My experiments with truth
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 in western India. He faced discrimination as an Indian living in South Africa, experiences that influenced his later activism for Indian independence. He helped organize Indian stretcher bearers to assist British soldiers in the Zulu War of 1906. After returning to India in 1915, Gandhi led several nonviolent civil disobedience campaigns against British rule, including the Salt March of 1930. While initially supporting Britain during World War II, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence through nonviolent protests and the Quit India movement. He was imprisoned by the British for most of the war.
My experiments with truth
- 1. My Experiments with Truth. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
- 2. Born October 2, 1869 Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India Died January 30, 1948 (aged 78) New Delhi, Union of India Cause of death Assassination Nationality Indian Other names Mahatma Gandhi
- 3. Education University College London Known for Indian Independence Movement Political party Indian National Congress Religious beliefs Hinduism Spouse's Kasturba Gandhi Children Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas
- 4. Early life
- 5. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbander, a coastal town in present- day Gujarat, Western India, on October 2, 1869. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, was the diwan (Prime Minister) of the eponymous Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth.
- 6. Growing up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that would play an important role in his adult life; these included compassion to sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds.
- 7. Gandhi and his wife Kasturba (1902)
- 8. In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba," and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. However, as was also the custom of the region, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days; earlier that year, Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had passed away.
- 9. Mohandas and Kasturbai had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained an average student academically. He passed the matriculation exam for Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat with some difficulty. While there, he was unhappy, in part because his family wanted him to become a barrister.
- 10. Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914)
- 11. In South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination directed at Indians. Initially, he was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg, after refusing to move from the first class to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket. Traveling further on by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from many hotels.
- 12. In another of many similar events, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered him to remove his turban, which Gandhi refused. These incidents have been acknowledged as a turning point in his life, serving as an awakening to contemporary social injustice and helping to explain his subsequent social activism. It was through witnessing firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa that Gandhi started to question his people's status within the British Empire, and his own place in society.
- 13. Sergeant Major M. K. Gandhi, British Armed Forces South Africa (1906)
- 14. Role in Zulu War of 1906 Bambatha Rebellion In 1906, after the British introduced a new poll-tax, Zulus in South Africa killed two British officers. The British declared a war against the Zulus, in retaliation. Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimize their claims to full citizenship. The British, however, refused to offer Indians positions of rank in their military. However, they accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a stretcher bearer corps to treat wounded British soldiers. This corps was commanded by Gandhi. On July 21, 1906, Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion: opportunity of a thorough training for actual warfare.”
- 15. "The corps had been formed at the instance of the Natal Government by way of experiment, in connection with the operations against the Natives consists of twenty three Indians". Gandhi urged the Indian population in South Africa to join the war through his columns in Indian Opinion: “If the Government only realized what reserve force is being wasted, they would make use of it and give Indians the opportunity of a thorough training for actual warfare.”
- 16. In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time.
- 17. Struggle for Indian Independence (1916–1945) Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda and Champaran satyagrahas.
- 18. Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha, although in the latter it was indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Suppressed by the militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme poverty. The villages were kept extremely dirty and unhygienic; and alcoholism, untouchability and purdah were rampant. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing. The situation was desperate.
- 19. In Kheda in Gujarat, the problem was the same. Gandhi established an ashram there, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. He organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils, as accounted above.
- 20. Sabarmati Ashram, Gandhi's home in Gujarat
- 21. Swaraj and the Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) Gandhi at Dandi, April 5, 1930
- 22. Gandhi launched a new satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930, highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from March 12 to April 6, marching 400 kilometres (248 miles) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.
- 23. At 10 Downing St., 1931
- 24. The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to set all political prisoners free in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. As a result of the pact, Gandhi was also invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists, as it focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than the transfer of power.
- 25. World War II and Quit India Mahadev Desai (left) reading out a letter to Gandhi from the viceroy at Birla House, Bombay, April 7, 1939
- 26. World War II broke out in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Initially, Gandhi had favored offering "non-violent moral support" to the British effort, but other Congressional leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India into the war, without consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen elected to resign from office en masse. After lengthy deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom, while that freedom was denied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from Indian shores.
- 27. Jawaharlal Nehru sitting next to Gandhi at the AICC General Session, 1942
- 28. Gandhi was criticized by some Congress party members and other Indian political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Some felt that opposing Britain in its life or death struggle was immoral, and others felt that Gandhi wasn't doing enough. Quit India became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale. Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence. He even clarified that this time the movement would not be stopped if individual acts of violence were committed, saying that the "ordered anarchy" around him was "worse than real anarchy." He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo Ya Maro ("Do or Die") in the cause of ultimate freedom.
- 29. Gandhi's handwriting, on a note preserved at Sabarmati Ashram
- 30. Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay by the British on August 9, 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life. His 50-year old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 6 days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment in February 22, 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. Although the Quit India movement had moderate success in its objective, the ruthless suppression of the movement brought order to India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership.
- 31. On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed while having his nightly public walk on the grounds of the Birla Bhavan (Birla House) in New Delhi. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu radical with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November 1949. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (Devanagari: हे ! राम or, He Rām), which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed.
- 32. Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation through radio: “Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.”
- 34. Funeral ceremony of the father
- 35. Raj Ghat: Gandhi's ashes at Aga Khan Palace (Pune, India).
- 36. A press photo published in The Manchester Guardian, February 18, 1948, showing Mahatma Gandhi's ashes being carried through the streets of Allahabad.
- 37. Charlie Chaplin with Gandhi
- 38. On a round table conference at London
- 39. Gandhi at Dandi, April 5, 1930
- 40. Sarojini Naidu with Gandhi
- 44. Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Union Square Park, New York City
- 45. Gandhi Smriti (The house Gandhi lodged in the last 4 months of his life has now become a monument, New Delhi)
- 46. The centennial commemorative statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the center of downtown Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
- 47. Momument of Gandhi in Moscow
- 48. The Martyr's Column at the Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi, marks the spot where he was assassinated.
- 49. Rajghat in New Delhi, India marks the spot of Gandhi's cremation in 1948
- 50. It is our duty to preserve this Freedom! Carry this forward to the future! We did, We do, We will do!!! Set the celebration on Air, Share your Joy, Vande Mataram! Jai Hind
- 51. It was in Pietermaritzburg that Gandhi was thrown out of a train for not being white. It was from here that Nelson Mandela challenged the might of the white supremacy. Mandela moved mountains with his pacifist approach. The results are there for the world to see.
- 52. “An eye for an eye can make the whole world blind” -M.K Gandhi.