nanrobots.pdf
- 1. Nanorobots (Movies Recall ) •the 1966 movie Fantastic Voyage. •Animated children’s series The Magic School Bus, where Ms. Frizzle shrunk the eponymous vehicle to pinpoint size to dive into an unfortunate student’s blood vessels. By Mohie-Aldien Elsayed Sherief Professor of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine,Benha University
- 2. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale to produce new structures, materials and devices. a medical micro/nanorobot is defined as an un-tethered micro/nanostructure that contains an engine capable of transforming diverse types of energy sources into mechanical force aimed toward performing a medical procedure. Medical Nanomachines and Nanorobots-are defined as nanomachines capable of operating with nano-sized objects and with nano-scale-precision. • Nano-robots are also known as nanobots, nanoids,nanites, nano-machines or nanomites. • Medical nano-machines are designed to perform: single or repetitive tasks in biological cells with.nano-scale resolution.
- 3. Current Nanoscience, 2015, 11, 000-000
- 6. Shuttles are nanorobots that are capable of transporting chemicals like drugs to specific, targeted regions. The goal is to combine shuttles with nanorobot motors so that the shuttles are capable of a greater degree of movement through an environment. Nanorobotic “cars” are the most advanced nanodevices at the moment, capable of moving independently with prompts from chemical or electromagnetic catalysts. The nanomotors that drive nanorobotic cars need to be controlled in order for the vehicle to be steered, and researchers are experimenting with various methods of nanorobotic control. Nanorobotics researchers aim to synthesize these different components and technologies into nanomachines that can complete complex tasks, accomplished by swarms of nanobots working together. Nanorobotic switches operate by being prompted to switch from an “off” state to an “on” state. Environmental factors are used to make the machine change shape, a process called conformational change. The environment is altered using processes like chemical reactions, UV light, and temperature, and the nanorobotic switches shift into different forms as a result, able to accomplish specific tasks. Types.of.Nano-robots
- 9. Nano Robotics has following components: Power Supply: Supplier of energy for the device operation and function •Capacitors: storing electrical energy that could be used to propel the nanobot •Chemical reactions with blood •Tethered power sources •Non-tethered power source. •wires could be made out of miniature fiber optic cables, sending pulses of light down the wires and having the actual electricity be generated within the nanobot. Payload: This section carries small dosage of medicine. Swimming Tails and Fins: Required for the propulsion and navigation of Nano-robot in the body. Ultrasonic Signal Generator: Required for targeting and destroying kidney stones Camera: Required for navigating Nano robot through the body Lasers: Burns the harmful materials like cancer cells, blood clot, etc.
- 10. a Feringa’s molecule (the rotor) 1)Under irradiation with suitable wavelength of visible spectrum, one part of a Feringa’s molecule (the rotor) rotates continuously with respect to another one (the stator, the fixed part) around the carbon-carbon double bond in the center of it. This process is caused by cis-trans isomerization which is a result of the irradiation. 3)Actuators (artificial molecular machines-A power source ) – Supplier of energy for nanodevice operation and functions. Two types of energy sources are available fornano-machines: external and internal power sources. 2)biomotors. Their common properties are: 1) they run on chemical fuel (usually ATP), 2) they are made of soft materials of limited durability, 3) they operate in a narrow range of environmental conditions such as temperature and pH, 4) they are hard to control and finally 5) they are very complex. Much is still unknown about their structure and possible operations and there are still problems with detecting how much chemical fuel has already depleted.
- 11. Control (Nano-sensors) are the devices that exploit changes of conductivity in nano-tubes or nano-wires. Although they are still several micrometres in size, it should be possible to make them shorter and still keep their sensing capabilities . We can even achieve sensitivity to different chemicals by suitably functionalizing the sensing elements. This can be done by attaching various chemical groups to them chemical sensors : 1)detection of the deflection of a cantilever caused by surface stresses (when a chemical binds on one of the two sides of the cantilever) and 2) measure the shift in the resonance frequency of a vibrating cantilever when its mass increases Tactile sensing may be used for instance for identifications of marine microorganisms. Braitenberg’s vehicle. It is a device capable of steering towards a light source using two sensors and two motors OtherMain Components of a Typical Nanorobot • Swimming tail – Needed for traversing through the body.. • Signal receiver and transmitter – A nanorobot must have the ability to communicate that allows a human to physically guide therobot as it transverses the body.
- 12. Liquid-crystal. elastomers A Biosensor is an instrument for the measurement, identification and trans- formation of biological events
- 13. high efficiency, capacity of self-replicating,;cheap and especially available in nature Rotaxanes, atype of ATPase consisting of a spindle core inside a fixed wheel, are used as a syntheticdesign like natural engines
- 14. Summary of dendrimer applications in biosensors
- 15. Major propulsion mechanisms of biological micro swimmers Major propulsion mechanisms of artificial micro swimmers The magnesium reacted with water in the fluids, generating H2bubbles →pushed the tiny robots forward. The incorporation of Fe3O4 shell on Mg NP.enables the water-driven nanobot to be magnetically guided and functionalized to perform various important tasks •NaHCO3in the fluids also helped to propel the robots and ↑ their ability to bind to cancer cells. A nanobot could emit ultrasonic signals orMRI.that could be traced to locate the position of the nanobots, and the robots could then be guided to specific areas with the use of a special tool that directs their motion Magnetic fields can be used to catalyze electrical currents within a closed conducting loop contained onboard the nanobot. As a bonus, the magnetic field could also be used to control the direction of the nanobot.
- 16. Non-exhaustive list of examples of nano-robots. N.a. = not available
- 17. sheets able to fold into tubular drug carriers. transport payloads (in pink). Note that since DNA nanorobots are well-defined molecules, their size in terms of nm is not always provided. Also, their speed is not reported to the same extent as for helices and nanorods.
- 18. Examples of nanorobots. (a) 200–300 nm glass propeller. (b) 200 nm thick artificial bacterial flagellum made by a chromium–nickel–gold head and an indium gallium arsenidegallium arsenide-chromium tail.. (c) Gold(Au)–nickel (Ni)–gold (Au)–polymer (PPyPSS) nano-rod loaded with an antiseptic drug (brilliant green, BG). (d) Fish-like 200 nm wide nanorod consisting of gold– nickel–nickel–gold segments with three flexible silver hinges linking the segments. (e) Hexagonal cage-like DNA robot able to transport payloads (in pink). Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Douglas (f) DNA nano-robots consisting of 90 nm × 50 nm × 2 nm sheets able to fold into tubular drug carriers
- 20. Medical Micro/Nano-robots in Precision Medicine Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203)
- 21. Application of nanotechnology for biomedical purposes
- 23. BiomaterialsVolume 260, November 2020, 120163
- 24. Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203) c) Developmental trends of emerging technologies a) Operation of micro/nanorobots in diverse regions of the body b) Characterization of medical micro/nanorobots based on their potential and ease of deployment
- 25. Nano Robots - Inside Our Bodies Nanorobots might be used as well to seek and break kidney stones. One interesting nanorobot utilization is also to assist inflammatory cells (or white cells) in leaving blood vessels to repair injured tissues. Heart attacks are caused due to the blockage of the coronary arteries. This technology will enable robots to travel in the blood stream to clear the blockage .The usage of nanorobots minimized the risk and the cost of the surgery. They are intelligent robots that store enormous amounts of information, like vaccines and antidotes for illnesses This technology will help common old age conditions, including spinal and back problems, and provide faster treatments for the ill. Nanorobots equipped with nanosensors could be developed to detect glucose demand in diabetes patients, as well as to inject stem cells for the pancreas. Another important capability of medical nanorobots will be the ability to locate stenosed blood vessels, particularly in the coronary circulation, and treat them either mechanically, chemically, or pharmacologically.
- 26. Controlling glucose level using nanorobots • The nanorobot can be programmed to activate sensors and measure regularly the BGLs early in the morning, before the expected breakfast time. • The nanorobot is programmed also to emit a signal on specified lunch times, and to measure the glucose levels in desired intervals of time. Nanorobots in cancer detection and treatment • Targeted-delivery of pharmaceutical agents to specific cellular and intracellular destinations within the human body. • Could be a very helpful and hopeful for the therapy of patients, since current treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy often end up destroying more healthy cells than cancerous ones. • It provides a non-depressed therapy for cancer patients.
- 27. Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203) Micro/nanorobot based delivery of pharmaceuticals. a) Ultrasound propelled nanowires for near‐IR triggered delivery of doxorubicin. b) Mg powered microrobot for stomach pH neutralization and sustain drug release. c) Biohybrid micromotor consisting of a magneto‐tactic bacterium transporting liposomes. . d) Magnetically powered microrotor with enzymatic biodegradation for triggered drug release..
- 28. Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203) Micro/nanorobot based delivery of biologics and genes. a) CaCO3 powered microrobot for the enhanced delivery of thrombin through flowing blood and halt hemorrhage. b) Accelerated catalytic reactivity of tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) mediated blood clot degradation by magnetically powered microrobots.. c) Use of Mg powered microengines to deliver virus vaccines in a mouse tumor model.. d) Sperm driven microrobot for heparin delivery capable of going against the flow.
- 30. Nano Surgery in Hospitals • An AFM – Atomic Force Microscope is developed into a surgical tool. The tip of it is attached to a lever. It helps to add or remove particles inside the cell without any harm. They can be injected into any precise location. We are able to monitor the cell in real time. It can be used in the treatment of kidney. • It is also used in laser surgery where femto-lasers acts as a pair of scissors. When laser pulse is injected inside a cell .It cuts the targeted cell without affecting the other parts.
- 31. ADVANTAGES •Rapid elimination of disease. •The microscopic size of nanomachines translates into high operational speed. •Faster and more precise diagnosis. •Non-degradation of treatment agents. •The major advantage of nanorobots is thought to be their durability, in theory, they can remain operational for years, decades or centuries. disadvantages • Possible food chain interruption. • Lack of knowledge. • Nano implements could adjust human DNA structure. • Environmental hazards; It causes Nano Pollutants. •They are using heavy metals such as gold, Silver and lead. It may lead to brain damage.
- 32. The general challenges faced in the development of nanorobots, regardless of their applications, involve: • Positional nano assembly that is inefficient in regards to building nano-devices, and this method does not incorporate nano- electronics, • DNA approach that cannot be employed to develop complex devices, and • Bacteria-based nanorobots, incorporating bacteria in the building of nanorobots, present a serious challenge, as bacteria is a living organism and therefore inappropriate due to safety reasons. Performance-wise, nanorobots depend on Brownian motion and electrical noise [17 • Microrobots must harvest energy for their movement • Microrobots must be compatible with their environmental necessities. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 10385 4 of 23
- 33. high costs, high complexity, and difficulties with the interface
- 34. 1. What is the toxicity of nanorobots and their constituents to humans and other organisms? 2. Are nanorobots more hazardous than previous generations of passive nanomaterials? 3. How many nanorobots are expected to be produced and used in the future? 4. What is the likely future exposure of nanorobots to humans and organisms in the environment? 5. In which ways can the propulsion and navigation of different nanorobots be obscured? 6. How can existing regulations be adapted to cover potential risks of active nanomaterials such as nanorobots? 7. How can nanorobots be designed to be safe? 8. How can the benefits of nanorobots be quantified and compared to the potential risks? 9. What is peoples' risk perception of nanorobots? 10. What are the main societal concerns related to nanorobots? related studies of - Ten questions recommended to be addressed in risk nanorobots
- 35. Environmental Approach The amplification of industrialism and the increased use of automobiles have affected pollution. The environmental systems can be assisted and corrected by nanorobots, as they will purify the oxygen and the carbon dioxide. Besides the atmosphere, these robots will dissolve wastes in sewers and purify the fresh water reservoirs. Nanorobots will control various unhealthy cycles in the future and prevent such illnesses from occurring, thus reducing the need for medication. Nanorobots are versatile technologies that purify the environment, in order to benefit other medical applications. They are able to monitor, diagnose and reconstruct biological structures. They will provide society with advanced treatments and antidotes to cure and prevent diseases. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment.
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- 37. Fractal Robots • Fractal robot is a new kind of robot made from motorized cubic bricks that move under computer control. • These cubic motorized bricks can be programmed to move and shuffle themselves to change shape to make objects likes a house potentially in a few seconds because of their motorized internal mechanisms. Example of a Dog shaped fractal robot changing into a couch
- 38. Main Components of a Typical Nanorobot • Payload – A vacant portion in a nanorobot design that reserves small dose of drug/medicine for onward delivering to an infection/injury site as it moves in the blood. • A power source – Supplier of energy for nanodevice operation andfunctions. Two types of energy sources are available fornanomachines: external and internal power sources. • Swimming tail – Needed for traversing through the body. • Motor and manipulator arms/mechanical legs – Structures usedfor different types of movements of nanomachines. • Signal receiver and transmitter – A nanorobot must have the ability to communicate that allows a human to physically guide the robot as it transverses the body.