MYSQL DATABASE Operating System Part2 (1).pptx

 In the beginning, computers were extremely large machines that ran
from a console. In general, tape drivers or card readers were used for
input, and tape drives, punch cards, and line printers were used for
output. Users had no direct interface with the system, and job
execution was done in a batch system. These systems are known as
batched operating systems, and users have to prepare a job
separately to execute it.
 In the early 1950s, General Motors Research Laboratories
(GMRL) introduced the first Single-Stream batch processing
systems. It only executed one job at a time, and data was sent in
batches or groups. The batch operating system eliminates the setup
time issue.

 Batch processing was very popular in the 1970s. The jobs were
executed in batches. People used to have a single computer known
as a mainframe. Users using batch operating systems do not
interact directly with the computer. Each user prepares their job
using an offline device like a punch card and submitting it to the
computer operator. Jobs with similar requirements are grouped and
executed as a group to speed up processing. Once the programmers
have left their programs with the operator, they sort the programs
with similar needs into batches.

 A multiprogramming operating system may run many programs
on a single processor computer. If one program must wait for an
input/output transfer in a multiprogramming operating system,
the other programs are ready to use the CPU. As a result, various
jobs may share CPU time. However, the execution of their jobs is
not defined to be at the same time period.
 When a program is being performed, it is known as a "Task",
"Process", and "Job". Concurrent program executions improve
system resource consumption and throughput as compared to
serial and batch processing systems.

There are mainly two types of multiprogramming operating systems. These are as follows:
 Multitasking Operating System - A multitasking operating system enables the execution
of two or more programs at the same time. The operating system accomplishes this by
shifting each program into and out of memory one at a time. When a program is
switched out of memory, it is temporarily saved on disk until it is required again.
 Multiuser Operating System- A multiuser operating system allows many users to share
processing time on a powerful central computer from different terminals. The operating
system accomplishes this by rapidly switching between terminals, each of which receives
a limited amount of processor time on the central computer. The operating system
changes among terminals so quickly that each user seems to have continuous access to
the central computer. If there are many users on a system like this, the time it takes the
central computer to reply can become more obvious.

 There are various examples of multiprogramming operating systems, including
download apps, transfer data, MS-Excel, Google Chrome, Firefox browser, and
many more apps. Other examples are Windows O/S, UNIX O/S, Microcomputers
such as XENIX, MP/M, and ESQview.

 Time-sharing is a technique that enables many people located at various terminals to
use a particular computer system simultaneously. Time-Sharing is the logical extension
of multiprogramming. In this time-sharing Operating system, many processes are
allocated with computer resources in respective time slots. In this, the processor's time is
shared with multiple users. That's why it is called a time-sharing operating system. It
has a fixed time slice for the different processes. Its main purpose is interactive response
time.

 In operating systems, to improve the performance of more than one
CPU can be used within one computer system called Multiprocessor
operating system.
 Multiple CPUs are interconnected so that a job can be divided
among them for faster execution. When a job finishes, results from
all CPUs are collected and compiled to give the final output. Jobs
needed to share main memory and they may also share other system
resources among themselves. Multiple CPUs can also be used to run
multiple jobs simultaneously.

 A distributed operating system (DOS) is an essential type of
operating system. Distributed systems use many central processors
to serve multiple real-time applications and users. As a result, data
processing jobs are distributed between the processors.
 It connects multiple computers via a single communication channel.
Furthermore, each of these systems has its own processor and
memory. Additionally, these CPUs communicate via high-speed
buses or telephone lines. Individual systems that communicate via a
single channel are regarded as a single entity. They're also known
as loosely coupled systems.

 There are various types of Distributed Operating systems. Some of them are as
follows:
1. Client-Server Systems
2. Peer-to-Peer Systems
3. Middleware
4. Three-tier
5. N-tier

 An Operating system, which includes software and associated
protocols to communicate with other autonomous computers via a
network conveniently and cost-effectively, is called Network
Operating System. It allows devices like a disk, printers, etc., shared
between computers. The individual machines that are part of the
Network have their operating system, and the Network Operating
System resides on the top of the individual machines. Since
individual machines have their Operating System to access
resources from other computers, they have to log into another
machine using the correct password. This feature also results in no
process migration, and processes running at different machines
cannot communicate. The transmission control protocol is the
common network protocol.

 A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a special-purpose operating system used
in computers that has strict time constraints for any job to be performed. It is
employed mostly in those systems in which the results of the computations are
used to influence a process while it is executing. Whenever an event external to
the computer occurs, it is communicated to the computer with the help of some
sensor used to monitor the event. The sensor produces the signal that is
interpreted by the operating system as an interrupt. On receiving an interrupt,
the operating system invokes a specific process or a set of processes to serve the
interrupt.

 RTOS is used in real-time applications that must work within specific deadlines.
Following are the common areas of applications of Real-time operating systems are
given below.
1. Real-time running structures are used inside the Radar gadget.
2. Real-time running structures are utilized in Missile guidance.
3. Real-time running structures are utilized in on line inventory trading.
4. Real-time running structures are used inside the cell phone switching gadget.
5. Real-time running structures are utilized by Air site visitors to manipulate
structures.
6. Real-time running structures are used in Medical Imaging Systems.
7. Real-time running structures are used inside the Fuel injection gadget.
8. Real-time running structures are used inside the Traffic manipulate gadget.
9. Real-time running structures are utilized in Autopilot travel simulators.

 An embedded operating system is a computer operating system designed for use
in embedded computer systems. It has limited features. The term "embedded
operating system" also refers to a "real-time operating system". The main goal of
designing an embedded operating system is to perform specified tasks for non-
computer devices. It allows the executing programming codes that deliver access
to devices to complete their jobs.

 The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) introduced embedded operating systems in
the 1960s, while Linux and Android are more new developments to the market.
The AGC is a non-profit organization that promotes each Apollo command module
(ACM), and Apollo Lunar Module (ALM) had it installed. The AGC offered
computation and electronic interfaces for the navigation, guidance, and control of
the spacecraft.
 Since then, embedded computer systems have gone a long way, and the evolution
appears to be far from over, owing to advancements in microcontroller technology
from 8-bit to 16-bit, and eventually 32-bit. Since embedded computer systems are
growing more complex, operating systems have grown essential to manage
embedded software effectively.

 There are various popular embedded operating systems. Some of them are as follows:
 eCos
 It stands for 'Embedded Configurable Operating System', and all of its components provide a
wide range of configuration options. The eCos operating system may support a wide range of
popular embedded CPUs.
 mbed OS
 It is a free and open-source embedded operating system that offers a systematic and
comprehensive environment for intelligent hardware development.
 VxWorks
 Wind River Company firstly introduced it in 1983. It is supported with task synchronization,
memory efficiency management, and other features.
 µC/OS-II:It is introduced based on the μC/OS principle. μC/OS-II may handle 64 tasks and
provide various functionalities such as interrupt services, task scheduling, memory
management, synchronization, and time management.

 FreeRTOS
It is a lightweight operating system that supports the priority scheduling algorithm. It provides
various functionalities like memory management, message queue, task management, semaphore,
time management, etc.
 QNX
QNX was created in 1980 and is a commercial embedded real operating system that requires the
POSIX specification to compile.
 µ Clinux
It stands for 'Micro-Control Linux', and it is the latest version of embedded Linux. It is capable of
grab all features of the Linux operating system.
 Embedded Operating System Uses
The embedded operating system is commonly used in various areas, including car navigation
systems, multimedia players, airplane navigation systems, and medical equipment.

 Car navigation system
The car navigation system is a small computer system with a touch screen that enables the driver to navigate numerous
menus such as audio playback, radio, GPS and route mapping, fuel level, hands-free calls, and tire pressure monitoring
systems. All of these tasks are performed by the computer to improve the driving experience.
 Parking Metering
Smart city parking meters use the embedded system to manage the user input and track time and costs. Depending on
the design, these devices contain a variety of built-in functions. For example, some sensors detect vehicle entry and exit,
while others require the driver to enter the parking space or vehicle license. A user interface offers the driver options,
including defining the expected return time and paying appropriately.
 Medical Equipment
Medical equipment automatically monitors bio constants, administers drugs. If the bio constants exceed or fall below a
threshold value, it alerts the staff. As a result, it may help doctors treat the patients, monitor health issues, and save
their lives.
 The navigation system of a plane
The navigation system of a plane is a good instance of a real-time operating system. The main computer of an airplane
is connected to most control systems such as the wing, engine, pressure controls, and safety. As a result, it is specifically
built to work inside a plane and help with takeoff, landing, and emergency operations.

MYSQL DATABASE Operating System Part2 (1).pptx

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