Myanmar Factsheet Updated in 2016-IPR SME HELPDESK

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IP Factsheet: MYANMAR
© South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk 2016
WWW.SOUTHEASTASIA IPRHELPDESK.EU
Co-funded by:
European Union
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THE FACTS: Business in Myanmar for EU
Companies
SIZE of Market
Key INDUSTRY SECTORS
IPR in Myanmar for SMEs: BACKGROUND
Intellectual Property Rights for SMEs: Why
is this RELEVANT to you?
Myanmar BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
How does Myanmar’s IP legal framework
compare to INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS?
IP Rights in Myanmar: THE BASICS
A. Copyrights
B. Patents and Industrial Designs
C. Trade marks
D. Geographical Indications (GIs)
E. Trade secrets
Using CUSTOMS to Block Counterfeits
Customs in Myanmar: What you need to
know
Enforcing your IP
Criminal enforcement
Civil enforcement
RELATED LINKS and Additional Information
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SIZE of Market (Source: DG Trade) :
EU exports in goods to Myanmar in 2015: EUR 548 million
EU imports in goods from Myanmar in 2015: EUR 675 million
Total trade in goods in 2015: EUR 1,223 million
EU exports in services to Myanmar in 2014: EUR 312 million
EU imports in services from Myanmar in 2014: EUR 183 million
Total trade in services in 2014: EUR 495 million
> In 2015, Myanmar ranked 100th
among the EU’s trading partners. Conversely,
the EU is Myanmar’s 6th largest trading partner overall (accounting for 3.6% of
Myanmar’s total external trade in 2015), following China, Thailand, Singapore,
Japan and India. (Source: DG Trade)
Challenges include:
• Government inefficiencies, corruption and transparency;
• Unclear legal, judicial and bureaucratic systems;
• Large need for infrastructure and skilled labour.
1. THE FACTS: Business in Myanmar for EU Companies
(Source: DG Trade )
Key INDUSTRY SECTORS - 2015 (Source: DG Trade) :
> EU exports to Myanmar are dominated by i) Machinery and appliances
(32.8%); ii) Transport equipment (21.4%) and iii) Products of the chemical or
allied industries (18.6%).
> EU imports from Myanmar are dominated by i) Textiles and textile articles
(62.6%), ii) Vegetable products (14.0%) and (iii) Pearls, precious metals and
articles thereof (6.9%).
Myanmar GDP in 2015: EUR 60.4 billion (Source: DG Trade)
Myanmar GDP growth in 2015: 7.0% (Source: DG Trade)

South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk - IP Factsheet: MYANMAR2
2. IPR in Myanmar for SMEs: BACKGROUND
Intellectual Property Rights for SMEs: Why is this RELEVANT to
you?
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), as intangible assets, are a key
factor in the competitiveness of businesses in the global economy.
IP is a primary method for securing a return on investment in
innovation, and is particularly relevant to Small and Medium-sized
Enterprises (see EC definition at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/
policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/sme-definition/index_en.htm)
when they internationalise their business to areas such as
South-East Asia. Not only is IP a way to help SMEs protect their
innovations from competitors, IP assets can also be an important
source of cash-flow for SMEs through licensing deals or selling IP,
as well as a significant pull-factor when attracting investors.
Although SMEs often have limited time and resources, it is
important to be aware of how IP can be valuable to businesses.
IPR infringement is one of the most common concerns for
businesses when dealing with South-East Asian countries, and
could lead to loss of business, revenue, reputation and competitive
advantage, both in South-East Asia and in core domestic markets,
unless proactive steps are taken to protect IP and deter potential
infringers.
EU SMEs generally used to having business dealings in other
South-East Asian countries would have to take a different
approach in protecting their IPR with respect to Myanmar as IP
registrations are not yet available in the country.
Myanmar BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Myanmar is the second largest country in South-East-Asia with a
population estimated to be over 60 million. Approximately 85%
of the population is Buddhist. The national language is Burmese,
though English is widely spoken for business in Yangon.
Due to Myanmar’s closed door policy, and its conservative
approach to foreign investment developed through nearly five
decades of military rule, foreign investments in Myanmar in the
past were limited to a few sectors, such as transport equipment
and machinery. Now the scenery is clearly changing and Myanmar
is entering a new era of modernization. Most recently, on 18
October 2016, the Myanmar Investment Law 2016 (MIL) was
enacted, consolidating the Foreign Investment Law 2012 and the
Citizens Investment Law 2013, which will both be repealed upon
the new law entering into force. In the past few years, foreign
investors in Myanmar relied on the Foreign Investment Law 2012
and ministerial notifications, which were issued from time to
time, for clarification on the scope of activities in which foreign
investment is prohibited or restricted in the country. According
to data released by the Directorate of Investment and Company
Administration (DICA), foreign direct investment in Myanmar
achieved a record high of USD 9.4 billion (approx. EUR 8.6 billion)
in the 2015/16 fiscal year, which ended in March 2016.
Currently, foreign investors that wish to carry out business
activities in Myanmar can incorporate a foreign owned limited
liability company, register a branch of a foreign company, operate
as a sole proprietor or establish a partnership.
Foreign investors wishing to form a company in Myanmar should
do so under the Myanmar Companies Act 1914 (MCA). Following
the enactment of the new MIL, foreign investors are required to
obtain a permit from the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC)
if they wish to participate in the following business activities in
Myanmar:
• Businesses activities that are strategic for the country;
• Capital intensive investment projects;
• Projects which have a large potential impact on the
environment and the local community;
• Business activities which use state-owned land and buildings;
and
• Other business activities which are designated by the
government to require the submission of a proposal to the
MIC.
The MIL also expressly prohibits the following types of business
activities in Myanmar;
• Business activities which may bring hazardous or poisonous
waste into the country;
• Business activities which may bring technologies, medicines,
flora and fauna and instruments which are still being tested
abroad or which have not obtained relevant approvals for
use, planting and cultivation except for investments made for
the purpose of research and development;
• Business activities which may affect the traditional culture
and customs of the racial groups within the country;
• Business activities which may affect public health;
• Business activities which may cause significant damage to
the natural environment and ecosystem; and
• Business activities which manufacture goods or provide
services that are prohibited in accordance with applicable
laws.
Registration under the MCA consists of two main steps: (i) the
application for a Trade Permit; followed by (ii) registration with
the Companies Registration Office. Registration solely under the
MCA requires capital of USD 50,000 (approx. EUR 45,500) for

services companies and USD 150,000 (approx. EUR 137,000)
for manufacturing companies. DICA provides template forms
for Memorandums of Association and Articles of Association,
which cannot be altered without specific permission. Other
documents required are passport copies of each of the company’s
individual directors and shareholders and Board Resolutions of
the shareholding company. A minimum of two directors and two
shareholders are required.
Due to the nature of business activities of SMEs, an application
for an MIC permit is not typically required. Nonetheless, pursuant
to the new MIL, any investor can, upon the law entering into force,
submit an “endorsement application” to the MIC to apply for the
benefits provided under the MIL, which includes tax exemptions
and customs relief.
Apart from incorporating a limited company as detailed above,
foreign investors can also opt to open a Branch Office (BO) or a
Representative Office (RO) under Section 27 of the MCA—both a
branch office and an RO must obtain a permit and registration.
The documents to be presented with the permit application
include: (i) a company’s board resolutions to establish the office
in Myanmar; and (ii) passport copies of the company’s individual
directors and shareholders.
In an application to establish an RO in Myanmar, the directors
need to sign an undertaking stating that they will not trade in the
country. There are restrictions on revenue generating activities
for both entities. An RO has a representative function of a foreign
company in Myanmar. It can undertake market surveys and give
advice to a local partner with whom your company would partner.
It can also interact with clients here in Myanmar, provided that
the advice activity is not revenue generating. A BO can act on a
much broader scale and be directly involved in product quality
control, for instance. Furthermore, there is no limit as to the
number of employees a BO would hire. As to an RO, there can be
a maximum of two employees. Due to the nature of BOs and ROs,
and particularly the applicable restrictions on revenue generating
activities, this option is commonly used only by foreign banks and
insurance companies, and is less preferred by SMEs.
The legal environment in Myanmar is rapidly changing, with new
laws constantly being introduced to replace its archaic legislative
framework. The latest list of prohibited and restricted business
activities for foreign investors can be found in the Myanmar
Investment Commission’s list No. 26/2016, issued on 21 March
2016. With the enactment of the new MIL, which seeks to inject
clarity into the existing investment framework and has been
criticized as lacking transparency, more ministerial notifications
• Uncertainty on the general legal framework of the
country can impact on ways to protect your IP.
• Consider taking a specific approach to protect your
IPR in relation to Myanmar as IP registrations are
not yet available in the country. Therefore, you would
need to create an ad hoc strategy to protect your IP in
the country.
• It is recommended to seek the advice of local experts
to follow policy and legal developments and plan a
proper strategy for your business growth in Myanmar.
IP TIPS and WATCH-OUTS in Myanmar!
and guidelines are expected to be released in the near future to
administer the provisions under the new law.
How does Myanmar’s IP legal framework compare to
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS?
Myanmar’s legal framework for IPR is not yet up to international
standards.
Myanmar is currently not a signatory to the Paris Convention for
the Protection of Industrial Property or any other multilateral trade
mark treaty. Although it is a WTO member, Myanmar is classified
as a Least-Developed Country (LDC) and as such it is not required
to apply almost any of the provisions of the WTO 'Agreement
on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights' (TRIPS)
until at least 1 July 2021. As an LDC, Myanmar also enjoys the
WTO TRIPS drug patent exemption, which has been extended
until January 2033. Myanmar does have a commitment, however,
to not discriminate in its treatment of national and foreign
economic operators, or of different foreign ones. Myanmar’s IP
laws are currently in the process of being drafted (this is being
spearheaded by the Office of the Attorney-General in cooperation
with the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology), and the
previous government under President Thein Sein has issued draft
laws for industrial designs, patents, trade marks, and copyright,
inviting public opinion and consultations. These IP laws will have a
significant impact on business, and they should make Myanmar a
more attractive country for investment. This is because IP owners
will be better able to protect their IP rights in the country. In
particular, the Industrial Designs Bill provides for the establishment
of an IP office and also specialised IP courts in Myanmar to carry
out IP-related functions on behalf of the government and to
adjudicate IP-related disputes respectively.
3South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk - IP Factsheet: MYANMAR

3. IP Rights in Myanmar: THE BASICS
A. Copyrights
WHAT are Copyrights?
Copyright is a legal term used to describe exclusive rights granted
to authors, artists and other creators for their creations. These
rights, generally, include: copying; publishing; translating; adapting
and altering; distributing; etc. and are granted automatically
following the creation of the work.
Copyrights in Myanmar: What you need to know
Copyright for written work, film, music or software may be
difficult for foreign companies to enforce in Myanmar under the
current Myanmar Copyright Act of 1914 (CA 1914). Copyrights
from other countries are not recognized in Myanmar and there
are no procedures for registering foreign copyrights in Myanmar.
Notwithstanding its accession to the TRIPs Agreement, Myanmar
has yet to implement national treatment principles into local
laws. Myanmar is not a signatory to the Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property, nor is it a signatory to the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
The CA 1914 provides and outlines copyright of original literature
and dramatic and artistic work if: (a) in the case of a published
work, the work was first published within Myanmar; and (b) in the
case of an unpublished work, the author was a citizen of Myanmar
or “within” Myanmar when the work was created.
According to the CA 1914, infringement of copyright is actionable
in both criminal and civil courts. The owner of the copyright may
be able to appeal to the courts to institute criminal proceedings
against the infringer under the Act. Punishment with regards
to infringement consists of a fine not exceeding Kyats 500
(approximately EUR 0.38), but this is expected to increase. Making
or possessing plates for the purpose of producing counterfeit
copies shall be punishable with a fine, which is also up to a
maximum of Kyats 500 (approximately EUR 0.38). For any
subsequent offence the penalty is imprisonment for up to one (1)
month or a fine to a maximum of Kyats 1,000 (approximately EUR
0.76), or both.
In Myanmar no specific mechanisms exist for search, seizure and
disposal of property relating to copyright. However, the general
provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code relating to search,
seizure and disposal of property can be applied. Sections 101 –
103 allow for any search to be made in the presence of at least
two witnesses who are respectable inhabitants of the locality
and will be required to sign the list to attest to its accuracy. The
proprietor of the place searched may be present during the search.
However, based on the latest Copyright Bill issued in July 2015,
which implements national treatment, copyright protection
will cover works created by nationals of other state members
that adhere to treaties or conventions related to copyright. The
protection will principally last for the lifetime of the creator and an
additional fifty (50) years after his or her death. The infringement
of copyright is considered both a criminal and civil offence.
How LONG does legal protection last?
In relation to domestic copyrights recognised under the CA 1914,
the duration of the protection for literature and, dramatic, musical
and artistic work under copyright lasts the life of the author and
fifty (50) years after his/her death. However, in any case where
the sound can be mechanically reproduced, the original piece of
work will only be protected for fifty (50) years after creation.
HOW do I register?
Currently, there is no registration procedure in Myanmar. Copyright
protection under the CA 1914 arises automatically at the time of
the creation of a recognised work.
• Copyrights from other countries are not recognized
and there are no procedures for registering foreign
copyrights in Myanmar.
• There may be strategies to protect IP in lieu of
traditional copyright rules and companies should
determine whether some combination of trade mark
rules and existing laws such as the Television and
Video Law of 1996 may be used to protect certain
rights.
Copyrights TIPS and WATCH-OUTS in Myanmar!
For more information on copyright protection in Myanmar check out our
South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk Guide to Copyright Protection in South-
East Asia, which is available to download from our website - http://www.
southeastasia-iprhelpdesk.eu/sites/default/files/publications/Copyright_
english.pdf

B. Patents and Industrial Designs
WHAT are Patents and Industrial Designs?
A patent is a right granted to the owner of an invention to prevent
others from making, using, exploiting, importing or selling the
invention without his permission. A patent may be obtained for
a product or a process that gives a new technical solution to a
problem or a new method of doing things, the composition of a
new product, or a technical improvement on how certain objects
work.
An industrial design protects a specific appearance of a product
embodied by three-dimensional configurations, lines, colours, or
a combination of these elements. In order for an industrial design
to be granted, the design must be new, creative and have an
industrial application.
Patents and Industrial Designs in Myanmar: What you need to
know
Although the Burma Patents and Designs (Emergency Provisions)
Act 1946 came into force upon the repeal of the Burma Patents
and Designs Act 1945 in 1993, there is presently no law in
operation on patents and industrial designs, while only draft laws
are pending approval. This means that production, commercial use
and trade in goods is possible without permission of the people/
companies who may hold the patents or design rights outside
Myanmar.
Consequently, in order to seek protection for their products, most
entrepreneurs have to invest large amounts in protecting their
trade marks through the means locally available in Myanmar so
that they can protect at least their brand reputation and goodwill
from illegal action related to their products and businesses.
Owners of design rights may also seek to rely on passing off in
enforcing their design rights in Myanmar, although the efficacy of
the courts in hearing design-related passing-off cases remains to
be seen.
With regard to pharmaceutical products, the National Drug Law
has been promulgated since October 1992 and notifications
were issued in August 1993 pertaining to drug registration,
drug manufacturing, importing, selling and distribution, labelling
and advertisements. In January 1995, The Food and Drug
Administration Department was established under the Ministry
of Health. There are two committees, namely the Drug Advisory
Committee, to supervise drug registration matters, and the
Central Food and Drug Supervisory Committee, to supervise drug
manufacturing and importation.
There are currently drafts of the Patent Law and Industrial Designs
Law, issued in July 2015, which are summarized below:
Draft Patent Law
Chapter 5 of the draft patent law holds that a patent must be
novel, have an inventive step, and be industrially applicable. The
term of a patent is twenty (20) years from the date of the patent
application, and annuity fees are to be paid to the registrar for the
prescribed periods to maintain the patent registration. Any court
proceedings relating to patents will follow the provisions that are
enacted for IP courts under the law on industrial designs (see
paragraph below).
Draft Industrial Design Law
According to the present draft law, to be eligible for protection,
industrial designs must be original and novel. The term of
a registered industrial design will be five (5) years from the
application date, and it could be renewed for two (2) additional
terms of five (5) years each. The maximum duration of a
registered industrial design will be fifteen (15) years.
As mentioned above, the Industrial Designs Bill provides for the
establishment of an IP office and IP courts, which will serve as the
executive and judicial arms in the administration and enforcement
of IP rights in Myanmar.
• There is presently no functioning system of patent
and design protection in Myanmar. Companies should
be aware of this limitation and discuss with counsel
what strategies may be available.
• In order to seek protection for your products, you
can consider emphasising trade mark protection
in Myanmar to protect your brand reputation and
goodwill from illegal action related to your business.
Patents and Industrial Designs TIPS and WATCH-OUTS
in Myanmar
!
For more information on patent protection in Myanmar, check out our
South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk Guide to Patent Protection in South-
East Asia, which is available to download from our website - http://www.
southeastasia-iprhelpdesk.eu/sites/default/files/publications/EN_patent.pdf

C. Trade Marks
WHAT are Trade Marks?
There is still neither a particular statute nor a law on trade
marks nor specific provisions regarding registration of trade
marks in Myanmar today. However, the Penal Code 1860 defines
a trade mark as “a mark used for denoting that goods are the
manufactured merchandise of a particular person”. References to
trade marks can also be found in various legislation, such as the
Criminal Procedure Code, the Private Industrial Enterprise Law and
the Merchandise Marks Act.
Trade Marks in Myanmar: What you need to know
A company may acquire a right of property in a mark in Myanmar
by using it on - or in connection with - the company’s goods or
services, if it can be shown that the public understands the mark
to indicate goods made by a particular manufacturer or sold
by a particular company/merchant. This understanding would
accumulate goodwill in such a mark.
While there is no trade mark registration legislation in Myanmar,
a practice has developed by which the person purporting to be the
trade mark owner may make a Declaration of Ownership with
respect to that trade mark and register that Declaration with the
Office of Registration of Deeds in Yangon or Mandalay under
the Registration Act 1908. Once the Declaration is registered, it is
customary and advisable to publish a Cautionary Notice in local
newspapers warning people not to infringe that trade mark.
Enforcement can thereafter be pursued (a) under Sections 478-
480 of the Myanmar Penal Code; (b) against infringement under
Section 54 of Myanmar’s Specific Relief Act and under the
Myanmar Merchandise Marks Act and (c) under the common law
tort of passing off. The ‘law of passing off’ essentially prevents
other traders from unfairly riding on the reputation and success
that SMEs have built for their trade mark. Three factors need to
be proved before a claim of passing off can succeed: (i) that a
company has established a connection to their trade mark through
actual use within Myanmar; (ii) that the defendant has made a
misrepresentation to the public that his goods or services are in
some way associated or connected with them; (iii) as a result, the
company has suffered damage to its brand’s reputation due to
such misrepresentation by the defendant.
Myanmar generally relies on the principles of the system of
common law. The registration of a Declaration of Ownership of
a trade mark can be used as a relevant factor for the purpose of
determining when the SMEs intend to claim the ownership of the
trade mark, but this will not by itself give a full right of property in
that trade mark. Thus, as with common law trade marks in other
jurisdictions, a Myanmar trade mark needs to have established a
reputation or “use” in Myanmar in order to be enforceable. SMEs
shall be aware that they should actually use the trade mark
within the territory. A registration of a Declaration of Ownership
and publishing a Cautionary Notice do not automatically give the
owner of a trade mark the necessary “use” in Myanmar or vest
rights of that trade mark.
Registration of a Declaration of Ownership of a trade mark can be
refused under the following circumstances:
• Where the trademark is likely to be objectionable on moral or
legal grounds;
• Where the trademark is likely to hurt the religious
susceptibilities of any class of citizens of Myanmar;
• Where the Declaration of Ownership of the trademark lends
itself to be used as an instrument of fraud or is obscure;
• Where the trademark is a colorable imitation of a currency
note; or
• Where the trademark bears the image of General Aung San.

The draft Trademark Law issued in July 2015
Based on the current Trademarks Bill issued in July 2015, the
term of a registered trade mark will be ten (10) years from the
filing date, and can be perpetually renewed for additional ten (10)
year terms. Furthermore, both domestic and foreign owners of
marks could apply for trade mark registration under this law. Court
proceedings will be under the jurisdiction of IP courts which are
expected to be created in accordance with the provisions in the
Industrial Designs Bill.
Importantly, trade mark owners who have registered a Declaration
of Trade Mark Ownership with the Office of Registration of Deeds
under the Registration Act before this law comes into force will
have to apply for a new registration under the new law, and there
will be no transitional period. International trade mark owners are
also able to claim priority over their international trade marks.
There is no trade mark registration available in Myanmar at
present. The “registrations” of Declaration of Ownership are, in
practice, valid for three (3) years from the date of registration and
may be “renewed” by reregistering a Declaration and re-publishing
a Cautionary Notice.
HOW do I register?
A Declaration in the prescribed form must be completed by the
person purporting to be the trade mark owner for each trade mark,
and must be executed before a Notary Public.
A description of the goods or services on or in connection with
which the trade mark is used and a clear representation of the
mark must be included in the Declaration.
A Power of Attorney must be executed (by the same party who
signs the Declaration) appointing local counsel to be the attorney
of the trade mark owner for the purposes of registering the
Declaration(s) at the Office of Registration of Deeds.
A non-compulsory Cautionary Notice (which may include details
of more than one mark) should be published in local newspapers,
either in the English language, Myanmar language or both.
WHO can register?
Citizens of Myanmar and foreigners.
Which LANGUAGES can I use?
For foreign applicants, the Declarations of Ownership and Power
of Attorney are submitted in English, and must be accompanied by
a translation in Burmese. Cautionary Notices can be published in
English, Burmese or both.
How much does it COST?
Registration fees:
1) Official fee (including stamp duty): Kyats 8,000 (approximately
EUR 6.10)
2) Agent fee: Kyats 130,000 to Kyats 520,000 (approximately
EUR 100 to EUR 400)
• Myanmar’s existing system allows the recordal of
your marks with the Office of Registration of Deeds
under the Registration Act.
• The registration of a Declaration of Ownership of a
trade mark by a person, though a relevant factor for
the purpose of determining when he had intended to
claim the trade mark as his/hers, will not by itself give
him/her a right of property in that trade mark. The
registration of the Declaration and publication of the
Cautionary Notice only serve to establish prima facie
“use” of the trade mark in Myanmar for evidentiary
purposes in any future dispute or passing-off action.
They do not in and of themselves create any legal
or proprietary right to the relevant trade mark. It is
important that you establish a reputation or “use” in
Myanmar in order to enforce ownership.
• Trade mark searches/inspections of the official
register of Declarations are not currently permitted.
However, because the Cautionary Notices are
published in the newspaper, private collections of
Cautionary Notices can be searched as a guide to
whether a Cautionary Notice for a mark has been
published.
• In case of litigation, it will be sufficient in court to
prove imitation if there exists a similarity between the
two marks which could in certain circumstances be
considered to be conceived to deceive the consumers.
• A trade mark or name which is primarily descriptive of
an article, of its composition or mode of manufacture,
must be open to everyone and cannot be claimed for
exclusive use by one trader.
• An owner of a trade mark has no right to prohibit
other persons from the use of such mark in
connection with goods of a totally different character.
Trade Marks TIPS and WATCH-OUTS in Myanmar!
D. Geographical Indications (GIs)
There is currently no law on Geographical Indications (GIs) in
Myanmar, while the current Trademark Bill, issued in July 2015,
also contains a chapter on GIs. GIs may nonetheless be registered
by way of a Declaration of Ownership, subject to the discretion of
the Registrar at the Office of Registration of Deeds.
E. Trade Secrets
There is currently no law on trade secrets in Myanmar and no
draft law is available in this respect. Trade secrets are typically
governed by Non-Disclosure Agreements. In addition, Chapter IX
of the Competition Law 2015, which will enter into force on 24
February 2017, prohibits the disclosure of confidential information,
categorising it as an act of unfair competition.

4. Using CUSTOMS to block counterfeits
HOW can Customs help in protecting IP?
The Myanmar Customs Department is a governmental agency
of the Ministry of Finance. Customs provide examination and
investigation on goods imported and exported in accordance
with existing laws, rules and regulations and take action against
incompliance; they work in co-operation and co-ordination
with other allied law enforcement agencies and support the
development of trade and national economic development.
Customs in Myanmar: What you need to know
The Sea Customs Act 1878 prohibits export or import by land or
sea of goods with a counterfeit trade mark. Under sections 170
and 171, a Customs officer is authorized to stop and search any
person, vessel or vehicle on the grounds of reasonable suspicion.
WHAT can be registered?
Myanmar Customs Department provides a recordal system for
trade marks upon application of the trade mark owner. Goods
bearing the recorded trade mark imported by any party other
than the local company granted with distributorship rights will be
detained at customs.
In addition, the IPR holder may inform the customs of suspected
importation of infringing goods by notifying Customs when he/
she is aware of specific import of counterfeits for Customs to take
action.
Based on the current practice of the Myanmar Customs
Department, a customs recordal is valid in perpetuity, and there is
no requirement to renew it.
HOW do I register?
The requirements and procedures for voluntary recordal are as
follows:
a) Application letter from the right holder or the authorized
agent (law firm) addressed to the Director General, Myanmar
Customs Department, Yangon;
b) Contract between local company (authorized distributorship)
and the right holder;
c) Authorization letter of distributorship to the local company
from the right holder / Distributorship agreement between
local company and right holder (legalized and notarized at
the nearest Myanmar embassy from the country of the right
holder);
d) Trade mark sample;
e) Registered declaration of the ownership of trade mark in
Myanmar;
f) Publication of cautionary notices in the newspaper;
g) Power of attorney from right holder to law firm (legalized and
notarized at the nearest Myanmar embassy); and
h) Description of product.
The application should be delivered to the Dispatch Unit of
customs. The application will be forwarded from the Director
• Right owners can submit an application of customs
recordal, and they can notify customs officers to
suspend the customs clearance of specific goods
suspected of being counterfeit. Furthermore, Customs
officers have ex-officio power to confiscate suspected
counterfeit goods.
• As IP owner, you should closely work with Customs
and try and provide trainings on your goods to help
Customs identify counterfeits to trigger the ex-officio
action.
Customs TIPS and WATCH-OUTS in Myanmar!
General to the Director of Import/ Export to the Staff Officer who
will review the application.
Upon successful application, a notification of the protection from
the importation of counterfeited goods will be issued to the
applicant. If all required information/documentation have been
provided, the application will be processed within one-two (1 – 2)
weeks.
To our knowledge, the officers strictly require all documents listed
above to approve the application and have rejected applications
where item b) had been omitted due to sensitive commercial
details included in the document.
CONTACT DETAILS
Myanmar Customs Department
No.132, Strand Road, Kyauktada Township, Yangon City, Myanmar.
Tel: 951-391435, Ext 150
Email: mcd.ygn@mptmail.net.mm
WHO can register?
Both local and foreign rights owners can submit a customs
recordal application.
Which LANGUAGES can I use?
Applications must be submitted in Burmese. Foreign rights owners
can submit applications in English, but they must be accompanied
by a translation in Burmese.
How much does it COST?
The recordal application does not involve any fee. However, the
application has to be affixed with a 1,000 MMK (approximately
0.70 EUR) stamp.
Myanmar Customs Department provides a
recordal system for trade marks upon application
of the trade mark owner.

5. ENFORCING your IP
Besides Customs seizures, there are two (2) main avenues
for enforcement in Myanmar: criminal enforcement and civil
enforcement. In Myanmar, intellectual property rights are not
subject to special codified legislation, and are resembled to
general property rights. The enforcement avenues reflect the
current system. Currently, IPR infringement cases are handled
through a rather complicated judicial system with no less than
5 (five) judiciary levels: the Township, District, State or Regional
Courts and the Supreme Court. It explains why disputes are usually
amicably solved by negotiations or conciliations.
Criminal Enforcement
An effective strategy for enforcement of trade marks and
protection of trade names is through criminal action under the
Myanmar Penal Code 1860.
Criminal action under the Penal Code is possible against a person
using a false trade mark or a counterfeit trade mark, making or
possessing any instrument for counterfeiting a trade mark or
selling goods marked with counterfeit trade marks (according to
Sections 482, 483, 485 and 486 of the Penal Code). To initiate
a criminal enforcement action, the rights owner or its authorised
distributor must first lodge a police complaint, supported by a
compiled dossier of evidence. Pursuant to the police’s investigation,
a raid action can be carried out to seize the counterfeit goods.
The accused person can be exempted if he/she can prove the
following:
• The counterfeiting was done in innocence due to a lack of
knowledge on how to differentiate between counterfeit and
genuine products; and
• Information identifying and disclosing to the authorities the
main source of counterfeit goods.
Punishment ranges from a fine to three (3) years imprisonment.
Additionally, the court may order the destruction of the seized
goods, by drawing upon powers conferred by the Merchandise
Marks Act.
Civil Enforcement
A trade mark owner can launch a civil suit against an infringer in
Myanmar for trade mark infringement (under Section 54 of the
Specific Relief Act) to obtain a permanent injunction. In addition,
the owner may claim damages caused by such infringement.
Under the Civil Procedure Code, when a complaint is filed and the
accused does not expressly deny the allegation, this is deemed
an admission (unless the accusation is made against a disabled
person). This mechanism significantly expedites civil procedure in
trade mark infringement cases in Myanmar.
To prove the 'actual use’ in Myanmar is very important to achieve
a better right over a mark. According to the current practice, as
theoretically more than one person can claim the ownership of the
same mark, SMEs shall be aware that using a mark first and prior
to another party, will be very helpful to establish IP rights over
such mark. The Declaration of Ownership can be used as ‘prima
facie evidence’ of ownership or use if a dispute is brought before
the court. A declaration judgment is not available in Myanmar.
In practice, the Myanmar court gives significant weight to the
proprietorship of a trade mark by use. As a result, in case of a
dispute, evidence of use becomes necessary to prove trade mark
ownership to the court. Therefore, the relevant date would be the
registration date of the Declaration and the first date of use of
the mark in Myanmar.
IPRs infringement cases are handled by the Township, District,
State or Regional Courts and the Supreme Court according to
the amount requested for compensation. Disputes can also be
amicably solved by negotiations or third party mediation.

IPRs infringement cases are handled by the
Township, District, State or Regional Courts
and the Supreme Court according to the
amount requested for compensation. Disputes
can also be amicably solved by negotiations or
third party mediation.
can also be amicably solved by negotiations or
third party mediation.
• In Myanmar, there is no system for registration of trade
marks or for a statutory title to a trade mark. Thus, the
rights of the parties setting up rival claims to ownership
of a trade mark must be determined in accordance with
the principle of common law based on ‘prior use’ rather
than ‘first to file’.
• To prove the 'actual use’ of a trade mark in a civil
suit in Myanmar is very important to achieve a better
right over a mark. According to the current practice,
as theoretically more than one person can claim the
ownership of the same mark, you shall be aware that
using your mark first and prior to another party will be
very helpful to establish IP rights over your mark.
• Due to the rather complicated judicial system in
Myanmar, when possible, it is recommended to
solve your IP disputes amicably by negotiations or
conciliations for the sake of efficiency and time saving.
• Criminal action under the Penal Code is possible against
a person using a false trade mark or a counterfeit
trade mark, making or possessing any instrument for
counterfeiting a trade mark or selling goods marked
with counterfeit trade marks.
Enforcement TIPS and WATCH-OUTS in Myanmar!
However, under the Specific Relief Act, any person entitled to any
rights to any property, including intellectual property, may start a
lawsuit against any person denying, or interested in denying, his or
her title to such right. The court may, upon its discretion, make a
declaration that he or she is so entitled.
Passing Off:
In common law countries such as Myanmar, rights owners can
rely on passing off in enforcing their trade mark rights. The law
of passing off allows a trader who has accumulated goodwill
in a trade mark to take action against third parties who have
misrepresented the latter’s unrelated goods as the trader’s
goods, by taking advantage of the trader’s reputation in the trade
mark, at the trader’s expense. An enforcement action lies where
there is a tangible possibility of damages to some business or
trading activity. It is not necessary to prove a fraudulent motive
or representation of intentional harm but can also be caused by
negligence. In terms of damages that can be claimed with such
action, the "injured party" is generally entitled to nominal damages
(generally in a very small amount) if no actual damage is proved.

11
6. RELATED LINKS and Additional Information
> Visit the South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk website for
further relevant information, such as how to deal with
business partners in the ASEAN region.
> Visit the Helpdesk blog www.yourIPinsider.eu for related
articles on IP in South-East Asia and China.
> The Law Library of Congress of Myanmar: www.loc.gov/law/
foreign-news/article/burma-amended-foreign-investment-
law-published and www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/2015-
Myanmar-Investment-Bill-V2-24-02-2015.pdf.
> Visit the website of the European Chamber of Commerce in
Myanmar at eurocham-myanmar.org for support and more
information on doing business in Myanmar.
South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk - IP Factsheet: MYANMAR

WWW.SOUTHEASTASIA IPRHELPDESK.EU
For more information please contact the Helpdesk:
15th
Floor, The Landmark, 5B Ton Duc Thang Street,
Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel: +84 8 3825 8116
Fax: +84 8 3827 2743
E-mail: question@southeastasia-iprhelpdesk.eu
Website: www.ipr-hub.eu
Blog: www.yourIPinsider.eu
The South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk provides free, business-focused advice relating to South-East Asia IPR to European Small and
Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
Helpdesk Enquiry Service: Submit further questions to the Helpdesk via phone or email (question@southeastasia-iprhelpdesk.eu), or
visit us in person and receive free and confidential first-line advice within three working days from a South-East Asia IP expert.
Training: The Helpdesk arranges training on South-East Asia IPR protection and enforcement across Europe and South-East Asia,
tailored to the needs of SMEs.
Materials: Helpdesk business-focused guides and training materials on South-East Asia IPR issues are all
downloadable from the online portal.
Online Services: Our multilingual online portal (www.ipr-hub.eu) provides easy access to
Helpdesk guides, case studies, E-learning modules, event information and webinars.
Guide last updated: October 2016
© South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk 2016
Download guide:
Disclaimer:
The contents of this publication do
not necessarily reflect the position
or opinion of the European
Commission. The services of the
South-East Asia IPR SME Helpdesk
are not of a legal or advisory nature
and no responsibility is accepted for
the results of any actions made on
the basis of its services. Before
taking specific actions in relation to
IPR protection or enforcement all
customers are advised to seek
independent advice.
Guide developed in collaboration with Tilleke & Gibbins
Project implemented by:
An initiative co-funded by the European Union
European Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam

Myanmar Factsheet Updated in 2016-IPR SME HELPDESK

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