1. L 1.1
Need for OOP Paradigm
OOP is an approach to program organization and
development, which attempts to eliminate some of
the drawbacks of conventional programming
methods by incorporating the best of structured
programming features with several new concepts.
OOP allows us to decompose a problem into
number of entities called objects and then build
data and methods (functions) around these entities.
The data of an object can be accessed only by the
methods associated with the object.
2. L 1.2
Some of the Object-Oriented Paradigm are:
1. Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
2. Programs are divided into objects.
3. Data Structures are designed such that they
Characterize the objects.
4 Methods that operate on the data of an object
are tied together in the data structure.
5 Data is hidden and can not be accessed by
external functions.
6 Objects may communicate with each other
through methods.
3. L 1.3
A way of viewing world – Agents
• OOP uses an approach of treating a real world
agent as an object.
• Object-oriented programming organizes a
program around its data (that is, objects) and a
set of well-defined interfaces to that data.
• An object-oriented program can be
characterized as data controlling access to code
by switching the controlling entity to data.
5. L 2.1
Responsibility
• primary motivation is the need for a platform-
independent (that is, architecture- neutral)
language that could be used to create software to
be embedded in various consumer electronic
devices, such as microwave ovens and remote
controls.
• Objects with clear responsibilities
• Each class should have a clear responsibility.
• If you can't state the purpose of a class in a single,
clear sentence, then perhaps your class structure
needs some thought.
6. L 2.2
Messages
• We all like to use programs that let us know
what's going on. Programs that keep us
informed often do so by displaying status and
error messages.
• These messages need to be translated so they
can be understood by end users around the
world.
• The Section discusses translatable text
messages. Usually, you're done after you move
a message String into a ResourceBundle.
• If you've embedded variable data in a message,
you'll have to take some extra steps to prepare it
for translation.
7. L 2.3
Methods
• A method is a group of instructions that is given a name and
can be called up at any point in a program simply by quoting
that name.
• Drawing a Triangle require draw of three straight lines. This
instruction three times to draw a simple triangle.
• We can define a method to call this instruction three times and
draw the triangle(i.e. create a method drawLine() to draw lines
and this method is called repeatedly to achieve the needed
task)
• The idea of methods appears in all programming languages,
although sometimes it goes under the name functions and
sometimes under the name procedures.
• The name methods is a throw-back to the language C++, from
which Java was developed.
• In C++, there is an object called a class which can contain
methods. However, everything in Java is enclosed within a
class .so the functions within it are called methods
8. L 3.1
CLASSES
• Class is blue print or an idea of an Object
• From One class any number of Instances can be
created
• It is an encapsulation of attributes and methods
FIGURE
CIRCLE
RECTANGLE
SQUARE
Ob1
Ob2
Ob3
class
9. L 3.2
syntax of CLASS
class <ClassName>
{
attributes/variables;
Constructors();
methods();
}
10. L 3.3
INSTANCE
• Instance is an Object of a class which
is an entity with its own attribute
values and methods.
• Creating an Instance
ClassName refVariable;
refVariable = new Constructor();
or
ClassName refVariable = new Constructor();
11. L 3.4
Java Class Hierarchy
• In Java, class “Object” is the base class to
all other classes
– If we do not explicitly say extends in a new
class definition, it implicitly extends Object
– The tree of classes that extend from Object
and all of its subclasses are is called the class
hierarchy
– All classes eventually lead back up to Object
– This will enable consistent access of objects
of different classes.
12. L 3.5
Inheritance
• Methods allows to reuse a sequence of
statements
• Inheritance allows to reuse classes by deriving a
new class from an existing one
• The existing class is called the parent class, or
superclass, or base class
• The derived class is called the child class or
subclass.
• The child class inherits characteristics of the
parent class(i.e the child class inherits the
methods and data defined for the parent class
13. L 3.6
Inheritance
• Inheritance relationships are often shown
graphically in a class diagram, with the
arrow pointing to the parent class
Animal
weight : int
+ getWeight() : int
Bird
+ fly() : void
14. L 4.1
Method Binding
• Objects are used to call methods.
• MethodBinding is an object that can be used to call an
arbitrary public method, on an instance that is acquired by
evaluatng the leading portion of a method binding
expression via a value binding.
• It is legal for a class to have two or more methods with the
same name.
• Java has to be able to uniquely associate the invocation of
a method with its definition relying on the number and
types of arguments.
• Therefore the same-named methods must be
distinguished:
1) by the number of arguments, or
2) by the types of arguments
• Overloading and inheritance are two ways to implement
polymorphism.
15. L 4.2
Method Overriding.
There may be some occasions when we want an object
to respond to the same method but have different
behaviour when that method is called.
That means, we should override the method defined in
the superclass. This is possible by defining a method in
a sub class that has the same name, same arguments
and same return type as a method in the superclass.
Then when that method is called, the method defined in
the sub class is invoked and executed instead of the one
in the superclass. This is known as overriding.
16. L 4.3
Exceptions in Java
• Exception is an abnormal condition that arises in the
code sequence.
• Exceptions occur during compile time or run time.
• “throwable” is the super class in exception hierarchy.
• Compile time errors occurs due to incorrect syntax.
• Run-time errors happen when
– User enters incorrect input
– Resource is not available (ex. file)
– Logic error (bug) that was not fixed
17. L 4.4
Exception classes
• In Java, exceptions are objects. When you throw an exception,
you throw an object. You can't throw just any object as an
exception, however -- only those objects whose classes
descend from Throwable.
• Throwable serves as the base class for an entire family of
classes, declared in java.lang, that your program can instantiate
and throw.
• Throwable has two direct subclasses, Exception and Error.
• Exceptions are thrown to signal abnormal conditions that can
often be handled by some catcher, though it's possible they
may not be caught and therefore could result in a dead thread.
• Errors are usually thrown for more serious problems, such as
OutOfMemoryError, that may not be so easy to handle. In
general, code you write should throw only exceptions, not
errors.
• Errors are usually thrown by the methods of the Java API, or by
the Java virtual machine itself.
19. L 5.1
Summary of OOPS
The following are the basic oops concepts:
They are as follows:
1. Objects.
2. Classes.
3. Data Abstraction.
4. Data Encapsulation.
5. Inheritance.
6. Polymorphism.
7. Dynamic Binding.
8. Message Passing.
20. L 5.2
Abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming
Procedural Abstraction
• Procedural Abstractions organize instructions.
Function Power
Give me two numbers (base & exponent)
I’ll return baseexponent
Implementation
21. L 5.3
Data Abstraction
• Data Abstractions organize data.
Name (string)
Marks (num)
Grade (char)
Student Number (num)
StudentType
22. L 5.4
Behavioral Abstraction
• Behavioral Abstractions combine
procedural and data abstractions.
Data State
Enqueue
Is Full
Is Empty Dequeue
Initialize
Queue Object
