Mycotoxin
Download as PPTX, PDF51 likes14,694 views
This document discusses mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds produced by fungi. It provides background on mycotoxins, including their origin in fungi, mechanisms of toxicity, history, major types, and factors affecting their production. The document also summarizes the health impacts of mycotoxin exposure and discusses interventions and prevention strategies.
Mycotoxin
- 1. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY-2 Prepared By: Md. Nahian Rahman Institute of Nutrition and Food Science 15th Batch, University of Dhaka.
- 2. Key Points Introduction Origin of Mycotoxin Mechanism Of Toxicity History Types of Mycotoxin Factors affecting the production of mycotoxin Effects of Mycotoxins in Foods Health impact Intervention Prevention Conclusion
- 3. Introduction A mycotoxin {from Greek (mykes, mukos) means "fungus" and (toxikon) means"poison“} , a toxic secondary metabolite which is produced by organisms of the fungi kingdom, commonly known as molds. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi. One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and the same mycotoxin may be produced by several species. 300-400 compounds are recognized as mycotoxins, many received attention as human threats . Mycotoxins are associated with human disease and cause acute and chronic effect
- 4. Origin of Mycotoxin Most fungi are aerobic (use oxygen) and are found almost everywhere in extremely small quantities due to the minute size of their spores. They consume organic matter wherever humidity and temperature are sufficient. Where conditions are right, fungi proliferate into colonies and mycotoxin levels become high. The reason for the production of mycotoxins is not yet known; they are not necessary for the growth or the development of the fungi. Because mycotoxins weaken the receiving host, the fungus may use them as a strategy to better the environment for further fungal proliferation. The production of toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments and the toxins vary greatly in their severity, depending on the organism infected and its susceptibility, metabolism, and defense mechanisms.
- 5. Mechanism Of Toxicity Bind to DNA and RNA Alters protein synthesis and functions (e.g. enzymes) Oxidative stress (e.g. lipid peroxidation) Depletes antioxidants Alters cell membrane function and transport Potent mitochondrial toxins (numerous mechanisms) Alters apoptosis
- 6. History The term mycotoxin was used for the first time in 1961 in the afterward of a veterinary crisis in England, during which thousands of animals died. The disease was linked to a peanut meal , incorporated in the diet, contaminated with a toxin produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus. Mycotoxicosis in horses first reported in 1931 (Ukraine) Massive numbers of horses died with gastrointestinal bleeding. “Chemical Defence system” of the fungi or mold.
- 7. Types of Mycotoxin Aflatoxins : B1, B2, G1, and G2. Ochratoxin: Ochratoxin A (OTA), Ochratoxin B (OTB), Ochratoxin C (OTC) Citrinin: Ergot Alkaloids Patulin Fusarium: Fumonisins , Trichothecenes , zearalenone. T-2 Toxin, Deoxyniba-lenol (DON) or Vomitoxin- Natural Toxic
- 8. Factors Affecting the production of mycotoxin 1.Physical factors i) Temperature and ERH during storage: Temperature (40 - 90o F ; 4 - 32o C), Relative Humidity (> 70%) ii) Aeration -Oxygen (1-2%) iii) Light iv) Mechanical damage (e.g. to shells of nut) 2. Chemical factors i) Nutritional factors,Including inorganic ions ii) Use of fungistats 3. Biological Factors i) Strain of organism ii) Competitive growth of fungi iii) Microbial detoxication
- 12. Long term Health Impact Food poisoning and vomiting (vomitoxin) Aflatoxicosis (aflatoxin) Aplastic anemia (bone marrow failure) and bleeding (trichothecenes) Acute pulmonary hemorrhage Cancer (aflatoxins) Birth defects (fumonisins) Tricothecenes inhibit protein synthesis Ochratoxins and citrinin cause nephropathy and immunosuppression Even Death can occur
- 13. Short term Health Impact Vomiting Abdominal pain Hepatitis Impaired growth Itchy eyes Nausea Fatigue Increased respiratory tract infection Difficulty in concentrating Lethal dose for adults: 10-20 mg
- 14. INTERVENTIONS To reduce airborne exposures to molds: Keep indoor areas dry Fix all leaks and clean up flooding within 24 hours Do not smoke indoors To reduce foodborne exposure to aflatoxin: Protect agricultural crops from moisture during both growth and post-harvest storage Do not eat grains with visible mold Computer models to predict mycotoxin levels
- 15. INTERVENTIONS AFTER FLOODS Tetanus booster Food & water safety Sanitation & hygiene Power outages Carbon monoxide Animal & insects Cleanup Mold and mycotoxins Electrical hazards Reentering flooded buildings
- 16. PREVENTION AND EDUCATION Protect child and pregnant woman from ingesting or inhaling mycotoxins Foods (especially grains) Water-damaged, moldy homes Folic acid supplements for women Protect agricultural crops Growth Post-harvest Education Community leaders Consumer knowledge Human Health Effects of Mycotoxin Exposure
- 17. Conclusion Mycotoxins toxicology has bought out many adverse effects in human health and many outbreaks have occurred all over the world costing many life's. If carefully observed this toxication can be prevented. Still many new methods of preventing the toxin can be found out through research in future.