Mycotoxin
- 2. What are mycotoxin ? • Mycotoxin term refers, • Myco = fungus • Toxin =poisonous substance • Which toxic part produced or secreted by the fungi is called mycotoxin.
- 3. They are secondary metabolite which are secreted by major genera of fungi. Basically this are moulds. Major genera of molds :- 1. Aspergillus 2. Penicillium 3. Fusarium
- 4. Types of mycotoxin 1) Aflatoxin 2) Patulin 3) Ochratoxin 4) Luteoskyrin 5) Sterigmatocystin 6) Penicillic acid 7) Roquefortine
- 5. • This toxin are the harmful or highly toxic to animals and human being. • Mycotoxin are highly stable and difficult to destroy by traditional food processing.
- 6. Aflatoxin • Aflatoxin is the name of group of toxin that are produced by Aspergillus 1. Aspergillus flaves 2. Aspergillus parasiticus
- 7. Different chemical form of aflatoxin • Two major aflatoxin are 1. B1 2. G1 • When these toxin exposes on U.V.Light • They show the fluoresce 1. B1 –blue 2. G1 - green
- 8. • Other chemical form of aflatoxins are 1. B2 2. G2 • They are dihydro derivatives of B1 and G1. 1. M1 2. M2 • They are hydroxyl derivative of B1 and B2.
- 9. • Aflatoxin B1 are the most toxic then other forms of aflatoxin. • M1 and M2 are less toxic then parent compound. • They are all highly oxygenated heterocyclic compound. • The primary target organ for aflatoxin is liver , so it cause liver cancer. • It is carcinogenic for mice, sheep and ducklings.
- 10. Patulin • First isolated and described as an antibiotic. • Structurally synonyms of clavantin, mycoin C, penicidin. • White crystal in pure state • M.p. =110.5°C • M.wt = 154 • They are sensitive to Sulphur dioxide, unstable in alkali, stable in acid.
- 11. Toxicity • They have carcinogenic properties for mice. • Some animals are sensitive for patulin. • Considered as potential human carcinogen. • Patulin producing strain isolated from food and animal feed. e.g. –apple sap, apple cidar, apple juice.
- 12. Antibiotic ability • It is use as antibiotic ,effective against many m.o. e.g. -0.1% concentration of patulin inhibit the E.coli and S.aureus.
- 13. Producing mould • Penicillium expansum • Penicillium claviforme • Penicillium patulum • Panicillium urticae • Aspergillus giganteus • Aspergillus clavatus
- 14. Ochratoxin • Isolated from food stuff:- • Corn • Wheat • White beans • Peanut Scott in 1965 isolated 22 fungi which are toxic to ducklings . This toxin specially produced by Aspergillus ochraceus.
- 15. Other producing species • A.ostianus • A .petrakii • A. alliceus • P .cyclopium • P. commune
- 16. Forms of ochratoxin • Ochraroxin A –green • Ochratoxin B –blue • Ochratoxin A are structurally achlorinated isocoumarin derivete with an amide bond to phenylalanine. • Ochratoxin B is dicholoroderivative of ochratoxin A .
- 17. TOXICITY • It is toxic for ducklings ,rats , chicks and other animals. • It 1/3 rd toxic as aflatoxin.
- 18. luteoskyrin • It is produced by 1. Penicillium isolandicum • It is hepatotoxic to animal but • Not as carcinogenic.
- 19. sterigmatocystin • Structure similar to aflatoxin • It is carcinogenic . • It is 1/10 or 1/100 as aflatoxin.
- 20. Penicillic acid • Isolated from oats ,rice , wheat and corn. • Carcinogenic ability • Produces by moulds
- 21. Roquefortine • Reported in blue cheese • Produced by P. roqueforts • Act as neurotoxin.