 57. Condensation reactions: Acetal and Ketal formation
- 59. Summary