necrosis , MI ppt final.pptx basic to advanced a d it's reasons
- 1. Necrosis
- 4. Necrosis Definition:- It is a programmed cell death, largely resulting from the degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells.
- 7. Hypoxia Physical agents Chemical agents Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic make up Nutritional imbalance Aging Causes
- 8. External stimuli ↓ ROS(lipid per oxidation) ↓ Increase cytosolic Ca⁺⁺ Pathophysiology ↓ Mitochondrial injury ↓ Mitochondrial permeability transition ↓ Loss of membrane potential ↓ Inability to generate ATP ↓ Cell death (necrosis)
- 12. Nuclear degeneration Increase eosinophillia Fragmented cell membrane Glassy appearance due to lack of glycogen Calcification Mitochondrial damage Nuclear damage:- It includes Pyknosis: Nuclear shrinkage. Karyolysis: Breakdown of nuclear material. Karyohexis:- Nuclear fragmentation. MORPHOLOGY
- 13. Type Cause Cell Morphology Examples (1) Coagulation Necrosis Ischemia Framework remains intact. Cytoplasmic protein degrades. Proteolysis is blocked Phagocytosis of necrotic cells. Myocardial Infarction (1) Liquefaction Necrosis Bacterial and Fungal Infection Acute Inflammation Cell membrane damage. Cell contents liquefy. Liquid viscous mass is formed. Hypoxic death in CNS. (1) Caseous Necrosis M.Tuberculosis Cell architecture destroy but cell contents does not Liquefy. Granuloma formation. Lysed cell appears as an amorphous and granular. Lung tuberculosis. (4) Fat necrosis Activated pancreatic lipases. Acute pancreatitis. Cell membrane liquefy. Triglyceride esters destroy. Calcification. White chalky area. Necrosis of fat cells.
- 15. Normal myocardial cells Myocardial cells in case of coagulation necrosis
- 16. Liquefactive necrosis Liquefaction necrosis in the epidermis and dermis in an abscess of the skin. The abscess cavity is filled with polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- 17. Caseous Necrosis Caseous necrosis in a tuberculosis lymph node, showing the typical amorphous, granular, eosinophilic, necrotic center surrounded by granulomatous inflammation.
- 18. Fat necrosis Fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis. The release and activation of lipolytic pancreatic enzymes results in the necrosis of surrounding adipose tissue. The hydrolysis of the triglycerides releases free fatty acids, which precipitate as calcium soaps in the necrotic debris.
- 20. Definition:- (Myo means (muscle), (cardial) means (heart) and (infarction) means (damage or death). “The term myocardial infarction focuses on the myocardium (the heart muscles) and the changes that occur in it due to sudden deprivation of circulating blood. The main change is necrosis (death) of myocardial tissue.” Myocardial Infarction
- 21. Causes:- The major causes are •Atherosclerotic plaques •Hypoxia •Respiratory failure •Hypercholesterolemia •Coronary artery vasospasm •Arrhythmias •Coronary heart disease (angina)
- 22. Mechanism:- Coronary artery obstruction (due to atherosclerotic platelet plaque) Less oxygen supply to heart muscle Aerobic glycolysis Inadequate production of ATP Loss of contractility (within 1 min) Necrosis (mainly coagulation necrosis) – (within 20-40mins) Cause
- 23. Clinical signs and symptoms: - It includes •Sudden and acute chest pain •Nausea •Vomiting •Ventricular fibrillation •Shortness of breath •Anxiety •Palpitation •Sweating
- 24. Diagnostic Tests:- •ECG •Troponin Blood test •Coronary Angiography •Monitoring of BP, cholesterol level and pulse rate
- 25. Treatment and counseling:- (1)Patient is shifted to emergency room and oxygen is given externally. (2)I.V line is made from which different drug combinations are given. (3)Nitroglycerine is given sublingually. (4)Streptokinase and Clopidogrel can also be given. (5)Patient may be referred to angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy and surgery as well. => For the protection from second heart attack, patient is given antiplatelet drugs (e.g. aspirin), β- blockers and ACE inhibitors are given. Statins are also used to improve the cholesterol level.
- 27. Preventive Measures:- •Control of BP, blood sugar and cholesterol •Don’t smoke •Eat healthy and balance diet •Exercise regularly •Treatment of depression •Control weight
Editor's Notes
- #2: NARCOSIS: a state of stupor, drowsiness, or unconsciousness produced by drugs
- #8: Lipid Peroxidation Caused by ROS. Cell membranes are sensitive to radical damage due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]c) controls virtually every activity of smooth muscle, including contraction, migration, transcription, division and apoptosis.
- #17: lesion caused by eosinophil-related tissue damage and is associated with various eosinophilia-related conditions such as parasitic infestations, allergic reactions, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and neoplasms