National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act and E (expanded) - NIPAS Act of the Philippines
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The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 establishes a legal framework for the management of protected areas in the Philippines, aiming to conserve biodiversity and ensure sustainable resource use. The Expanded NIPAS Act of 2018 enhances this framework by including additional protected areas and addressing the complex overlap with indigenous peoples' ancestral domains. These acts emphasize the need for cooperation between national and local governments and stakeholders to effectively protect the country's natural resources.
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act and E (expanded) - NIPAS Act of the Philippines
- 1. NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM NIPAS Act of 1992 | E-NIPAS Act of 2018 Beverly Mae N. dela Cruz ENS 275 2nd Sem AY 2018-2019 Section TV1-Lec
- 4. Outline 04 03 02 01 Background History Mandates Implementation Purpose Timeline • Enactment • Amendments Declaration of Policy Administration and Management • Established Protected Areas • IRR Establishment and Extent Categories • Significance and Objectives
- 5. Environment sustains all forms of life - Importance of protecting and maintaining the natural biological and physical diversities of the environment LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM COOPERATION Effect of increasing population, resource exploitation and industrial advancement - Impact of man’s activities on the natural environment PRESSURES Critical protection on areas with biologically unique features to sustain human life and development, as well as plant and animal life BIODIVERSITY Effective administration through cooperation among national and local government, and concerned private organizations
- 6. Commitments Biodiversity conservation in the Philippines began to receive even more attention after the country became one of the signatories in the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity in the Rio de Janeiro “Earth Summit.”
- 7. RA 7568 of 1992 Also known as the NIPAS Act of 1992 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act.
- 8. NIPAS ACT of 1992 This law provides the legal and developmental framework for the establishment and management of protected areas (PAs) in the Philippines. PROTECTED AREAS It has a vital role in implementing one of the top ten major approaches of the Philippine Strategies for Sustainable Development. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- 9. NIPAS is the classification and administration of all designated protected areas: to maintain essential ecological processes and life- support systems to preserve genetic diversity to ensure sustainable use of resources found therein to maintain their natural conditions to the greatest extent possible
- 10. NIPAS ACT of 1992 The policy of the State to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the perpetual existence of all native plants and animals through the establishment of a comprehensive system of integrated protected areas within the classification of NATIONAL PARK as provided for in the Constitution. DECLARATION OF POLICY
- 11. Timeline of legislation (Part 1 of 2) 1932 1975 1987 1989 1991 1992 RA 3195 Establishment of National Parks (Game Refuges and Other purposes) EO 192 Reorganization of DEENR into DENR; Creation of Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) RA 7160 Local Government Code PD 705 Revising Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines Res. No. 37 Cabinet Approval of the Philippines Strategy for Sustainable Development RA 7586 NIPAS Act 1995 EO 263 Adopting Community- Based Forestry Management as National Strategy (SD of Forestlands’ Resources) 1998 RA 8550 Fisheries Code of the Philippines 1997 RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act RA 7942 Adopting Community- Based Forestry Management as National Strategy (SD of Forestlands’ Resources) Philippine Mining Act
- 12. Timeline of legislation (Part 2 of 2) 2001 2004 2005 2007 2009 2011 RA 9072 National Caves and Cave Resources Management Protection Act Joint AO 2005-01 Guidelines for Bioprospecting in the Philippines RA 9729 Climate Change Act PD 9237 Mt. Apo Protected Area Act Joint MC 2007-01 Management of Overlapping Pas and/or their Buffer Zones and Ancestral Domains/Lands EO 23 Total Log Ban (Natural and Residual Forests) 2013 EO 366 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) renamed to Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) 2018 RA 11038 E-NIPAS Act 2015 RA 10654 Amending Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 RA 9125 Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Act RA 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act RA 9154 Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park Act 2008 DAO 2008-26 Revised IRR of NIPAS Act of 1992
- 14. Philippine Forest Cover in Hectares over Time Sources: Cuevas, 1991; GIZ, 2012 Kummer 1992a, Moya and Malayang, 2004
- 15. Philippines Historical Population and Forest Cover Sources: Cuevas, 1991; GIZ, 2012 Kummer 1992a, Moya and Malayang, 2004
- 16. After 25 years…. 1992 RA 7586 NIPAS Act 1995 EO 263 Adopting Community- Based Forestry Management as National Strategy (SD of Forestland Resources) The need for harmonization EO 263 which adopted community-based forest management as the national strategy for the sustainable development of the country’s forest lands. https://ejatlas.org/conflict/illegal-logging-in-northern-sierra-madre-national-park-isabela- philippines ….. 2011 EO 23 Total Log Ban RA 7942 Philippine Mining Act
- 17. Mining leases and exploration areas High Ecological Vulnerability
- 19. After 25 years…. 1992 RA 7586 NIPAS Act 1995 EO 263 Adopting Community- Based Forestry Management as National Strategy (SD of Forestlands’ Resources) 1997 RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act The need for harmonization To a large extent, NIPAS Act-designated protected areas overlap with the ancestral domain claims of indigenous peoples recognized under the IPRA. The issue of the legality of traditional forest utilization vis-à-vis the general prohibition on the use of forest resources without permits. https://greedypeg.org/davao-del-sur/Mount-Apo-Natural-Park.html
- 20. 56% of all terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas including Protected Areas, parks, critical watersheds, etc. overlap with Indigenous Peoples’ Ancestral Domain rites. Approximately 90% of the remaining forest cover of the Philippines is situated within ancestral domains. Legend: Key Biodiversity Areas NIPAS National Parks Ancestral Domains Protected Areas and Ancestral Domain Overlaps Source: NCIP (http://www.sec.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NCIP-PPT-PRESENTATION-SUSTAINABILITY-1.pdf) Source: Forest Peoples Programme. 2016.
- 21. Source: NCIP Presentation, 2015 Accessed from: (http://www.sec.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NCIP-PPT-PRESENTATION-SUSTAINABILITY-1.pdf)
- 22. After 25 years…. 1992 RA 7586 NIPAS Act 1995 EO 263 Adopting Community- Based Forestry Management as National Strategy (SD of Forestlands’ Resources) 1998 RA 8550 Fisheries Code of the Philippines 1997 RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act The need for harmonization The overlap of the NIPAS Act and the Fisheries Code is a contentious issue, especially for local governments that have primary jurisdiction over coastal areas (municipal waters). This overlap created confusion regarding powers and responsibilities. http://scalar.usc.edu/works/tropical-marine-protected-areas/app-island-marine-sanctuary
- 23. RA 11038 of 2018 Also known as the E-NIPAS Act of 2018 or the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act. .
- 24. E-NIPAS ACT of 2018 DECLARATION OF POLICY The policy of the State to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the perpetual existence of all native plants and animals through the establishment of a comprehensive system of integrated protected areas within the classification of NATIONAL PARK as provided for in the Constitution.
- 25. Definition of Terms 41 Terms e.g. Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, Endemic sp., Exotic sp., Invasive Alien sp. Threatened sp., GMO, Wildlife, Wetlands, Bioprospecting, Poaching 13 Terms e.g. NIPAS, Protected Area, Buffer Zones, National Parks, Resource Reserve, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tenured Migrants, Indigenous Cultural Community E-NIPAS NIPAS Establishment and Extent of the System 13 Areas (National Parks) Terrestrial Wetland Marine 94 New Areas (National Parks) Terrestrial Wetland Marine NAMRIA Certification (Boundaries and Technical Descriptions) Buffer ZonesPrivate Lands (inclusion in the coverage) Private Lands (not considered)
- 27. # 115 115 120 120 125 125 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 200 0 200 400 Kilometers MAP SHOWING THE KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES N EW S Biogeographic Zones Batanes Babuyanes Greater Luzon Lubang Greater Mindoro Greater Palawan Burias Sibuyan Romblon - Tablas Greater Negros - Panay Greater Mindanao Camotes Siquijor Camiguin Greater Sulu Sibutu Key Biodiversity Areas Initial Component of NIPAS Proclaimed under NIPAS LEGEND S o u th ChinaSea P h i l i p p in e S ea S u l u S e a V i s a y a n S e a C e l e b e s S e a E-NIPASNIPAS
- 28. E-NIPAS NIPAS Suitability Assessment (Proposed Protected Area) Land and Water Use Plans Land Use Plan only Administration and Management DENR thru Protected Areas and Wildlife Division (PAWD) in regions DENR thru Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) Management Plan – should be prepared within one year from the establishment of the area. Management Plan – no timeframe specified
- 29. Organizational Structure of DENR-PAWB (NIPAS Act of 1992)
- 30. Mt. Kitanglad Range Nature Park Protected Area Management Board (NIPAS Act of 1992)
- 31. E-NIPAS NIPAS Ancestral Domains and Customary Rights Governance, maintenance, development, protection and conservation – in accordance with the Indigenous Cultural Community/IP’s customary law with full assistance from NCIP, DENR, etc… Rules and regulations on governance - DENR All projects or activities whether or not included in the management plan Environmental Impact Assessment Projects or activities not included in the management plan
- 32. E-NIPAS NIPAS PROCESS 13 Steps: 1. Compilation of maps and technical description 2. Initial screening 3. Public notification 4. Initial consultation 5. Survey/Census and Registration of PA Occupants 6. Resource Profiling 7. Initial protected area plan 8. Public hearing 9. Regional review and recommendation 10.National review and recommendation 11.Presidential proclamation 12.Congressional action 13. Demarcation ______ Steps: SHOULD BE STREAMLINED (Pending IRR)
- 33. E-NIPAS Long-Term Framework Plan Guide of annual operations plan and budget New Components: • CCAM • DRRM • Waste Sewerage and Septic Management • GAD Harmonization: Ancestral Domain SD Protection Plan CLUPs of LGUs in line with RA 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991 Management Plans
- 34. E-NIPAS New inclusions: • Poaching • Dumping/throwing of Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes (RA 6969 of 1990) • Engaging in “Kaingin” • Establishment or introduction of exotic species, GMOs, invasive aliens species • Conducting Bioprospecting without prior PAMB clearance Prohibited Acts
- 35. E-NIPAS TENURED MIGRANTS. Eligible to become stewards of portions of lands within multiple – use zones. EXISTING RIGHTS. Municipalities and cities within the protected area shall continue to occupy such townships and town centers provided that in the development of their CLUPs and development plans, due consideration shall be given to the intended use for conservation and biodiversity. LGUs. LGUs within the PAs shall participate in its management through representation in the PAMB. They shall align their CLUPs, local development and DRRM and other plans Additional Sections in RA 11038
- 36. E-NIPAS PhP 200,000 – 1M or 1-6 years Imprisonment or both + damages of triple value of the said resources • Poaching, killing, destroying wildlife (within PAs) • Hunting, collecting, possessing wildlife or by-products derived without necessary permit Penalties
- 37. E-NIPAS PhP 1M – 5M or 6-12 years Imprisonment or both • Undertaking mineral exploration or extraction • Engaging in commercial or large-scale quarrying • Prospecting, hunting or locating hidden treasures • GMOs, exotic and invasive alien species establishment or introduction Penalties
- 38. E-NIPAS 244 PAs = 7.76 M Has. Protected Areas 201420142014 201920192019 239 PAs = 5.40 M Has. 107 established under NIPAS classification of National Park (13 thru NIPAS + 94 thru E-NIPAS)
- 39. Natural Biotic Areas 02 National Park 01 Natural Monument 03 Strict Natural Reserve 07 Natural Park 04 Wildlife Sanctuary 08 Protected Landscapes and Seascapes 05 Other categories (by law/ convention /international agreements) 10 Resource Reserve 06 Wetlands 09
- 40. National Park 01 Refers to the lands of the public domain classified in the Constitution which include all areas under the NIPAS pursuant to this E-NIPAS Act, primarily designated for the conservation of native plants and animals, their associated habitats and cultural diversity. # # # # # N EW S MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES Proclaimed Under NIPAS Initial Component of NIPAS Provincial Boundary LEGEND Prepared by: Batanes PLS Kal bario-Patapat PL Pal aui Mari ne Reserve Penablanca PLS Northern Sierra Madre NTP Magapit PL Libunao PL Bi gbiga PL Lidlida PL Sta.L ucia PL Bessang Pass NLM Upper Agno River Basin RR Agoo Damorti sPLS Salinas NML Qui rino PL CasecnanPL Amro River PL Manl el uag Hot spring PL Masinloc-Oyon Bay MR Maul awin PL Simbahan- Talaganas PL Dinadi aw an PL Roosevelt PL Pami tinan PL Ni noy Aquino Parks and Wil dl ife C ent er Mts. Palay- Pal ay Mat aas-na-Gul od PL Hinulugang Taktak PL Mts.Banahaw - San Cristobal PL Taal Volcano PL Quezon PL Mt. Calavite WS Marinduque W S Buenavi sta PL Abasig-Matugdong PL Bicol NPMaulawin Spri ng Lagonoy NBA Mt. Isarog NP Mal abungot PLS Mayon Volcano NP Bul usan Volcano NP Mt. Guiting- Gui ting NP Bongsalay NP Biri larosa PL S Calbayog -Pan-As Hayi ban PL Jicontol WFR Calbiga Cave PL Naro Island W S Northwest Panay NP Sibalom NTP Apo Reef NTP El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area Mal ampaya Sound PLS Cuatro Isals PLS Mahagnao Volcano NP Cent ral Cebu PL Talibon PL S Chocol ate Hill NM Mt. Canlaon NP Northern Negros NP Sagay MR TanonStrait Sel inog Is. PLSAliguay PLS Jose Rizal Monument PL Initao PLS Mt. Mal indang NTP Baliangao PLS Mt. Bal atuakn Range NP Mt. Timpoong Hibok- Hibok NM Siargao PLS Apo Is. WS Alburquerque PLS Bali nsasayaw Tiwin LakesNP Raj ah Si katuna Mimbil isan PL Mucielagos PLS Siocon RR Pasonanca NP Great Litt le Sta Cruz Is. PLS DumanquilasBay PLS Buug NBA Mt. Timolan PL Mt. Kitanglad NTP Mt. Kalat ungan Range NTP Agusan Marsh WS Mainit Hotspring PL Mabini PL S Mat i PL Pujada Bay PS Mt. Apo NTP Mt. Matutum PL Basilan NBA Turtle Island WS Tubbataha Reef NP Rasa Island WS Lake Danao NP 114 114 116 116 118 118 120 120 122 122 124 124 126 126 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 20 22 22 24 24 APAYAO ILOCOS NORTE ILOCOS NORTE LAUNION PANGASINAN TARLAC ZAMBALES PAMPANGA BATAAN BULACAN NUEVA ECIJA NUEVA VIZCAYA QUIRINO ISABELA CAGAYAN BATANES AURORA NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION CAVITE BATANGAS LAGUNA RIZAL QUEZON MARINDUQUE ORIENTAL MINDORO OCCIDENTAL MINDORO ROMBLON CAMARINES NORTE CAMARINES SUR MASBATE ALBAY SORSOGON PALAWAN ANTIQUE CAPIZ ILOILO AKLAN GUIMARAS NEGROS OCCIDENTAL NEGROS ORIENTAL CEBU BOHOL SIQUIJOR CAMIGUIN SOUTHERN LEYTE LEYTE EASTERN SAMAR WESTERN SAMAR NORTHERN SAMAR BILIRAN CATANDUANES ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR MISAMIS OC. BASILAN SULU TAWI-TAWI MISAMIS OR. LANAO DEL NORTE LANAO DEL SUR BUKIDNON SURIGAO DEL NORTE SURIGAO DEL SUR AGUSAN DEL NORTE AGUSAN DEL SUR COTABATO CITY MAGUINDANAO SULTANKUDARAT SOUTH COTABATO SARANGANI DAVAO DEL SUR COTABATO (NORTH) DAVAO DEL NORTE COMPOSTELA VALLEY DAVAO ORIENTAL ABRA KALINGA MT. PROVINCE IFUGAO BENGUET Mt. Mantal ingahan PL Alamio, Buyaan,Carac-an Pani kian & Sipangpang Falls WFR Paoay L ake NP Il ocos Norte WFR Tanap WFR Cassamat a Hill NP Northern Luzon Heroes Hi ll NP Balbalasang- Balbalan NTP Mt. Data NP Mt. Pulag NP Pinamaca Calabgan WFR Dupax WFR Dipaculao WFR Bazal DibaloSan Luis Dingal an Minalungao NP Dona Remedios Trinidad WFR Hundred Is. NP Bataan NP Umi ray Alabat WFR Calauag Tibiang-Dumadagundong WFR Lopez WFR Lake Sebu WFR Mt. Sinaka Lake Buluan GRBS Loboc WFR Alijawan Bohol WS Kuapnit Sohoton Cave NP Department of Environment and Natural Resources PROTECTED AREAS AND WILDLIFE BUREAU Quezon Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City Telephone: 924-6031 to 35 Fax : 924-0109 email : planning@pawb.gov.ph Mts. Iglit -Baco NP Naujan Lake NP Hinabanga Cabil ao Sudlon Guadal upe Olango Is.W S Aklan River WFR Dalanas Ri ver WFR Jal aur River WFR Maasin WFR Pan de Azucar Juban Quinasag Bali gui a Wangag WFR Bawa WFR LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO Mt. Arayat NP # Puerto Princesa Subterranean River NP # Alla Valley WFR Naguil ian WFR Note: NP - Natural Park/National Park NML - Natural Monument/Landmark RR - Resource Reserve NMR - Marine Reserve WS - Wildlife Sanctuary GRBS - Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary PS - Protected Seascape PL - Protected Landscape PLS - Protected Landscape and Seascape MRPA - Managed Resource Protected Area Capas Death M arch Lake Malim anga Subic Bay Biak-na-Bato Angat WFR PD 1636 S o u t h C h in a Sea P h ilip p in e S e a S u l u S e a C e l e b e s S e a B a b u y a n c h a n n e l Cape Bolinao Samar Isl and Natural Park Mariveles WFR Polili o WFR Calauit WS BinahaanRiver WFR Infanta WFR Torrijos WFR Caramoan NP Libmanan Caves NP Ol ongapo Naval Base Perimeter Low er Agno WFR Catanduanes NP Taklong Is. Nati onal Marine Reserve McArthur Landing NP 109 NIPAS Proclaimed National Parks (2009) Section 3, Article XII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, lands of public domain are classified into four categories: agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks.
- 41. Natural Biotic Areas 02 Refers to an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their pace. Basilan Natural Biotic Area (BASILAN) Proclamation 321 (31 May 2000) 4,545,99 hectares
- 42. Refers to a relatively small area focused on the protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics. Natural Monument 03 Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (BOHOL) Proclamations 1037 (1 July 1997); 333 (26 February 2003) 13,994.95 hectares
- 43. Refers to a relatively large area not materially altered by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed and is maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational, and recreational use. Natural Park 04 Mt. Isarog Natural Park (CAMARINES SUR) Proclamation 214 (20 June 2002) 10,090.89 hectares
- 44. Refer to areas of national significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land and water while providing opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation, tourism and other economic activities. Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape (SURIGAO DEL NORTE) Proclamation 902 (10 October 1996) 283,974.77 hectares Protected Landscapes and Seascapes 05
- 45. Refers to an extensive, relatively isolated, and uninhabited area which is difficult to access and is designated to protect natural resources of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resources, pending establishment of sustainable resource utilization goals which are based upon appropriate information and planning. Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (LAGUNA) Proclamations 106 (1910) and 552 (1933); RAs 3523 (1963 ) and 6967 (1990) 4,244 hectares Resource Reserve 06
- 46. Refers to an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem features and species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance that should be maintained to protect and preserve nature in its undisturbed state and to preserve ecologically representative examples of the natural environment to ensure their availability for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state. Strict Natural Reserve 07
- 47. Refers to an area which assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment which may require human manipulations for their perpetuation. Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary (TAWI-TAWI) Proclamation 171 (26 August 1999) 249,958.29 hectares Wildlife Sanctuary 08
- 48. Refer to a wide variety of inland habitats such as marshes, peatlands, floodplains, rivers and lakes, and coastal areas such as saltmarshes, mangroves, intertidal mudflats and seagrass beds, and also coral reefs and other marine areas no deeper than six (6) meters at low tide, as well as human-made wetlands such as dams, reservoirs, rice paddies and wastewater treatment ponds and lagoons. Las Piñas- Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area or Wetland Park (MANILA) Proclamation 1412 (2007) and 1412A (2008); 175.307 hectares RAMSAR SITE (March 15, 2013) Wetlands 09
- 49. BATANES P r o t e c t e d L a n d s c a p e a n d S e a s c a p e hosts a number of rare and endemic species. Out of 256 species of flowering plants, for instance, 42 are endemic to the Philippines, and seven of these can only be found in Batanes.
- 50. TUBBATAHA REEFS N a t u r a l P a r k Largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Philippines. Situated at the apex of the Coral Triangle, an area known to be the global center of marine biological diversity. Inscribed in the RAMSAR List of Wetlands of International Importance and an ASEAN Heritage Park.
- 51. APO ISLAND P r o t e c t e d L a n d s c a p e a n d S e a s c a p e The Apo Island is nestled within the Coral Triangle. It is one of the world's best known community-organized marine sanctuaries
- 52. REFERENCES: DENR-BMB. 2015. Guidebook to the Protected Areas of the Philippines. DENR-PAWB. 2002. The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities. A Second Iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (Final Report). La Viña, A.G.M., Kho, J.L. and MJ Caleda. 2010. Legal Framework for Protected Areas. Forest Peoples Programme. 2016. The International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity and the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Local Biodiversity Outlooks. Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Contributions to the Implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. A complement to the fourth edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook. Moreton-in Marsh, England. GIZ. 2011. An In-Depth Review of the NIPAS Law and Related Statutes on the Establishment and Management of Protected Areas in the Philippines. GIZ. 2013. Analysis of Key Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Philippines. Pulhin, J.M. 2002. Trends in Forest Policy of the Philippines. Policy Trend Report 2002: 29-41. Senga, R.G. Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Prospects. The George Wright Forum. Republic Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992. Republic Act No. 11038 or the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018. Suarez, RK and P.E. Sajise. 2010. Deforestation, Swidden Agriculture and Philippine Biodiversity. The Philippine Science Letters. Vol.3 No.1.
- 55. Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927)
- 56. THANK YOU