MR bhatta itpgrfa's annex 1 and f rs
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This document discusses the importance of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the interdependence between countries regarding these resources. It notes that over 80% of human calorie intake comes from just 150-200 plant species, and that countries rely heavily on genetic resources originating elsewhere. For example, over 90% of rice, wheat and potato varieties released in Nepal were developed using genetic materials from other countries. The document argues that implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is important for Nepal to facilitate continued access to the global crop gene pools on which it is highly dependent.
MR bhatta itpgrfa's annex 1 and f rs
- 1. (Protecting Farmers’ Rights) in the Implementation of the ITPGRFA: Lessons from the Preparation of Annex 1 Madan R. Bhatta National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre, Khumaltar,Lalitpur Policy Dialogue on Building a Coherent System of Resources Management and Access and Benefit Sharing in Nepal 21-22 September 2014 Paradise Inn, Nagarkot
- 2. Importance of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) Globally, over 84% of human diet and nutrition comes from plants. Asia and the Pacific, the Near East and Africa plants provide about 90% of human diet Latin America and the Caribbean 80% Europe and North America 75% (FAO, 2010)
- 3. Importance of PGRFA Out of the 10, 000 to 12, 000 known edible plant species, only 150 to 200 are used by humans and four of them alone-rice, wheat, maize and Potato-contribute more than 60% of calories and proteins that humans obtain from plants (FAO, 1997). Over 70% of the required production increases by 2050 will have to come from higher yields and less than 10% can be expected from an expansion in arable land (Hegwood, 2009).
- 4. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (Gene Bank), Nepal Importance of PGRFA The intelligent use of Plant Genetic Resources through plant breeding has played a principal role in global food security during 20th century (Green revolution and post green revolution-saved one billion people from starvation). Over the last 60 years it has been estimated that half the yield gains in major crops is attributable to the introduction of new cultivars as a result of plant breeding. Since 1960 global food production has trebled. While the population has doubled only.
- 6. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (Gene Bank), Nepal Global Cereal Production since 1961-2010 (Million tones) Year Wheat % change Rice % change Maize % change Wheat Nepal % change 1961 222 - 200 - 220 - 0. 112 - 2010 689 210 % 678 239 % 817 271 % 1.845 1458%
- 7. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (Gene Bank), Nepal Production of three major cereals of Nepal over last 27 years Rice Nepal Maize Nepal Wheat Nepal Production in metric tonnes 1985 2709430 819850 533720 IRR = 84% 2011/12 4460278 (64.5%) 2067722 (152.3%) 1845411 (245 %)
- 8. Causes of Undernourishment in Developing Countries • Complex in nature not only food production • Socioeconomic barriers such as • Distribution • Purchasing power • Eating habits • Inadequate farming system • Lack of food storage facilities • The difficulty in combining high yield with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
- 9. The Right to Food? Feeding more than half of the world’s grain production to animals is the more significant indicator of food security. As 7kg of grain is required to produce 1kg of Meat, there is an argument that meat production on this scale impedes the goal of global food security. 43% of the global cereal production is used for animal feed. Biofuels (Ethanol) and food security ?
- 10. Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Historically, plant genetic resources were relatively freely exchanged in accordance with the idea that these resources were the common heritage of humankind. Farmers have been involved in collective system of conservation and utilization, openly sharing these since the earliest time of crop domistications. Relatively open flows of plant germplasm resulted the spread of PGRFA from its center of origin to the centers of domestication. Famines (genetic vulnerability) and the green revolution in the 1960s and 1970s: (Irish Potatao famine, Chinese narrow genetic base in major food crops), Ug99 in wheat.
- 11. Paradigm Shift (1980S and 1990S) Common Heritage unrestricted access public breeding no IPRs International Undertaking 1983 National Sovereignty controlled access private breeding IPRs (PBR & patents) Convention on Biological Diversity 1993
- 12. Paradigm Shift There are historical examples of specific governmental rules restricting the export of certain specialized and industrial breeding materials such as pepper from India, oil palm from Malaysia, coffee from Ethiopia and tea from Sri Lanka. In 1971, the FAO, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme founded the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is an association of public and private donors that supports a network of 16 international research centers (IARCs) each with its own governing body It was with the advent of the “Seed Wars” in the 1980s and the negotiation of the Convention on Biological Diversity that developing countries made clear that this practice was not acceptable and that legal mechanisms to formally support this position were sought.
- 13. Genesis of ITPGRFA and MLS • CBD-Conceived in the mid- to late 1980s, adopted in 1992 and entered into force in 1993 • CBD-1992- Countries have Sovereign Rights to legislate, manage, exploit and control access to their natural resources, including PGRFA • Objectives: conservation, sustainable use, fair and equitable benefit sharing Based on concept of national sovereignty Access subject to national legislation Prior consent and mutually agreed terms Country of origin In practice, implemented - bilaterally Restricted Access
- 14. Genesis of ITPGRFA and MLS Nepal has been a signatory to the CBD in June 1992 and ratified it in November, 1993 (MoFSC-Focal Point) = 192 Member States • Before CBD there was almost free exchange of PGRFA among countries around the world.
- 15. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources For and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and MLS • ITPGRFA: After long (7 years) of negotiation process the International Treaty was adopted by resolution 3/2001 of the 31st Session of the Conference of the FAO in November 2001 and entered into force in June 2004. • As of today, 133 countries had become Members of the ITPGRFA (Conservation and utilization for global food security- Facilitated Access). • Nepal ratified ITPGRFA on 2 January, 2007 and became party to it on 19 October, 2009. • MoAD , the focal ministry for the Treaty is responsible for taking initiatives required to fulfill the commitments of the Treaty.
- 16. Why to implement ITPGRFA/MLS in Nepal? 1. This legally binding Treaty covers all PGRFA relevant for food and agriculture. 2. Each country that ratifies will then develop the legislation and regulations it needs to implement the Treaty (Article 4 ). 3. The Treaty is vital in ensuring the continued availability of the plant genetic resources that countries will need to feed their people. Treaty’s Objectives 1. Conservation (Article 5). 2. Sustainable use of PGRFA for food and Agriculture (Article 6). 3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their use (Article 13).
- 17. Farmers’ Rights (Article 9 - ITPGRFA) Farmers’ Rights include: – protection of traditional knowledge; – participate equitably in benefit sharing; – participate in decision making process , at the national level, on matters related to PGRs; – save, use, exchange, and sell farm-saved seed/propagating material subject to national law. – Compensation for losses due to use of new breeders’ protected varieties.
- 18. MLS and ABS Article 10. MLS (Global gene pool) Article 11. Coverage of MLS, Annex 1 and Interdependency Article 12. Facilitated Access of PGRFA Article 13. Benefit Sharing in the MLS 13.1 Access to PGRFA 13.2(a) Exchange of information 13.2(b) Access to and transfer of technology 13.2(c) Capacity-building 13.2(d) Sharing of monetary and other benefits of commercialization • CGIAR centres do not commercialize / profit • Partner countries take 100% of the profits
- 19. Multilateral System (MLS) • The multilateral system can be defined as a global gene pool of a number of the most important crop genetic resources for food security, shared and managed jointly by all contracting parties (COPs) • This system is operative within 15 CGIAR system and applicable to 35 food crop species and 29 forages species listed in Annex 1, that account for >80% of human calorie intake from plants (Article 11) • On ratifying the Treaty, countries agree to make their genetic diversity and related information about the crops stored in their gene banks and public domains available to all through the MLS (Article 12) .
- 20. Multilateral System • Under CGIARC umbrella –different IARCs such as IRRI, CIMMYT, ICARDA, ICRISAT, CIP etc. • 15 CGIAR centers together maintain over 700, 000 samples of PGRFA in their collections and held in FAO trust that are accessible under the terms of the Multilateral System of the International Treaty (MLS) (Using SMTA) • Every year the CG Centers distribute more than 600, 000 seed samples of different crop species in developing countries.
- 21. Why to implement MLS in Nepal? Countries’ Interdependency on PGRFA There is global interdependency on PGRFA for food and agriculture since all countries largely depend on PGRFAs that originate elsewhere. No countries in the world are self-sufficient in PGRFA for their food security (IPGRI, 1996; 2000). Examples: Crops Country of Origin Potato: Peru and Bolivia Maize: Mexico, Central America Rice Oryza sativa subsp. Japonica China Rice Oryza sativa subsp. Indica Indo Gangetic plains Wheat: West Asia (Turkey/ Iraq /Tunisia) Soybean: China Beans: Mexico, Latin America Source: Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons, 2013
- 22. Countries’ Interdependency on PGRFA Crops Country of Origin Millet Africa Sugarcane New Guinea, India (South Pacific Region) Sorghum bicolor East Sudanic Africa Barley : Hordeum vulgare Near East Lentil: Lens culinaris, Pea: Pisum sativum, Chickpea : Cicer arietinum, Faba bean: Vicia faba Moong bean: Vigna mungo Gujrat, India Buckwheat: Fagopyrum esculentum Eastern Himalaya, Nepal Colocasia: Coixlachryma-jobi China Source: Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons, 2013
- 23. Countries’ Interdependency on PGRFA Crops Country of Origin Mango: Mangifera indica India Mango: Mangifera sylvatica Nepal Peanut: Southeastern Bolivia and Northwestern Argentina Banana: Musa acuminata India to Papua New Guinea Eggplant/Bringel Southeast Asia Tomato: Latin America Colocasia esculenta, New Guinea and Wallacea Dioscorea esculenta, Cucumber: India, Nepal Source: Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons, 2013
- 24. Countries’ Interdependency on PGRFA Brazil- Megadiverse country: 44,000-50,000 species of vascular plants (18% of the world´s plant diversity), but ... Highly dependent on PGR native to other countries for food and agriculture: coffee, rice, potatoes, wheat, sugarcane, etc
- 25. Countries’ Interdependency on PGRFA The North Western Indian Mega Center comprises about 14-15% of the world’s cultivated plants. Heavily depended on PGR native to other countries for food security such as wheat, rice, potato, tomato, coffee etc. One single wheat variety “PBW 343” (Attila) developed in the MLS and introduced in India occupy 8 million hectares, producing 28 million tones of wheat, worth of 4 trillion INRs in a single season. Similar case is with rice and maize in India.
- 26. Percentages of Food Production of Major Crops Based on Species Originating from Other Regions
- 27. Analyzing the Interdependency • All countries depend very largely on agricultural plant genetic resources that originated elsewhere • Where the ancestors (landraces) used in developing Nepalese modern varieties come from?
- 28. Contribution of Crop Gene Pools: Pedigree Analysis 8 countries 1. USA 2. India 3. Indonesia 4. Taiwan 5. China 6. Pakistan 7. Thailand 8. Nepal 13 landraces Origin Origin
- 29. Origin of Varieties Released in Nepal 254 185 69 52 Total Outside Nepal CGIAR
- 30. Origin of Released Varieties of 4 Selected Crops 22 47 9 33 1 7 Area coverage: 90% 3 7 Nepal Outside Nepal Outside Nepal Outside Nepal Outside Rice Wheat Potato Lentil
- 31. Countries where the Ancestors of Nepalese Improved Rice Cultivars Originated Based on 20 rice varieties for Mid and High Hills 47 ancestors (landraces) originated in 12 countries USA 1 CHN 5 KOR 1 NPL 4 IND 9 JPN 2 TWN 9 PHI 1 IDO 3 AUS 1
- 32. Origin of Wheat Varieties Released in Nepal: Evidence of Dependency 17 11 9 4 1 42 India CIMMYT Nepal Mexico Kenya Total
- 33. Ancestors, their Origin and Number of Wheat Varieties Contributed (Based on 24 varieties) SN Ancestors Origin Varieties Contributed, n 1 Akagomughi Japan 24 2 Kenya 324 Kenya 24 3 Turkey Red USA 23 4 Rieti Italy 24 5 Steinwedel Australia 20 6 Hd 845 India 2 7 Hard Red Calcutta India 23 8 Oro USA 23 9 Kanred USA 23 10 Red Egyptian South Africa 17 11 Iumillo Spain 23
- 34. Country-wise Cumulative Contribution of Ancestors to Nepalese Wheat Varieties Based on 24 varieties
- 35. Origin of Ancestors of Wheat Varieties Released in Nepal Based on 35 varieties Equator 89 ancestors originated in 22 countries
- 36. Origin of Ancestors used in Developing Potato Varieties 2 4 7 7 1 1 3 12 3 2 5 4 1 3 14 10 3 Mexico USA Germany Great Britain Japan India USA Germany Great Britain USA Germany Great Britain Ireland USA Germany Great Britain Andigina SA Kufri Jyoti Desiree Kufri Sindhuri Janak Dev
- 37. Frequency of Native and Exotic Parents used in Developing Modern Varieties (Rice, Wheat, Potato, Lentil) SN Variety Native parent Exotic parent Coverage, % 1 Janaki 0 4 ? 2 Chaite-4 0 17 ? 3 Khumal-4 1 12 ? 4 Rice (20 Hill set) 4 43 5 Rice (28 Tarai set) 1 34 92 6 Wheat (35) 0 87 97 7 Potato (8) 0 All 85 8 Lentil (11) 1 All ?
- 38. Current Germplasm Flow in Nepal: Rice, Wheat & Potato Kenya: 150 CIP: 50 CIMMYT: 1300 IRRI: 1200 Wheat • Not systematic • Informal: Many
- 39. Interdependence and Access to Global Crop Gene pools • Nepal: 95-100% dependent on foreign germplasms • Global interdependence on crop genetic resources will further increase under climate change • Need access to global crop gene pools: MLS
- 40. Benefit-sharing with India for FR13A (a) Commercial practice? • Standard commercial practice is to share royalties on sales with provider of germplasm contributing ≥25% of the commercial variety by pedigree • Sub 1 gene from Indian local rice FR13A contributes ~3% by pedigree no sharing of benefit for FR13A
- 41. Pedigree tree of Swarna sub-1 rice of Nepal Sub-1 gene Swarna sub-1 http:rice.generationcp.orggermplasm
- 42. Drought Tolerance (DRO 1) IR64 Dro1-NIL Kinandang Patong 5 CM 10 CM Shukha Dhan-4 and 6
- 43. Economic benefits to developing countries from CGIAR research on rice Study Country / Region N Accessio ns Annual total benefit ($m) Annual benefit / accession ($k) ACIAR 2011 Indonesia 9124 $642.4m $70.4k ACIAR 2011 Philippines 4457 $204.4m $45.9k ACIAR 2011 Vietnam 3019 $613.2m $203.1k Hossain 2003 Asia 91307 $4310m $47.2k Hossain 1998 Bangladesh 5894 $152.9m $25.9k Sanint and Wood 1998 LAC 1903 $285.5m $150k
- 44. Preparing Nepal Annex-1 Crops • Criteria, Database search, Trait and distribution analysis • Several rounds of discussion and consultation meetings (key group, user groups)
- 47. Nepalese Rice Accessions in GENESYS No of Accessions:2839 Institutes :5(mainly IRRI and USDA)
- 48. Major Crops and Forages in Nepal and List in Annex-1
- 49. PGRFA included in the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing
- 50. Nepal Annex-1 Crops • Nepal Annex-1 Crops: List of crop accessions to be included in the MLS • Criteria: – Under public domain: (Geographical basis, Least study, Rare and endangered accessions, Less value, Localized, etc) – Released, Registered and De-notified Varieties – Accessions safety duplicated in CG Genebanks – Accessions that can contribute to Global food security – Accessions already in the foreign Genebanks – Materials under development including by farmers’ shall be at the discretion of its developer (12.3) – Accessions that are being originated and maintain huge diversity in Nepal and with high economic value are not included – Mostly orthodox seed
- 51. Released and Registered Varieties for Inclusion in the MLS
- 52. Safely Duplicated Accessions for Inclusion in the MLS
- 53. Matched Accessions with Foreign Genebanks for Inclusion in the MLS
- 54. Total Nepalese Accessions Proposed for Inclusion in the MLS
- 55. This system is in operation since 1970s and use of SMTA came into existence with the genesis of ITPGRFA in 2004 Crop Research Programs (NARC) + Gene bank Individual Researchers/ Farmers Universities NGOs Private seed Companies SMTA S MTA SMTA SMTA SMTA
- 56. Proposed Mechanism of Multilateral System NGOs
- 57. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (Gene Bank), Nepal Opportunities and Challenges from the treaty for National and Community Seed banks and natural person Crop commodity research programs established during early 1970s Crop varieties developed so far are all public assets (all improved varieties including Lalka Basmati, Jethobudho etc) Nepal’s PGRFA (with CG centers' genebanks) are easily access to Nepal PGRFA available at the national genebank are also easily access to any party for further use
- 58. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (Gene Bank), Nepal Challenges Linking Community seed banks with national Genebank and MLS (Certificate of ownership, recognition to custodians) Mechanism of backup conservation of CSBs’ PGR into national Genebank Material access to private parties IPR/Commercialization Strengthening National Plant Quarantine System Benefit sharing laws and mechanism of benefit sharing Conflict management
- 59. National Agriculture Genetic Resources Center (Gene Bank), Nepal Thanks नमस्कार www.planttreaty.org