Network and programming language
- 2. Communications The message (data and information) is communicated via the signal. The transmission medium “carries” the signal. Communications
- 3. Telecommunications The electronic transmission of signals for communications, including such means as: Telephone Radio Television Telecommunication medium Anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device. Telecommunications
- 4. Data communications A specialized subset of telecommunications that refers to the electronic collection, processing, and distribution of data -- typically between computer system hardware devices. Data Communications
- 6. Computer Network The communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices. Used to share hardware, programs, and databases across the organization. Fosters teamwork, innovative ideas, and new business strategies. Computer Network
- 7. What is Computer Network? A combination of more than two computers which are capable of sharing there resources (hardware and software) and are able to transfer there data and information within computers. A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a network are called nodes. The connection between computers can be done via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves. Connected computers can share resources, like access to the Internet, printers, file servers, and others.
- 8. What is computer network A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorized based on their characteristics.
- 9. Devices for computer network Computer Client Server NIC (Network Interface Card) Communication Media Wired Wireless Network connecting and signal Repeaters-local,remote Bridge-local,remote Router Gateway Hubs Communication Software
- 10. Internetwork Processors Switch – makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network Router – intelligent communications processor that interconnects networks based on different protocols Hub – a port switching communications processor Gateway – connects networks using different communications architectures
- 11. ROUTERS Routers are specialized computers that send your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to their destinations along thousands of pathways. Fujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strength router
- 12. ROUTERS configuration table. A configuration table is a collection of information, including: Information on which connections lead to particular groups of addresses Priorities for connections to be used Rules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic A router, then, has two separate but related jobs: The router ensures that information doesn't go where it's not needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes of data from clogging the connections of "innocent bystanders." The router makes sure that information does make it to the intended destination.
- 13. Networking the Enterprise Network structures of companies vary according to the size of the company. A company starts as a small company with a small LAN network which grows as the company grows itself. As the firm grows bigger, so does the number of LAN network. The combination of all these small LAN network form the large network structure of the organization.
- 15. Large corporations use a wide variety of technologies from ordinary telephone, corporate data networks to internet. Business use intranet, extranet and internet. An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.
- 16. Types of Networking Basis of Architecture Peer-to-peer Network Client-Server Network Basis of Location LAN WAN MAN VPN SAN VAN
- 17. Peer to Peer Network A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is group of computers, each of which acts as a node for sharing files within the group. Instead of having a central server to act as a shared drive, each computer acts as the server for the files stored upon it. In this network all the computers are connected to each other through a single bus called highway. They are connected to each other to share resources and information with each other. In this network all the computers have the responsibility to maintain the network and act as individual servers.
- 19. Client-Server Model A client-server network is a central computer, also known as a server, which hosts data and other forms of resources. Clients such as laptops and desktop computers contact the server and request to use data or share its other resources with it. A client-server network is designed for end-users, called clients, to access resources such as files, songs, video collections, or some other service from a central computer called a server. A server's sole purpose is to do what its name implies - serve its clients In this network there is a dedicated server that is responsible for managing, controlling and serving the client computers. Without the authority of the server the client cannot access as well as send data , information and other resources to other computers.
- 21. On the basis of Geographical Area LAN: It stands for Local Area Network. If two or more than two computers are interconnected within a building, within a office and are able to share resources as well as transfer there data within a network. A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a LAN encompasses computers and peripherals connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment. Computers and other mobile devices use a LAN connection to share resources such as a printer or network storage.
- 22. Wide Area Network If two or more than two computers are interconnected within a country or outside the country through satellite. They can store as well as share data within and outside the network. A WAN (wide area network) is a communications network that spans a large geographic area such as across cities, states, or countries. They can be private to connect parts of a business or they can be more public to connect smaller networks together. The easiest way to understand what a WAN is to think of the internet as a whole, which is the world's largest WAN. The internet is a WAN because through the use of ISPs, it connects lots of smaller local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).
- 23. Metropolitan Area Network A network where two or more than two computers are interconnected within a city of maximum range of 10 to 100km and are able to share resources, transfer data and information. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network
- 24. VPN Basically, a VPN is a private network that uses a public network (usually the Internet) to connect remote sites or users together. Instead of using a dedicated, real-world connection such as leased line, a VPN uses "virtual" connections routed through the Internet from the company's private network to the remote site or employee.
- 25. VPN
- 26. Why we need to use SAN? While a single server can provide a shared hard drive to multiple machines, large networks may require more storage than a single server can offer. For example, a large business may have several terabytes of data that needs to be accessible by multiple machines on a local area network (LAN). In this situation, a SAN could be setup instead of adding additional servers. Since only hard drives need to be added instead of complete computer systems, SANs are an efficient way to increase network storage.
- 27. SAN is a Network Whose Primary aim is to transfer data between storage devices like disk array and servers.
- 28. A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a High-speed Special Purpose Network That interconnects Different Kinds of Data Storage Devices with Data Servers. Hubs, Switches and bridges are use for connecting to different devices 28
- 29. Example Server Google. in Google.uk Google. us SAN Google.com INDIA UK USA Storage Area Network Main branch
- 30. Value Added Network (VAN) VANs are third-party communication networks established for exchanging EDI traffic amongst the partners. Various businesses (trading partners) subscribe to the VAN services. For every subscriber, the VAN maintains an account, which serves as an electronic post office box for the subscriber, for sending and receiving the EDI messages. The subscriber’s account receives and accumulates all incoming mail from other partners that can be viewed by the account owner as and when they connect to the VAN account. There are a number of third-party Value Added Network providers in the market place. Many of the VANs today, also offer the document exchange ability of EDI documents with other VANs. 30
- 31. Value Added Network (VAN) 31 Translation, Editing, Compliance checking, verification, Format translation, Alerting services, Storage and Mailbox Value Added Network VAN Dial up/leased line Dial up/leased line Producer Transport Bank Trader TraderTrader
- 32. Network Topology Computers in a network have to be connected in some logical manner. The layout pattern of the interconnections between computers in a network is called network topology. You can think of topology as the virtual shape or structure of the network. Network topology is also referred to as 'network architecture. Devices on the network are referred to as 'nodes.' The most common nodes are computers and peripheral devices.
- 33. Types of Network Topologies There are six types of topology. They are: Bus Topology Ring Topology Star Topology Mesh Topology Tree Topology Hybrid Topology
- 34. Bus Topology In a Bus Topology all of the computers in a network are attached to a continuous or segment line. Bus topology uses one main cable to which all nodes are directly connected. The main cable acts as a backbone for the network. One of the computers in the network typically acts as the computer server.
- 36. Bus Topology Advantage It is simple, reliable and easy to use and understand. Low cable requirement for connecting the nodes together. Lower Cost Disadvantage It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus; this type of topology is not used for large networks, such as those covering an entire building. Heavy network traffic can slow the performance of the bus. No co-ordination among nodes during data transfer. If the main cable breaks, the entire network goes down
- 37. Ring Topology In ring topology, the computers in the network are connected in a circular fashion, and the data travels in one direction. Each computer is directly connected to the next computer, forming a single pathway for signals through the network. Each computer in this network is connected to the next one with the last one connected to the first one. It provides equal access for all the computers. This network needs more cables.
- 39. Ring Topology Advantage Every computer has equal access No monopoly in the network This type of network is easy to install and manage it is easy to pinpoint which connection is defective when there is a problem in the network It is also good for handling high-volume traffic over long distances since every computer can act as a booster of the signal Disadvantage Adding computers to this type of network is more cumbersome, and if one single computer fails, the entire network goes down
- 40. Star Topology In this topology all the cables, computers run from the central location which is known as hub. All computers have equal access in the network. The central hub can be a computer server that manages the network, or it can be a much simpler device that only makes the connections between computers over the network possible.
- 42. Star Topology Advantage Easy to add/remove computers from the network Hub in this topology is easy to troubleshoot. Single computer failure doesn’t interrupt the network. The startup costs are low Disadvantage If the hub breaks down, the entire network goes down. Expensive as it needs more cables with the increase in the number of computers
- 43. Mesh Topology A Mesh topology is a network where computers are connected to each other through intermediate nodes with redundant path. Between two computers there are multiple nodes which provide alternative path. In mesh topology, every node has a direct point-to- point connection to every other node. Because all connections are direct, the network can handle very high-volume traffic. It is also robust because if one connection fails, the others remain intact. Security is also high since data travels along a dedicated connection.
- 44. Mesh Topology Advantage It provides alternative way to send and receive data If one computer or cable is break down it does not affect the entire network path. It provides redundant path. Disadvantage It needs more cabeling. It is difficult to troubleshoot It does not guarantee delivery of data.
- 45. Tree Topology In a tree topology each device is connected to its own port or hub just like a star topology. The computers are interconnected in hierarchical fashion. A tree topology is a special type of structure in which many connected elements are arranged like the branches of a tree. For example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize the computers in a corporate network, or the information in a database.
- 47. Tree Topology Advantage Expansion of Network is possible and easy Error detection and correction is easy. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected. Disadvantage The entire network is dependent on the root If there is failure in the root, the complete network breaks down. As more and more nodes and segments are added, the maintenance becomes difficult.
- 48. Hybrid Topology A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more other network topologies, including bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology
- 50. Hybrid Topology Advantage It has far better fault tolerance. The weakness of the different topologies connected are disregarded and only the strengths are taken into consideration. Disadvantage High Cost Due to the fact that different topologies connect in a hybrid topology, managing the topology gets challenging
- 51. Network Topologies Hybrid A mix of different kinds of structured topologies. It is what exactly the Internet looks like. Mobile Adhoc Network It is unstructured network topology Structure is changing dynamically. EG. Network of mobile phone.
- 52. Network Topologies Mobile Adhoc Network Network does not have specify topology Each computer in the network is moving around without locating in a fixed location Sending and receiving messages are difficulty problems
- 53. Twisted Pair Wire Cable Insulated pairs of wires historically used in telephone service and to connect computer devices. Coaxial Cable Consists of an inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation, called the dielectric. The dielectric is surrounded by a conductive shield, which is surrounded by a non-conductive jacket. Coaxial cable has better data transmission rate than twisted pair. Types of Telecommunication Media
- 54. Fiber-optic Cable Many extremely thin strands of glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing which transmits signals with light beams. Can be used for voice, data, and video. Types of Telecommunication Media
- 55. Microwave Communications Line-of-sight devices which must be placed in relatively high locations. Microwave Usage Information is converted to a microwave signal, sent through the air to a receiver, and recovered. Types of Telecommunication Media
- 56. Satellite Transmission Communications satellites are relay stations that receive signals from one earth station and rebroadcast them to another. Types of Telecommunication Media
- 57. Cellular Transmission Signals from cells are transmitted to a receiver and integrated into the regular network. Types of Telecommunication Media
- 58. Infrared Transmission Involves sending signals through the air via light waves. Requires line-of-sight and short distances (a few hundred yards) Used to connect various computing devices such as handheld computers Types of Telecommunication Media
- 59. Telecommunication Devices Relay signals between computer systems and transmission media. Telecommunications System
- 60. Trends of Telecommunication Telecommunication is exchange of information in any form over the internet. Trends in the field of telecommunication have a significant impact on management decisions in the area. Trends: Industry Technology Application
- 61. Industry Trend Toward more competitive vendors carriers, alliances, and network services, accelerated by deregulation and the growth of the internet and the world wide web Mobile companies, cable television, internet service providers, satellite channels Entertainment: HD tv Information Transactions: Image Networking Communication: POTS
- 62. Technology Trend Toward extensive use of internet, digital fibre optic and wireless technologies to create high speed local and global internetworks for voice, data and video communications. Internet/intranet servers, network security firewalls
- 63. Business Application Trend Change in telecommunication and technology have a significant impact on business decision making. www, internet, intranet extranet have become the major strengths of business. Telecommunication are vital to business working on electronic communication model.
- 64. Business Value of Telecommunication Strategic Capabilities: Overcome geographic barriers Overcome time barrier Overcome cost barrier Overcome structural barrier
- 65. E-business : Use of internet and extranet : Credit Authorization at POS : Videoconferencing : B2B e-commerce
- 66. Business Value: Better customer service : Easy credit inquiries : Cost reduction and improved decision making : Fast and convenient service
- 67. Use and Value Business Use of Internet Business value of Internet Role of Intranet Value of Intranet Role of Extranet