Motor system overview 2011
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This document summarizes the organization and function of the motor system, including the spinal motor neuron, motor unit, neuromuscular junction, muscle spindles, stretch reflex, Golgi tendon organ, and feedback inhibition. It describes the role of alpha and gamma motor neurons in voluntary movements and locomotion. It discusses the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and their involvement in motor planning, control, execution, learning, and adaptation. Key structures and pathways that converge on the anterior horn neuron to regulate precise movement are outlined.
Motor system overview 2011
- 1. Organization of Motor System
- 3. Motor Unit
- 7. Types of Muscle Contraction
- 12. Feedback Inhibition: Golgi Tendon Organ
- 14. Withdrawal and Crossed Extensor Reflex
- 15. Alpha and gamma motor neurons are coactivated during voluntary movements
- 16. Spinal Animal
- 17. Cat hind limb activity during stepping
- 18. Locomotor Center in Cat
- 19. Motor Cortex in precise stepping
- 20. Locomation
- 22. Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
- 25. Convergence of Motor Control on the Anterior Motor Neuron
- 26. Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell is active depends on the motor task
- 27. Activity in Individual Neurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Is Related to Muscle Force and Direction of Movement
- 28. A set-related neuron in the dorsal premotor area becomes active while the monkey prepares to make a movement to the left
- 29. Motor Cortical Cell Firing with Force Generated
- 30. Different areas of cortex are activated during simple, complex, and imagined sequences of finger movements (Xenon PET)
- 31. Cell activity in the motor cortex depends on whether a sequence of movements is guided by visual cues or by prior training
- 32. The visuomotor transformations required for reaching and grasping involve two different pathways
- 33. Individual neurons in the ventral premotor area fire during specific hand actions only
- 34. Motor planning
- 35. Mirror NeuronsA. Activity in the neuron as the monkey observes another monkey make a precision group.B. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey observes the human experimenter make the precision grip.C. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey itself performs a precision grip. (From Rizzolottiet al 1996.)
- 36. SummaryPrimary Motor Cortex:Codes force and direction of movementSpinal motor neuron are directly under control for precise movement.Dorsal Premotor CortexMovement related neuron encodes sensorimotor transformation for visual and sensory cueFire before movementVentral Premotor CortexEncodes learned motor act fire before movementAll cortical neurons are adaptable and plastic
- 37. Basal Ganglia
- 38. Functional organization of BG
- 39. Motor Component of Basal Ganglia
- 40. Basal Ganglia in Executing Patterns of Motor Activity— The Putamen Circuit
- 41. Cognitive Control of Sequences of Motor Patterns—The Caudate Circuit
- 43. Function of BGVoluntary movementInitiation of movementControl of ramp movementChange from one pattern to otherProgramming and correcting movement while in progress (thalamocortical circuts)Postural controlRighting reflexAutomatic associated movement (walking)Control of muscle toneReticulospinal Vestibulospinal
- 44. Cerebellum
- 45. Functional organization of cerebellum
- 46. Afferent Pathway of Brain
- 48. Output Signals from the Cerebellum
- 49. Neocerebellum
- 51. The spinocerebellum contains two somatotopic neural maps of the body
- 52. Neuronal Circuit of the Functional Unit
- 54. Control of voluntary movementExecutionPlanningBasal GangliaAssociation cortexPremotor + Motor cortexMovementIdeaLateral cerebellumIntermediate Cerebellum