Ms excel 2016_function

Intro To Microsoft Excel 2016 Function
Aziz M Azizi
Asman Institute
ICT Department

Formula, Function
Microsoft Excel 2016 Functions
Formula:
A formula is a sequence of values, cell references,
names, functions, or operators in a cell that together
produce a new value. Formulas are equations that
perform calculations on values in your worksheet. A
formula always starts with an equal sign (=).
You can create a simple formula by using constants
and calculation operators.
Function:
A function is a prewritten formula that takes a value
or values, performs an operation, and returns a value
or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten
formulas on a worksheet, especially those that
perform lengthy or complex calculations. A function
starts with an equal sign (=).

Terms
Cell references:
You can refer to data in worksheet cells by including
cell references in the formula. For example, the cell
reference A2 returns the value of that cell or uses that
value in the calculation.
Constants:
Constants are entries that have a specific fixed
value.
Range:
A range is a group or block of cells in a worksheet
that have been selected or highlighted (A1:A10)

Contd…
Arguments:
Most Excel functions are designed to accept data that it
then uses in its calculations. This data is referred to as
arguments and go between the round brackets that follow
the functions name. the IF function, for example, has three
distinct arguments: The logic test, the value if true, the value
if false and the =IF (logic test, value if true, value if false)
Array:
An array is range or group of related data values. In a
spreadsheet program such as Excel the values in an array
are normally stored in adjacent cells.
There are two types of array in Excel:
 One-dimensional array: Where the data is located in single column or
row.
 Two-dimensional array: where the data is located in multiple columns
or rows.

Operators:
Operators:
Operators are the symbols that are used to specify the
type of calculation that you want the formula to perform.
For example, the ^ (caret) operator raises a number to a
power, and the * (asterisk) operator multiplies numbers.
Types of operators:
There are four different types of calculation operators:
arithmetic, comparison, text concatenation, and reference.
Arithmetic operators:
To perform basic mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, or multiplication; combine numbers;
and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic
operators.

Contd…
Arithmetic Operator Meaning Example
+ (Plus Sign) Addition 2+2
- (Minus Sign) Subtraction-Negation 3-2
* (Asterisk) Multiplication 2*4
/ (Forward Slash) Division 6/2
% (Percent Sign) Percent 10%
^ (Caret( Exponentiation 4^2

Contd…
Comparison operators:
You can compare two values with the following operators.
When two values are compared by using these operators,
the result is a logical value either TRUE or FALSE.
Arithmetic Operator Meaning Example
= (Equal Sign) Equal To 2=2
> (Greater Than Sign) Greater Than 3>2
< (Less Than Sign) Less Than 2<4
>= (Greater Than or Equal To Sign) Greater Than or Eql to 6>=2
<= (Less Than or Equal To Sign) Less Than or Eql to 2<=6
<> Not Equal To Sign Not Equal To 4<>2

Contd…
Text Operator Meaning Example
& (Ampersand) Connects, or
concatenates, two
values to produce on
continuous text value.
(A1 & A2)
Text Concatenation operator:
Use the ampersand (&) to join, or concatenate, one or
more text strings to produce a single piece of text.

Contd…
Reference operators:
Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following
operators.
Reference Operator Meaning Example
: (Colon) Range operator, which
produces one reference to all
the cells between two
references, including the two
references.
(A1:A10)
, (Comma) Union operator, which
combines multiple references
to one reference.
(A1:A10,B1:B10)

Contd…
References:
When you use a cell (or range) reference in a formula, you
can use three types of references:
Relative: The row and column references can change
when you copy the formula to another cell because the
references are actually offsets from the current row and
column. By default, Excel creates relative cell references in
formulas.
Absolute: The row and column references do not change
when you copy the formula because the reference is to an
actual cell address. An absolute reference uses two dollar
signs in its address; one for the column letter and one for
the row number (For example, $A$5).
Mixed: Both the row or column reference is relative, and
the other is absolute. Only one of the address parts is
absolute (For example, $A4 or A$4).

Four Functions
Addition:
The simplest Excel addition formula calculates the
sum of numbers and returns the result.

Contd…
Instead of using the + operator, as shown above, you
can use the Sum function in your Excel addition
formula.

Contd…
Subtraction:
The simplest Excel subtraction formula subtracts the
numbers and returns the result.

Contd…
Multiplication: The basic formula for performing
multiplication in Excel, calculates product of the numbers
and returns the result.
Instead of using the * operator, as shown above, you can use
the Product function to perform a multiplication in Excel.

Contd…
Division:
The most basic formula to divide in Excel division,
divides the number and returns the result.

Displaying Percentage
Percentages in Excel are stored as decimal values. For
example, 25% is stored as the value 0.25, 50% is stored as
the value 0.5, etc.
It is only the formatting of a cell that makes the decimal
value appear as a percentage.
Two Percentage Calculation Types
When calculating percentages in Excel, there are two types
that are typically used. These are:
Percentage as a Proportion: Example: if, out of 120
questions, you answer 90 correctly, how is this expressed
as a percentage score?

Contd…
Percentage Change: Example; if your sales figures are
$1,250 in January and $1,750 in February, what is the
percentage increase in February, compared to January?
1. How to Calculate a Percentage as a Proportion
If you want to calculate a sample of a full set, as a
percentage, this is done by dividing the sample size by
the size of the full set.
For example, if you take an exam and answer 90 out of
120 questions correctly, this can be expressed as a
percentage by simply dividing 90 by 120.

Contd…
This gives the result 0.75, or 75%
2. How to Calculate Percentage Change
If you want to calculate the percentage change between
value A and Value B, this is done using the following
formula.

Contd…
Percentage change = (b-a)/a
For example if your sales figures are $1,250 in
January and $1,750 in February, the percentage
change in February, compared to January, is given
by:

Statistic Functions
MAX: The Excel MAX function returns the largest value
from a supplied set of numerical values.
the syntax of the function is: Max(Number1, [number2], …)

Contd…
MAXA: The Excel MAXA Function returns the largest
value from a supplied set of numerical values, while
counting text and the logical value FALSE as the value 0
and counting the logical value TRUE as the value 1.
The syntax of the function is: MAXA(number1, [number2], …)

Contd…
MIN: The Excel MIN function returns the smallest value
from a supplied set of numerical values.
The syntax of the function is: MIN(Number1, [number2], …)

Contd…
MINA: The Excel MINA function returns the smallest
value from a supplied set of numerical values, while
counting text and the logical value FALSE as the value 0
and counting the logical value True as the value 1.

Contd…
Large: The Excel LARGE function returns the k’th
largest value from an array or a range of cells
containing numerical values. The format of the
function is: LARGE(array, k)
array - An array of numeric values that you want to
return the k’th largest of
k - The index the function returns the k’th largest value
from the supplied array.
Examples
The following example shows the Excel Large function,
being used to retrieve the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th largest
values from the set of values in cells A1 - A5.

Contd…

Contd…
Small: The Excel SMALL function returns the k’th
smallest value from an array or a range of cells
containing numerical values.
The format of the function is: SMALL (array, k)
array- An array of numeric values that you want to return
the k’th smallest of
k- The index the function returns the k’th smallest value
from the supplied array.
Examples: The following example shows the Excel Small
function, being used to retrieve the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
smallest values from the set of values in cells A1 - A5.

Contd…
Average: The Excel AVERAGE function returns the
arithmetic mean of a list of supplied numbers.
The syntax of the function is: Average(number1, [number2],
…)

Contd…
Avergea:
The Excel AVERAGEA function returns the
arithmetic mean of a list of supplied numbers.
The syntax of the function is:
AVERAGEA(value1, [value2], …)

Contd…
AVERAGE
Function
AVERAGEA
Function
Logical values or text
representations of number, typed
directly into the list of arguments.
Are counted
(TRUE=1,
FALSE=0)
Are counted
(TRUE=1, FALSE=0)
Text that cannot be interpreted as a
number, typed directly into the list
of arguments.
#VALUE! error #VALUE! Error
Logical values, within arrays or
reference arguments
Ignored Are counted
(TRUE-1, FALSE=0)
Text (including empty text “”, text
representations of numbers, or
other text), within arrays or
reference arguments.
Ignored Counted as zero
Empty cells. Ignored Ignored

Contd…
Excel Average vs. Excel Averagea
The Excel Average Function is very similar to the Excel
Average Function. The only difference between these two
functions is the way in which logical values or text values
within arrays or references are treated in the calculation of
the arithmetic mean. This is show in the table on previous
slide

Contd…
Averageif:
The Excel AVERAGEIF function finds values in a supplied
array, that satisfy a given criteria, and returns the average
(the statistical mean) of the corresponding values in a
second supplied array.
The syntax of the Averageif function is:
AERAGEIF (range, criteria, [average_range])

Contd…
Count: The Excel Count function returns the number of
numeric values in a supplied set of cells or values. This
count includes both numbers and dates.
COUNT(value1, [value2], …)

Contd…
Counta:
The Excel Counta function returns the number of non-
blanks in a supplied set of cells and/or values.
COUNTA (value1, [value2], …)

Contd…
Countif:
The Excel Countif function returns the number of cells (of
a supplied range), that satisfy a given criteria.
COUNTIF (range; criteria)

Contd…
Countifs:
The Excel Countifs function returns the number of entries
(within one or more supplied arrays), that satisfy a set of
given criteria.
The function is new in Excel 2007, and so is not available in
earlier versions of Excel.
The syntax of the Countifs function is:
COUNTIFS (criteria_range1, criteria, [criteria_range2, criteria2],
…)

Date & Time Functions
Date: The Excel DATE function, representing a year,
month and day, returns an Excel date.
The syntax of the Date function is:
DATE (year, month, day)

Contd…
Datevalue: The Excel Datevalue function converts a text
representation of a date, into an Excel date.
The syntax of the Datevalue function is:
DATEVALUE (date_text)

Contd…
Time: The Excel Time function accepts three integer
arguments representing hours, minutes and seconds, and
returns an Excel time.
TIME (hour, minute, second)

Contd…
Timevalue: The Excel Timevalue function converts a
text representation of a time, into an Excel time.
The syntax of the Timevalue function is:
TIMEVALUE (time_text)

Contd…
Now: The Excel Now function returns the current date
and time. The function has no arguments and therefore,
the syntax of the function is: NOW()
Today: The Excel Today function returns the current
date. The function has no arguments and therefore, the
syntax of the function is simply: TODAY ()

Contd…
Hour: The Excel HOUR function returns an integer
representing the hour component of a supplied Excel
time.
The syntax of the HOUR function is:
HOUR (serial_number)

Contd…
Minute: The Excel Minute function returns an integer
representing the minutes component of a supplied Excel
time.
The syntax of the Minute function is:
MINUTE (serial_number )

Contd…
Second: The Excel Second function returns an integer
representing the seconds component of a supplied Excel
time.
The syntax of the Second function is:
SECOND (serial_number)

Contd…
Day:
The Excel DAY function, when supplied with a date, returns
an integer representing the day of the month (from 1-31).
The format of the function is:
DAY (date)

Contd…
Month:
The Excel MONTH function, when supplied with a date,
returns an integer representing the month of the year (from
1-12). The format of the function is:
MONTH (date)

Contd…
Year: The Excel YEAR function, when supplied with a
date, returns an integer representing the year.
YEAR (date)

Contd…
Weekday: The Excel Weekday function returns an
integer representing the day of the week that a supplied
date falls on.
WEEKDAY ( serial_number, [return_type] )

Contd…
Weeknum: The Excel WEEKNUM function returns an
integer representing the week number (from 1 to 53) of
the year.
WEEKNUM (serial_number, [return_type] )

Contd…
Edate: The Excel Edate function returns a date that is a
specified number of months before or after a supplied
start date. The syntax of the function is:
EDATE (start_date, months)

Contd…
Eomonth: The Excel Eomonth function returns the last
day of the month, that is a specified number of months
before or after an initial supplied start date. The syntax of
the function is:
EMONTH (start_date, month)

Contd…
Days360: The Excel Days360 function returns the
number of days between 2 dates, based on a 360-day year
(12 x 30 months). The format of the function is:
DAYS360 (start_date, End_date, [Method] )

Math Functions
GCD: The Excel GCD function returns the greatest
common divisor of two or more supplied integers.
GCD (number1, number2, …)

Contd…
LCM: The Excel LCM function returns the least
common multiple of two or more supplied integers.
LCM (number1, number2, …)

Contd…
Product: The Excel PRODUCT function returns the
product (multiplication) of a supplied set of numerical
values.
PRODUCT (number1, [number2], …)

Contd…
Power: The Excel power function calculates a given
number, raised to a supplied power.
POWER (number, power)

Contd…
SQRT: The Excel Sqrt function calculates the
positive square root of a supplied number.
SQRT (number)

Contd…
Subtotal: The Excel SUBTOTAL function performs a
specified calculation (eg. The sum, product, average,
etc.) for a supplied set of values.
SUBTOTAL (function_num, ref1, [ref2], …)
Function_num - A number theat denotes the calculation
type (eg, sum, product, average, etc.)
Ref1, [Ref2], … - One or more references to cells
containing the values that the calculation is to be
performed on.

Contd…
Function_num
(include hidden values)
Function_num
(ignore hidden values)
Function
1 101 Average
2 102 Count
3 103 Counta
4 104 Max
5 105 Min
6 106 Product
7 107 STDEV
8 108 STDEVP
9 109 SUM
10 110 VAR
11 111 VARP

Contd…
Round:
The Excel ROUND function rounds a supplied number up
or down, to a specified number of decimal places.
ROUND (number, num_digits)

Contd…
Roundup: The Excel ROUNDUP function rounds a
supplied number up, away from zero, to a specified
number of decimal places.
ROUNDUP (number, num_digits)
Rounddown: The Excel ROUNDDOWN function rounds
a supplied number down, toward zero, to a specified
number of decimal places.
ROUNDDOWN (number, num_digits)

Contd…
Trunc: The Excel TRUNC function indicates a
supplied number by removing the decimal part of
the number.
TRUNC (number)

Contd…
SUM: The Excel SUM functions adds together a
supplied set of numbers and returns the sum of these
values.
SUM (number1, {number2}, …)

Contd…
Sumif: The Excel function finds values in a supplied
array, that satisfy a given criteria, and returns the sum of
the corresponding values in a second supplied array.
SUMIF (range, criteria, [sum_range]}

Contd…
Sumifs: The Excel Sumifs function finds values in one
or more supplied arrays, that satisfy a set of criteria, and
returns the sum of the corresponding values in a further
supplied array.
The function is new in Excel 2007, and so is not available
in earlier versions of Excel.
SUMIFS (sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1,
[criteria_range2, criteria2], …)

Contd…
Sumproduct: The Excel Sumproduct function returns
the sum of the products of the corresponding values in
two or more supplied arrays.
SUMPRODUCT (array1, array2, [array3], …)

Contd…
Sumsq: The Excel Sumsq function returns the sum of
squares of a supplied set of values.
SUMSQ (number1, [number2], …)

Contd…
Degrees: The Excel Degrees function converts
radians into degrees.
DEGREES (Angle)

Contd…
Radians: The Excel Radians function converts
degrees into radians.
RADIANS (Angle)

Text Functions
Clean: The Excel Clean function removes all
nonprintable characters from the text.
CLEAN (text)

Contd…
Trim: The Excel TRIM function takes a supplied text
string and removes any spaces, except for single spaces
between words or characters.
TRIM (text)

Contd…
Dollar: The Excel DOLLAR function rounds a
supplied number to a specified number of decimal
places and then converts this into text, using a
currency format.
DOLLAR (number, [decimals])

Contd…
Fixed: The Excel FIXED function rounds a supplied
number to a specified number of decimal places and
then converts this into text.
FIXED (number, [decimals], [no_commas])

Contd…
Lower: The Excel LOWER function converts all
characters in a supplied text string to lower case.
LOWER (text)

Contd…
Text: The Excel TEXT function converts a supplied
value into text, in a user-specified format.
TEXT (value, format_text)

Contd…
Proper: The Excel PROPER function converts all
characters in a supplied text string to proper case (ex.
All letters that do not follow another letter are set to
upper case and all other characters are lower case).
PROPER (text)

Contd…
Upper: The Excel UPPER function converts all
characters in a supplied text string to upper case.
UPPER (text)

Contd…
Concatenate: The Excel CONCATENATE function
joins together a series of supplied text strings or other
values, into one combined text string.
CONCATENATE (text1, [text2], …)

Contd…
Left: The Excel LEFT function returns a specified
number of characters from the start of a supplied text
string.
LEFT (text, [num_chars])

Contd…
Mid: The Excel MID function returns a specified number
of characters from the middle of a supplied text string.
MID (text, start_num, num_chars)

Contd…
Right: The Excel RIGHT function returns a specified
number of characters from the end of a supplied text
string.
RIGHT (text, [num_chars])

Contd…
Rept: The Excel REPT function returns a supplied text
string, repeated a specified number of times.
REPT (text, number_times)

Contd…
Len: The Excel LEN function returns the length of a
supplied text string.
LEN (text)

Contd…
Find: The Excel FIND function returns the position of a
specified character or string within a supplied text string.
The function is case-sensitive. If you want to perform a
non-case-sensitive Search, use the Excel Search function
instead.
The syntax of the Find function is:
FIND (find_text, within_text, [start_num])

Contd…
Exact: The Excel EXACT function tests if two supplied
text strings are exactly equal and if so, returns TRUE;
Otherwise, the function returns FALSE, the function is
case-sensitive.
The format of the exact function is:
EXACT (text1, text2)

Contd…
T: The Excel T function texts if a supplied value is text
and if so, returns the supplied text; Otherwise, the
function returns an empty text string.
T (value)

Database Functions
Daverage: The Excel DAVERAGE function calculates
the average of values in a field (column) in a database
for selected records that satisfy user-specified
criteria.
The function is very similar to the Excel Averageifs
function, which is new to Excel 2007.
The syntax of the Excel Daverage function is:
DAVERAGE (database, field, criteria)

Contd…
Dcount: The Excel DCOUNT function returns the
number of cells containing numbers, in a field
(column) of a database for selected records only.
The records to be included in the count are those that
satisfy a set of one or more user-specified criteria.
The function is very similar to the Excel Countifs
function, which is new to Excel 2007.
The syntax of the Excel Dcount function is:
DCOUNT (database, [field], criteria)

Contd…
Dcounta: The Excel DCOUNTA function returns the
number of non-blank cells, in a field (column) of a
database for selected records only.
The records to be included in the count are those that
satisfy a set of one or more user-specified criteria.
The function is very similar to the Excel Dcount
function, the only difference being that the Dcounta
function counts all non-blank cells where the Dcount
function only counts cells containing numerical values.
The syntax of the Excel Dcounta function is:
DCOUNTA (database, [field], criteria)

Contd…
Dget: The Excel DGET function returns the value
contained in a field (column) of a single record in a
database.
The record is selected via a set of one or more user-
specified criteria.
DGET (database, field, criteria)

Contd…
Dmax: The Excel DMAX function finds the maximum
value in a field (column) in a database for selected
records only. The records to be included in the
calculation are defined by a set of one or more user-
specified criteria.
DMAX (database, field, criteria)

Contd…
Dmin: The Excel DMIN function finds the minimum
value in a field (column) in a database for selected
records only.
The records to be included in the calculation are
defined by a set of one or more user-specified criteria.
DMIN (database, field, criteria)

Contd…
Dproduct: The Excel DPRODUCT function calculates
the product of a field (column) in a database for
selected records, that satisfy user-specified criteria.
DPRODUCT (database, field, criteria)

Contd…
Dsum: The Excel DSUM function calculates the sum
of a field (column) in a database for selected records,
that satisfy user-specified criteria.
The function is very similar to the Excel Sumifs function,
which is new to Excel 2007.
The syntax of the Excel Dsum function is:
DSUM (database, field, criteria)

Logical Functions
AND: The Excel AND function tests a number of user-
defined conditions and returns a result of:
- TRUE: if ALL of the conditions evaluate to TRUE
or
- FALSE: otherwise (i.e. if ANY of the conditions evaluate
to FALSE)
AND (logical_test1, [logical_test2], …)

Contd…
OR: The Excel OR function tests a number of
supplied conditions and returns either:
- TRUE if ANY of the conditions evaluate to TRUE
- FALSE otherwise (i.e. if ALL of the conditions evaluate
to FALSE)
OR (logical-test1, [logical_test2], …)

Contd…
NOT: The Excel NOT function receives a logical value
and simply returns the opposite logical value. If
supplied with the value TRUE, the NOT function
returns FALSE and if supplied with the value FALSE,
the function will return the value TRUE.
NOT (logical)

Contd…
IF: The Excel IF function tests a user-defined
condition and returns one result if the condition is
true, and another result if the condition is false. The
syntax of the function is:
IF (logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)
Where the arguments are as follows:
logical_test: The user-defined condition that is to be
tested and evaluated as either TRUE or FALSE
value_if_true: The result that is to be returned from the
function if the supplied logical_test evaluates to TRUE.
value_if_false: The result that is to be returned from the
function if the supplied logical_test evaluates to FALSE.

Contd…
Nesting the Excel IF Function
The IF function is frequently ‘nested’ in Excel. i.e. the
value_if_true or the value_if_false argument is
replaced with another call to the IF function (see
Example 3 below).
Excel 2003 allows up to 7 levels of nested IF
functions, but Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 allow up to
64 levels of nesting. For Example, the following
formula (which has 8 levels of nesting), will result in
an error in Excel 2003 but will work correctly in Excel
2007 or Excel 2010.

Lookup & Reference Functions
Lookup: The Excel LOOKUP function ‘looks up’ a
supplied value within a data set and returns the
corresponding value from a second data set. if the
function fails to find an exact match to the supplied
‘lookup’ value, it uses the largest value that is less than or
equal to the supplied ‘lookup’ value.
LOOKUP (lookup_value, lookup_vector,
result_vector)

Contd…
Hlookup: The Excel Hlookup function ‘looks up’ a
given value in the top row of a data array (or table),
and returns the corresponding value from another row
of the array.
HLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array,
row_index_num, [range_lookup] )
Where the function arguments are as follows on next
slide…

Contd…
Vlookup: The Excel Vlookup function ‘looks up’ a
given value in the left-hand column of a data array
(or table), and returns the corresponding value
from another column of the array.
VLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array, col-
index_num, [range_lookup] )

Contd…
Index: The array format of the index function is the
most basic form of the function, and is used when you
want to look up a reference to a cell within a single
range.
INDEX (array, row_num, col_num )

Contd…
Areas: The Excel Areas function takes an Excel
reference and returns the number of areas that make
up the reference.
AREAS (Reference )

Contd…
Choose: The Excel Choose function retrns a value
from a list, that corresponds to a supplied index
number.
it may help to think of the Choose function as a function
that returns the nth entry in a given list.
CHOOSE (index_num, value1, [value2], …)
Where the arguments are as follows:
index_num: An integer value, which specifies the index
of the item to be returned.
value1, [value2], … : A list of one or more values that
you want to return a value from.

Contd…
Transpose: The Excel Transpose function
‘transposes’ an array of cells (ie. The function copies
a horizontal range of cells into a vertical range and
vice versa).
To input an array formula, you need to first highlight the
range of cells for the function result. Type your function
into the first cell of the range, and press
CTRL+SHIFT+Enter.
TRANSPOSE (array)

Contd…
Row: The Excel Row function returns the first row
number within a supplied reference, or if no reference
is supplied, the function returns the number of the
current row in the currently active Excel spreadsheet.
The syntax of the Row function is:
ROW ( [reference] )

Contd…
Rows: The Excel Rows function takes an Excel
Range and returns the number of rows that are
contained within the range.
ROWS (array)

Contd…
Column: The Excel Column function returns the first
column number within a supplied reference, or if no
reference is supplied, the function returns the number
of the current column in the currently active Excel
Spreadsheet.
The syntax of the Column function is:
COLUMN ( [reference] )

Contd…
Columns: The Excel Columns function receives an
Excel range and returns the number of columns that
are contained with the range.
COLUMNS ( array )

Financial Functions
Terms
• The Rate argument is a fixed percent value applied
during the life of the loan.
• The PresentValue is the current value of the loan or
investment. It could be the marked value of the car, the
current mortgage value of a house, or the cash
amount that a bank is lending.
• The FutureValue is the value the loan or investment
will have when the loan is paid off.
• The NPeriods is the number of periods that occur
during the lifetime of the loan. For example, if a car is
financed in 5 years, this value would be (5 years * 12
months each = 60 months). When passing this
argument, you must remember to pass the right
amount.

Contd…
FV (Future Value): to calculate the future value of
an investment, you can use the FV() function.
The syntax of this function is:
FV (Rate, Periods, Payment, PresentValue,
PaymentType)

Contd…
NPER (Number of Periods): To calculate the
number of periods of an investment or a loan, you can
use the NPER() function.
Its syntax is:
NPER (Rate, Payment, PresentValue,
FutureValue, PaymentType)

Contd…
PMT (Investment or Loan Payment): The PMT()
function is used to calculate the regular payment of
loan or an investment.
its syntax is:
PMT (Rate, NPeriods, PresentValue,
In the following example, a custorer is applying for a
car loan. The cost of the car will be entered in cell B3. It
will be financed at a rate entered in cell B5 for a period
set in cell B6.

Contd…
Suppose that, during the evaluation, a customer decides that
she doesn’t need a brand new car anymore. Also, she thinks
that a 5-year car loan is too long. Furthermore, she wants to
make a $4500.00 down payment to reduce the monthly
payments. On the other side of the desk, the salesperson who
wants to make a juicy commission on this loan has decided to
increase the interest rate.

Contd…
Change the new values of the worksheet as follows
and see the result.

Contd…
 The Amount Paid as Interest During a Period:
When a customer is applying for a loan an investment
company must be very interested to know how much money it
would collect as interest. This allows the company to know
whether the loan is worth giving. Because the interest earned is
related to the interest rate, a company can play with the rate
(and also the length) of the loan to get a fair (?) amount.
- The IPMT() function is used to calculate the amount paid as
interest on a loan during a period of the lifetime of a loan or an
investment. It is important to understand what tis function
calculates. Suppose a customer is applying for a car loan and
the salesperson decide (or agrees with the customer) that the
loan will be spread over 5 years (5 years * 12 months each = 60
months). The salesperson then applies a certain interest rate.

Contd…
IPMT: The IPMT() function can help you calculate the
amount of interest that the lending institution would
earn during a certain period. In essence, you can use
it to know how much money the company would earn
in the 3rd year, or in the 4th year, or in the 1st year.
Based on this, this function has an argument called
Period, which specifies the year you want to find out
the interest earned in.
The syntax of the IPMT() function is:
IPMT (Rate, Period, Nperiods, PresentValue,

Contd…
The Amount Paid as Principal:
While the IPMT() function calculates the amount paid as
interest for a period of a loan or an investment, the
PPMT() function calculates the actual amount that
applies to the balance of the loan. This is referred to as
the principal.
Its syntax is:
PPMT (Rate, Period, Nperiods, PresentValue,

Contd…
The arguments are the same as described in the
previous sections.

Contd…
The Interest Rate:
Suppose a customer comes to a car dealer and wants to buy a
car. The salesperson would first present the available cars to
the customer so the customer can decide what car he likes.
After this process and during the evaluation, the sales person
may tell the customer that the monthly payments would be
$384.48. The customer may then say, “Wooooh, I can’t afford
that, man”. Then the salesperson would ask, “What type of
monthly payment suits you”. From now on, both would
continue the discussion. Since the salesperson still wants to
make some money but without losing the customer because of a
high monthly payment, the salesperson would need to find a
reasonable rate that can accommodate an affordable monthly
payment for the customer.

Contd…
The RATE() function is used to calculate the interest
applied on a loan or an investment.
Its syntaxis:
RATE (NPeriods, Payment, PresentValue,
FutureValue, PaymentType, Guess)

Contd…
IRR (The Internal Rate of Return): The IRR()
function is used to calculate an internal rate of return
based on a series of investments.
Its syntax is:
IRR (Values, Guess)

Contd…
The values argument is a series (also called an array or a
collection) of cash amounts that a customer has made on an
investment. For example, a customer could make monthly
deposits in a savings or credit union account.
Another customer could be running a business and receiving
different amounts of money as the business is flowing (or losing
money). The cash flows don’t have to be the same at different
intervals but they should (or must) occur at regular intervals such
as weekly (amount cut from a paycheck), bi-weekly (401k directly
cut from paycheck monthly (regular investment), or yearly
(income).
The values argument must be passed as a collection of values,
such as a range of selected cells, and not an amount. Otherwise
you would receive an error.
The Guess parameter is an estimate interest rate of return of the
investment.

Contd…
NPV Net Present Value: The NPV() function uses a
series of cash flows to calculate the present value of
an investment.
Its syntax is:
NPV (Rate, Value1, Value2, …)

Contd…
The Rate parameter is the rate of discount during one
period of the investment.
As the NPV() function doesn’t take a fixed number of
arguments, you can add a series of values as Value1,
Value2, etc. These are regularly made payments for
each period involved. Because this function uses a
series of payments, any payment made in the past
should have a positive value (because it was made
already). Any future payment should have a negative
value (because it has not been made yet).

Convert Functions
Weight Convert: Converts a number from one
measurement system to another. For example,
CONVERT can translate a table of weight in gram to a
table of weight in slug.

Contd…
Distance Convert: Converts a number from one
measurement system to another. For example,
CONVERT can translate a table of distances in inch to
a table of distances in foot.

Contd…
Time Convert: Converts a number from one
measurement system to another, For Example,
CONVERT can translate a table of time in year to a
table of time in hour.

Contd…
Temperature Convert: Converts a number from
one measurement system to another. For example,
CONVERT can translate a table of temperature in
Celsius to a table of temperature in Fahrenheit.

Array Functions (Database)
An array formula is a formula that works with an
array, or series, of data values rather than a single
data value.
SUMIF, COUNTIF AND AVERAGEIF

Contd…
S# Staf's Full Name Position Salary Workplace _ Main Fsub
1 Fareed, Habibi Admin 25,000؋ Main Salary 108000 70000
2 Momin, Karimi Vice 10,000؋ Fsub # of Employees 11 7
3 Fawad, Atayee Coordinator 12,000؋ Main Salary Average 9818.182 10000
4 Aziz, Azizi ICT Teacher 11,000؋ Main
5 Haroon, Amiri ICT Teacher 8,000؋ Main
6 Ismail, Fanos English Teacher 12,000؋ Fsub
7 Asad, Sahei English Teacher 12,000؋ Fsub
8 Jawid Science Teacher 5,000؋ Fsub
9 Musawer Science Teacher 10,000؋ Fsub
10 Murad, Amani Science Teacher 11,000؋ Fsub
11 Feroz, Amiri Science Teacher 10,000؋ Fsub
12 Sanaullah Science Teacher 12,000؋ Main
13 Musawer, Sahil English Teacher 9,000؋ Main
14 Fazulrabi Art Teacher 8,000؋ Main
15 Shabnum English Teacher 8,000؋ Main
16 Bakht Beik Guard 7,000؋ Main
17 Sebghat Guard 3,000؋ Main
18 Ekram Controller 5,000؋ Main
Asman Institute's Main Database
_ Main
Salary =SUMIF(E3:E20,H2,D3:D20)
# of Employees =COUNTIF(E3:E20,H2)
Salary Average =AVERAGEIF(E3:E20,H2,D3:D20)

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