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Network+ Guide to Networks, Seventh Edition
Chapter 7, Solutions
[Begin Applying Concepts]
[C HD] Applying Concepts: Use Remote Virtual Computing Software
[BT] Several vendors provide a variety of inexpensive or free remote virtual computing
services. In this project, you will install join.me on a host computer, and share the host’s desktop
with a client computer.
1. On the host computer, open a Web browser and navigate to join.me. Click start meeting
to begin the download. If you get a security warning requesting permission to run the
application, click Run. The application will download and will automatically initiate a
sharing session. If you see a features advertisement, close the ad box.
2. Look for the mini toolbar at the top of your screen and locate the nine-digit number. On
the client computer, open a Web browser and navigate to join.me. Type the nine-digit
number in the join meeting field and press Enter on your keyboard to access the meeting.
3. Take a few minutes to explore the features available on the client computer’s portal. How
can you open a chat? How can you request control of the mouse?
Answer: Answers may vary if the Web app is updated. At the time of printing, click Chat to
begin chatting. To request control of the mouse, click Meeting tools, then click Request control.
4. Now explore the features available on the host computer’s portal. How can you share
mouse control? What special features are only available with a Pro subscription?
Answer: Answers may vary if the web app is updated. At the time of printing, click Meeting tools, then
click Share mouse control. Pro subscription includes Pass presenter role, Annotate, and Record.
5. To end the meeting, click Meeting tools on the host computer and click Exit this
meeting. Close the Web browsers on both computers.

[End Applying Concepts]
[C HD] Applying Concepts: Internet Explorer Security
You can change the settings in Internet Explorer to make sure you’re using the latest version of SSL in
addition to TLS options.
1. Open Internet Explorer and click the Tools icon. Click Internet options.
2. On the Advanced tab, scroll down to the Security section. Which SSL/TLS options are
currently enabled?
Answer: SSL 3.0, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, and TLS 1.2 (answers may vary slightly)
3. If necessary, select Use SSL 3.0, Use TLS 1.0, Use TLS 1.1, and Use TLS 1.2. (In some
browsers, SSL 2.0 is not compatible with TLS.) If you’re using an unsecured wireless
network like at a coffee shop or a restaurant, also select Warn if changing between
secure and not secure mode so you’ll be notified when interacting with an unsecured
Web site. Click OK.
[BEGIN NOTE HERE]
Note that some browsers will prevent navigation to unsecured Web sites when the warning
option is checked as instructed above. This is a good thing if you’re using a questionable
network. But if you have trouble navigating to unsecured sites, you’ll need to go back and
uncheck this option in Internet options.
[END NOTE HERE]
When visiting secure Web sites, it’s important to notice if you have a secure connection with a trusted
Web site before entering personal information on that site. Internet Explorer, for example, shows a
padlock icon when the site’s certificate has been identified and confirmed.
4. In Internet Explorer, navigate to paypal.com. What is the exact address shown in the
address box after the page loads in the browser?
Answer: https://www.paypal.com/home

5. Use the mouse pointer to point to the padlock icon. What CA verified the legitimacy of
the Web site?
Answer: VeriSign (at time of writing)
6. Click the padlock icon. What additional information is provided about the Web site?
Answer: Web site information is included: “PayPal, Inc.; San Jose, California; US”
[B HD] Applying Concepts: Protocol Synopsis
[BT] Each of the protocols covered in this chapter plays an important role in securing
transmissions between remote locations. It’s important to have the big picture in mind regarding
how these protocols interact with each other in various parts of the system when troubleshooting
connectivity and security issues.
[BT] In this project, you will synthesize the major characteristics of each protocol into a
single reference table. You can create Table 7-1 below in a word-processing program or a
spreadsheet program. Then refer to the information given in this chapter to fill in the missing
pieces.
[Begin Table 7-1]
Table 7-1 Notable encryption and authentication methods
Security method Type Primary use(s) Notes
PPP Connection Remote access Answers may vary
GRE Encapsulation VPN Answers may vary
L2TP Tunneling VPN Answers may vary
IPsec Encryption VPN Answers may vary
SSL Encryption TCP/IP transmissions Answers may vary

TLS Encryption TCP/IP transmissions Secure transmission of
HTTP sessions
SSL VPN Encryption VPN Answers may vary
SFTP Encryption File transfer Answers may vary
SSH Encryption Remote access Answers may vary
SHA Hashing Data integrity Answers may vary
RADIUS Authentication,
Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA)
Remote access Central authentication point
for wireless, mobile and
remote users
TACACS+ Authentication,
Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA)
Remote access Answers may vary
MS-CHAPv2 Authentication VPN Answers may vary
EAP Authentication Client verification Answers may vary
802.1x Authentication Wi-Fi Answers may vary
AES Encryption Wi-Fi Answers may vary
Kerberos Authentication Client validation Verify the identity of
clients and to securely
exchange information after
a client logs on to a system
[End Table 7-1]
[A HD] Review Questions
1. Which cloud computing service model gives software developers access to multiple
operating systems for testing?
A. IaaS
B. PaaS
C. SaaS
D. XaaS

Answer: B. PaaS
2. What service in Windows Server 2012 R2 authenticates remote users and computers to the
Windows domain and its corporate network resources?
A. Active Directory
B. Group Policy
C. DirectAccess
D. RAS (Remote Access Service)
Answer: C. DirectAccess
3. Which remote access protocol is used over an Ethernet network?
A. PPPoE
B. RAS
C. PPP
D. SLIP
Answer: A. PPPoE
4. Which encryption protocol does GRE use to increase the security of its transmissions?
A. SSL
B. SFTP
C. IPsec
D. SSH
Answer: C. IPsec

5. Which tunneling protocol is accepted and used by multiple vendors?
A. SSL VPN
B. L2TP
C. SSL
D. SSH
Answer: B. L2TP
6. A hacker runs a program that tries numerous character combinations until it stumbles on the
correct combination and cracks the key. What offensive strategy is this program using?
A. Brute force attack
B. Zero-day exploit
C. CIA triad
D. Endpoint security vulnerability
Answer: A. Brute force attack
7. What is the minimum acceptable key size for today’s security standards?
A. 8 bytes
B. 128 bits
C. 256 bits
D. 512 bits
Answer: B. 128 bits
8. In public key encryption, which key is used to decrypt the message?

A. Session key
B. Private key
C. Public key
D. Network key
Answer: B. Private key
9. What feature must be configured on a router to redirect traffic from an insecure port to a
secure one?
A. AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting)
B. Mutual authentication
C. TGS (Ticket-Granting Service)
D. Port forwarding
Answer: D. Port forwarding
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the three AAA services provided by RADIUS and
TACACS+?
A. Authentication
B. Authorization
C. Access control
D. Accounting
Answer: C. Access control

11. Organizations with common interests, such as regulatory requirements, performance
requirements, or data access, might share resources in a __________________.
Answer: community cloud
12. All types of remote access techniques require some type of ________________, which
accepts a remote connection and grants privileges to the network’s resources.
Answer: remote access server (RAS)
13. Which Transport layer protocol does PPTP use? Which Transport layer protocol does L2TP
use?
Answer: TCP, UDP
14. What unique VPN connection characteristic is provided by the conjunction of RRAS and
DirectAccess?
Answer: RRAS and DirectAccess together enable always-on remote connections.
15. What are the two primary encryption techniques used by VPNs today?
Answer: IPsec and SSL
16. When surfing online, you get some strange data on an apparently secure Web site, and you
realize you need to check the legitimacy of the site. What kind of organization issues digital
certificates?
Answer: Certificate authority (CA)
17. Which two protocols are available to create secure transmissions for HTTP sessions?
Answer: SSL and TLS

18. ____________________ is used for confidentiality while ___________________ is used for
integrity and authentication.
Answer: Encryption, hashing
19. EAPoL is primarily used with what kind of transmission?
Answer: Wireless
20. What kind of ticket is held by Kerberos’ TGS?
Answer: Ticket-granting ticket (TGT)
[B HD] Case Project 7-1: Use SSH in Ubuntu
[BT] In this project, you learn to use SSH in Ubuntu. Using the Ubuntu VMs you created in
the case projects in Chapters 2 and 3, follow the steps to use SSH.
[BT] Using the VM that has Ubuntu Server installed, do the following:
1. Start the VM and log on.
2. SSH is included in Ubuntu Server but is not installed. Enter this command to install and start
SSH: sudo apt-get install ssh
3. Enter the command ifconfig and write down the IP address of the Ubuntu Server VM.
[BT] Using the VM that has Ubuntu Desktop installed, do the following:
4. Start the VM and log on. Ubuntu Desktop launches.
5. Open a shell prompt. To do that, do one of the following:
• Click the search icon in the upper-left corner of the screen and then click Terminal
in the list that appears.

• Click the search icon, type gnome terminal in the search box, and press
Enter.
• Press Ctrl+Alt+T.
6. Using the shell prompt, enter the command ifconfig and note the IP address of the Ubuntu
Desktop VM.
7. Enter the ssh command with the IP address of the Ubuntu Server VM. For example, if the
server IP address is 192.168.1.147, enter this command:
ssh 192.168.1.147
8. Enter your password on the server to log in to the server using SSH. You now have an SSH
session established between the Ubuntu Desktop VM and the Ubuntu Server VM.
9. Enter the dir command. What directory is the server’s current default directory?
Answer: The default directory is the user’s home directory.
10. Enter the ifconfig command. Which IP address is displayed in the command output, the
Ubuntu Desktop VM or Ubuntu Server VM?
Answer: The IP address of the Ubuntu Server VM
11. When you’re finished using the SSH session, break the session using this command: exit
12. To shut down each VM, use this command in each VM: sudo poweroff

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become here a Galilæan or an inhabitant of Palestine; he who was a
citizen of Rheims or of Chartres is become a citizen of Tyre or of
Antioch. We have already forgotten the places of our birth; they are
even by this time either unknown to most of us, or at least never
spoken of. Some of us hold lands and houses by hereditary right;
one has married a woman who is not of his own country—a Syrian,
an Armenian, or even a Saracen who has abjured her faith; another
has with him his son-in-law, or his father-in-law; this one is
surrounded by his nephews and his grandchildren; one cultivates
vines, another the fields; they all talk different languages, and yet
succeed in understanding one another.... The stranger has become
the native, the pilgrim the resident; day by day our relations come
from the West and stay with us. Those who were poor at home God
has made rich here; those who at home had nothing but a farm here
have a city. Why should he who finds the East so fortunate return
again to the West?” The plenty and sunshine of Palestine, where
every Frank was a sort of aristocrat by right of colour, no doubt gave
charms to a life which otherwise was one of constant fighting and
struggle. Palestine was to France in this century what America was
to Europe in the sixteenth, the land of prosperity, plenty, and danger.
How the country got peopled is told by another writer, Jacques de
Vitry, in too glowing colours.
“The Holy Land flourished like a garden of delight. The deserts
were changed into fat and fertile meadows, harvests raised their
heads where once had been the dwelling-places of serpents and
dragons. Hither the Lord, who had once abandoned this land,
gathered together His children. Men of every tribe and every nation
came there by the inspiration of heaven, and doubled the
population. They came in crowds from beyond the sea, especially
from Genoa, Venice, and Pisa. But the greatest force of the realm
was from France and Germany. The Italians are more courageous at
sea, the French and Germans on land, ... those of Italy are sober in
their meals, polished in their discourse, circumspect in their
resolutions, prompt to execute them; full of forethought, submitting
with difficulty to others; defending their liberty above all; making
their own laws, and trusting for their execution to chiefs whom

themselves have elected. They are very necessary for the Holy Land,
not only for fighting, but for the transport of pilgrims and provisions.
As they are sober, they live longer in the East than other nations of
the West. The Germans, the Franks, the Bretons, the English, and
others beyond the Alps are less deceitful, less circumspect, but more
impetuous; less sober, more prodigal; less discreet, less prudent,
more devout, more charitable, more courageous; therefore they are
considered more useful for the defence of the Holy Land, especially
the Bretons, and more formidable against the Saracens.”
But evil came of prosperity. As for the bishops and clergy, they
took all, and gave nothing. To them, we are told, it was as if Christ’s
command had not been “Feed my sheep,” but “Shear my sheep.”
The regular orders, infected with wealth, lost their piety with their
poverty, their discipline with their adversity; they fought, quarrelled,
and gave occasion for every kind of scandal. As for the laity, they
were as bad. A generation dissolute, corrupt, and careless had
sprung from the first Crusaders.[60]
Their mothers had been
Armenians, Greeks, or Syrians. They succeeded to the possessions,
but not to the manners of their fathers; all the world knows, says
the historian, how they were lapped in delights, soft, effeminate,
more accustomed to baths than to fighting, given over to
debauchery and impurity, going dressed as softly as women,
cowardly, lazy, and pusillanimous before the enemies of Christ,
despised by the Saracens, and preferring rather to have peace at
any price than to defend their own possessions. No doubt the
climate of Syria rapidly produced a degeneracy in the courage and
strength of the Latin race, but the writer’s style is too full of
adjectives. He screams like an angry woman when he declaims
against the age, which was probably no worse than its predecessors,
and the heat of his invective deprives it of most of its force.
60. They were called Pullani, see p. 200.
It was in Baldwin’s reign that the Knights Templars were founded,
and the Hospitallers became a military order.

From very early times an order, known as that of St. Lazarus, had
existed, dedicated to the service of lepers and of pilgrims. They had
a hospital, at first, in Acre; they were protected by the late
emperors, their brethren accompanied the army of Heraclius as a
sort of ambulance corps; they obtained permission to establish
themselves in Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and Nazareth, and they had a
settlement at Cyprus. After the first Crusade they divided into three
classes, the knights, or fighting brothers; the physicians, or medical
brothers; and the priests, who administered the last rites of the
church to dying men. These establishments spread over France,
Italy, and Germany; they became rich. The knights appear to have
disappeared gradually; they spent their money in sending pilgrims
out in ships, and in paying the ransoms of those who were taken
prisoner.
The origin of the Knights Hospitallers, originally only the Brothers
of St. John, took place just before the first Crusade. The order was
founded by a certain citizen of Amalfi, Gerard by name. There are
many stories about his life. By some he is confounded with that
Gerard d’Avesnes, who, a hostage in the hand of the Emir of Arsûf,
was bound by him to a piece of timber in the place against which
the machines were chiefly directed, in hopes that the sight might
induce Godfrey to desist. But Godfrey persisted, and Gerard, though
pierced with arrows, eventually recovered. Probably, however, this
was another Gerard. The order began with a monastery near the
Church of the Sepulchre, and in 1113 received a charter from the
Pope. Their immediate object, like that of the Brothers of St.
Lazarus, was to help the wounded; their bread and meat were of the
coarsest, they did not disdain the most menial offices; and, in spite
of their voluntary hardships, and the repulsive duties of their office,
they rapidly grew, and became wealthy. Raymond Dupuy, grand
master in 1118, modified the existing statutes of this order, and
made every brother take the oath to fight, in addition to his other
duties. Henceforth it was a military order, divided into languages,
having commandories for every language, and lands in every
country. Its habit consisted of a black robe, with a mantle to which
was sewn a hood; on the left shoulder was an eight-pointed cross;

and later, for the knights, a coat of arms was added. And this habit
was so honourable that he who fled was judged unworthy to wear it.
Those who entered the order out of Palestine might wear the cross
without the mantle. Riches presently corrupted the early discipline,
and pope after pope addressed them on the subject of the laxity of
their morals. Their history, however, does not belong to us. How
they fought at Rhodes, and how they held Malta, belong to another
history. It is the only one of the military orders not yet extinct.
It was in the year 1118 that the proud and aristocratic order of
Knights Templars was first instituted. Nine knights, nobly born,
consecrated themselves, by a solemn vow, to protect pilgrims on the
roads, and to labour for the safety and welfare of the Church. Their
leaders were Hugh de Payens and Geoffrey de St. Aldemar. They had
no church or place of residence, and the king assigned to them the
building south of the Dome of the Rock, now called the Jámi‘ el
Aksa. It was then called the Palace of Solomon, or the Royal Palace,
and William of Tyre is careful to distinguish between it and the Dome
of the Rock, which he calls the Temple of the Lord. The canons of
the Temple also allowed the knights to make use of their own
ground, that is, of the Haram Area. For nine years they wore no
distinctive habit, and had no worldly possessions. But at the Council
of Troyes, where they were represented by deputies, their cause was
taken up by the Church, and they obtained permission to wear a
white mantle with a red cross. Then, for some reason or other, they
became the most popular of all the orders, and the richest. Their
wealth quickly introduced pride and luxury, and William of Tyre
complains that even in his time, writing only some fifty years after
their foundation, there were 300 knights, without serving brothers,
“whose number was infinite,” that, though they had kept the rules of
their first profession, they had forgotten the duty of humility, had
withdrawn themselves from the authority of the Patriarch of
Jerusalem, and were already rendering themselves extremely
obnoxious to the Church by depriving it of its tithes and first-fruits.
Here we see the first appearance of that hostility to the Church
which afterwards caused the fall of the Templars. The reception of a
new knight was a kind of initiation. The chapter assembled by night

with closed doors, the candidate waiting without. Two brothers were
sent out, three times in succession, to ask him if he wished to enter
the brotherhood. The candidate replied to each interrogatory, and
then, to signify the poverty of his condition, and the modest nature
of his wants, he was to ask three times for bread and water. After
this he was introduced in due form, and after the customary
ceremonies and questions, was made to take the oath of poverty,
chastity, obedience, and devotion to the defence of Palestine. The
following is given as the formula, or part of it:—“I swear to
consecrate my speech, my strength, and my life, to defend the belief
in the unity of God and the mysteries of the faith; I promise to be
submissive and obedient to the grand master of the order; when the
Saracens invade the lands of the Christians, I will pass over the seas
to deliver my brethren; I will give the succour of my arm to the
Church and the kings against the infidel princes; so long as my
enemies shall be only three to one against me I will fight them and
will never take flight; alone I will combat them if they are
unbelievers.”
Everything was done by threes, because three signifies the
mystery of the Trinity. Three times a year the knights were
enumerated; three times a week they heard mass and could eat
meat; three times a week they gave alms; while those who failed in
their duty were scourged three times in open chapter.
In later times the simple ceremony of admission became
complicated by symbolical rites and ceremonies. The candidate was
stripped of all his clothes; poor, naked, and helpless, he was to stand
without the door and seek admission. This was not all. He yet had
his religion. He was required to spit upon the cross and deny his
Saviour. And then with nothing to help him, nothing to fall back
upon, he was to be rebaptized in the chapter of the order: to owe
everything to the Templars, to belong to them by the sacred kiss of
brotherhood, by the oaths of secrecy, by the memory of his
readmission into Christianity, by the glorious traditions of the order,
and lastly, as is more than probable, by that mysterious teaching
which put the order above the Church, and gave an inner and a
deeper meaning to doctrines which the vulgar accepted in their

literal sense. It is impossible now to say whether the Templars were
Gnostic or not; probably they may have imbibed in the East not only
that contempt for the vulgar Christianity which undoubtedly
belonged to them, but also whatever there was left of Gnosticism
floating about in the minds and memories of men. In that strange
time of doubt and restlessness, the revolt against Rome took many
forms. There was the religion of the Troubadour, half a mocking
denial, half a jesting question; there was the angry protest of the
Provençal, that every man is a priest unto himself; there was the
strange and mysterious teaching of the Abbot Joachim; and there
was, besides, the secret creed, which owned no bishop and would
obey no pope, of these Knights Templars.
But this was to come; we are still in the time when St. Bernard
can write of them, “O happy state of life, wherein one may wait for
death without fear, even wish for it, and receive it with firmness!”
This was when their banner Beauséant was borne in the front of
every battle, with its humble legend, “Not unto us, O Lord, not unto
us, but unto Thy name give the glory.”
In the thirteenth century, the Hospitallers had nine thousand
manors, and the Templars nineteen thousand. Each of these could
maintain a knight in Palestine. And yet they did nothing for the
deliverance of the country.
Li frères, li mestre du Temple,
Qu’estoient rempli et ample
D’or, et d’argent, et de richesse,
Et qui menoient toute noblesse,
Où sont ils?
After the reconquest of Palestine, and until their final and cruel
suppression, they seem to have given up all thoughts of their
first vows, and to have become an aristocratic order, admission
into which was a privilege, which involved no duties, demanded
no sacrifices, and conferred great power and distinction. To be a
Templar was for a younger son of a noble house to become a

sort of fellow of a college, only a college far more magnificent
and splendid than anything which remains to us.
The Teutonic order was founded later, during the Crusade of
Frederick Barbarossa. It was at first called the Order of St. George.
After a stay of some time at Jerusalem, the knights, who were
always Germans, went to Acre. And thence, receiving the provinces
of Livonia, Culm, and all they could get of Prussia, they removed to
Europe, where they founded Königsberg in honour of Louis IX. of
France, and did good service against the pagans of Prussia. The
order did not remain a Roman Catholic one, as was decided after the
Reformation, and to gain admission into it it was necessary to prove
sixteen quarterings of nobility.
History, about this time, occupied chiefly in relating how the Turks
on the north, and the Egyptians on the south, made incursion after
incursion, to be beaten back, each time with more difficulty,
becomes somewhat monotonous. King Baldwin II., when the enemy
found that his capture did not affect the success of the Christian
arms, and agreed to accept a ransom for him, directly he got out of
prison assembled his army and laid siege to Aleppo. Here he was
assisted by the Mohammedans themselves, but in spite of his
auxiliaries, was compelled to raise the siege, and returned to
Jerusalem, where he was welcomed by his people. If he was
unfortunate in attack, he was at least fortunate in repelling invasion,
and beat back the Turks near Antioch, and again near Damascus.
The Turks were only formidable when they were united; when, as
often happened, their forces were divided by internal dissensions
among the emirs and princes, the Christians were at rest, and when
these discords were appeased an invasion followed. With the
Egyptians the invasion was annual, but every year growing weaker.
Still, though always beaten back, the Mohammedan troops came
again and again, and the crown of Jerusalem was ever a crown of
thorns. Among those who came at this time to Palestine was young
Bohemond, son of that turbulent Norman who gave Alexis so much
trouble. Baldwin gladly resigned into his hands the principality of
Antioch, which after the death of Count Roger had been under his
own care. Bohemond was young, brave, and handsome. Great

things were expected of him. Baldwin gave him his daughter Alice to
wife, and for a little while all went well, through the young prince’s
activity and prudence. But he was killed in Cilicia, leaving no heir but
an infant girl. After this a very curious story is told.
The princess Alice, widow of young Bohemond, resolved, if
possible, to keep for herself, by any means, the possessions of her
late husband. In order to effect this, as she knew very well that her
daughter would become the king’s ward and heiress of all, she
resolved to try for the help of the Christians’ greatest enemy, Zanghi.
She sent a messenger to the Turk, to open negotiations with him. As
a symbol of her good faith, the messenger was provided with a
white palfrey, shod with silver, with silver bit, and harness mounted
all in silver, and covered with a white cloth. On the way the
messenger was arrested and brought to the king, who was travelling
in haste to Antioch. He confessed his errand and was executed. But
Alice closed the gates of the city, afraid to meet her father. These
were opened by some of the inhabitants, who did not choose to
participate in this open treason to the Christian cause, and Alice
retreated to the citadel. Finally the king was prevailed on to pardon
her, and she received the towns which had been already settled on
her by the marriage deeds, of Laodicea and Gebail. But she was
going to cause more trouble yet.
Another son-in-law of the king was Fulke, who succeeded him. He
came to Palestine as a pilgrim, bewailing the death of his wife
Ermentrade. Here he maintained in his pay a hundred men-at-arms
for a whole year, in the king’s service. Baldwin, who had no sons,
offered him his daughter Milicent, and the succession to the crown.
Fulke, then thirty-eight years of age, gratefully accepted the offer,
and consoled himself for his bereavement.
Baldwin the Second died in the year 1131. He had ruled Edessa
for eighteen years, and Jerusalem for twelve, during which time he
had spent seven years in captivity. He was lamented by his subjects,
though his reign had not been fortunate or successful. Still, by dint
of sheer courage, the boundaries of the realm had not been
contracted. What was really the fatal thing about his reign was that
the Mohammedans knew now by repeated trials that the Christians

were not invincible. It was a knowledge which every year deepened,
and every petty victory strengthened. The prestige of their arms
once gone, the power of the Christians was sure to follow.
Religious as Baldwin was, his piety did not prevent him from
asserting the rights of the crown over those claimed by every
successive patriarch, and many quarrels happened between him and
the prelates, who tried perpetually to extend their temporal power.
During one of these, the patriarch fell ill. Baldwin went to see him. “I
am,” said the revengeful priest, “as you would wish to see me, Sir
King,” implying that Baldwin wished his death, even if he had not
compassed it. William of Tyre, a priest to the backbone, relates this
incident without a word of comment. It must be remembered that
the position of the Latin clergy in Palestine was not by any means so
good as that which they enjoyed in Europe. Their lands were not so
large in proportion, and their dignity and authority less. On the other
hand, they were neither so nobly born, nor so well bred, nor so
learned as their clerical brethren of the West. Thus it is reported that
a Flemish pilgrim was once raised to the patriarchal seat, simply
because, at the imposture of the Holy Fire, his taper was the first to
light, and it will be remembered how, after the deposition of
Dagobert, Ebremer, a simple and perfectly ignorant monk, was put
into his place. And when the pope refused to confirm the
appointment, they made him archbishop of another diocese by way
of compensation.
We have seen, so far, the growth of this little kingdom, created in
a single campaign, sustained by the valour of kings whose crown
was an iron helmet, whose throne was seldom anything but a camp-
stool in a tent, or the saddle of a horse, whose hands grasped no
sceptre but a sword, who lived hardly, and died in harness. We have
next to see its decline and fall.
Legends of Baldwin’s prowess grew up as the years ran on. As a
specimen of the stories which gathered about his name we subjoin
the following translation, almost literal, from a French romance of
the fourteenth century. It treats of a visit made by Baldwin with two
Mohammedan princes, secretly Christian, to the Old Man of the
Mountains:

“Now,” said the Prince,[61]
“great marvels have I here;”
And summoning from those who waited near
One of his own Assassins, bade him go
Up to the highest tower, and leap below.
Strange was it when the soldier ran
Joyous, and quick, and smiling, as a man
Who looks for great reward, and through the air
Leaped fearless down. And far below him there
King Baldwin noted how his lifeless bones,
Mangled and shattered, lay about the stones.
When leapt the first man marvelled much the king,
More when five others, as ’twere some light thing,
At his command leaped down from that tall height.
“Sir,” said the Prince, “no man, of all my might,
But blindly hastens where I point the way,
Nor is there one so mad to disobey.”
“Now by Mahound,” the Caliph cried, “not I:
Far be it from me your power to deny.
For, as it seems, the greatest man on earth,
A very god, a greater far in worth
Than Mahomet himself art thou; for none
Can do, or shall do, what thyself hast done.”
“Thou speakest truth,” the Prince replied, “and lo!
As yet thou knowest not all, for I can show
The fairest place that ever yet was found.”
And so he led, by many a mazy round
And secret passage, to an orchard fair,
Planted with herbs and fruit trees: hidden there,
Deep in a corner, was a golden gate.
This to the Prince flew open wide, and straight
Great brightness shone upon them, and behind
Upwards long flights of silver stairs did wind.
Two hundred steps they mounted: then, behold,
There lay the garden as the Prince had told.
Ah! what a garden! all sweet hues that be,
Azure, and gold, and red, were here to see:

All flowers that God has made were blooming here,
While sparkled three fresh fountains bright and clear—
With claret one; with mead all honey-sweet
The second ran; while at their thirsty feet
The third poured white wine. On a dais high
Was set a golden table, and thereby
Sat Ivorine, the fairest maid of earth.
Round her, each one a jewel of great worth,
Two hundred damsels waited on her word,
Or sang as never Baldwin yet had heard
The maids of Europe sing: and here and there
Minstrels with golden harps made music fair;
Ever they danced and sang: such joy had they,
So light seemed every heart, each maid so gay;
So sweet the songs they sang, so bright their eyes,
That this fair garden seemed like Paradise.
But Lady Ivorine smiled not, and sat
Downcast and sad, though still content to wait
Her knight—the flower of knighthood—who some day
Would surely come and bear her far away.
Baldwin bethought him of the maiden fair,
Whose fame had gone abroad, and everywhere
Looked, till his eyes fell upon one who seemed
Fairer than mind had pictured, brain had dreamed.
She sat upon a golden seat, alone,
In priceless robes; upon her head a crown,
Well worth a county: there, row over row,
Full many a sapphire shone with richest glow,
And many a pearl and many a gem beside
Glittered therein the gold beneath to hide.
Her robe was broidered: three long years and more
Toiled on it he who wrought it; and thrown o’er
A costly mantle lay: from far ’twas brought
In some sweet isle beyond the ocean wrought.
Full seven years a Moslem lady bent
Above her loom, and still her labour spent,

While slowly grew the robe; for buckle light,
A rich carbuncle glowed, which day and night
Shone like the sun of heaven clear and bright.
* * * * *
And when Lord Baldwin saw this damsel fair,
So mazed he was, he nearly fainted there.
“Baldwin,” said Poliban, “look not so pale,
If ’tis for doubt or fear your spirits fail.”
“Nay,” said Lord Baldwin, “but a sudden pain,
Yet see I what would make me well again.”
Then the Prince led them all, these nobles three,
And to his daughter brought them courteously.
“Fair daughter,” said he, “is there none of these,
Great princes all and brave, that can you please?”
“Yea, sire,” the maid replied, “I see my lord,
The noblest knight is he who wears a sword.
These ten long years I sit, and hope, and wait,
For him, my husband, promised me by fate.
Now leaps my heart: the weary time is past,
My knight, my liege, my lord, is come at last.”
When Baldwin heard these words, joy and surprise
Held all his heart; but then, across his eyes,
Fell on him a sudden cloud of doubt, and fear
Ran through his chilled brain lest those praises dear
For a companion, not himself, were told.
And, for he could not silence longer hold,
For all the gold of Europe. “Can it be,”
He asked the maid, “that you have chosen me?”
She smiled upon him, “Baldwin, be my knight.”
“By heaven,” he cried, “mine is this jewel so bright.”
But then the Prince, her sire—who liked not well,
That on the poorest lord her favour fell—
Angry and wrath, cried, “Foolish daughter, know,
Your idle words like running water flow,
And matter nothing, until I have willed.”
“Father,” cried Ivorine, “I am your child;

And yet, alas! through my words must you die.
Yes; for know well that God who dwells on high
Hates those who own him not: and so hates you.
That lying demon whom you hold for true,
And so teach others, has deceived your heart.
But as for me, ah! let me take my part
With those who trust in Christ, and place my faith
In that sweet pardon won us by his death.
Father, renounce thy superstitions vain;
And leave this place, or die, if you remain.”
“Fool!” cried the Prince, “I curse thee from this day.”
Then to the Caliph: “Slay my daughter, slay.
Strike quickly, lest some evil chance to you.
My daughter kill.”
His sword the Caliph drew,
And struck—but not fair Ivorine. The blade
Smote down the wrathful Prince, and spared the maid.
“Right well,” cried Poliban, “hast thou obeyed.”
61. Le Vieux de la Montagne.

CHAPTER X.
KING FULKE. A.D. 1131-1144.
“I have touched the highest point of all my greatness,
And from that full meridian of my glory,
I haste now to my setting.”
King Lear.
Fulke, Count of Anjou, born about the year 1092, was thirty-nine
years of age at the time when his father-in-law died, and he
became, with his wife Milicent, the successor to the throne. He was
a man of affable and generous disposition, patient and prudent
rather than impetuous, and of great experience and judgment in
military operations. He was of small stature—all the previous kings
had been tall men—and had red hair; “in spite of which,” says
William of Tyre, who regarded red-haired men with suspicion, “the
Lord found him, like David, after his own heart.” The principal defect
in him was that he had no memory. He forgot faces, persons, and
promises. He would entertain a man one day in the most friendly
spirit possible, making all kinds of offers of assistance, and giving
him to understand that he was entirely devoted to his interests. The
next day he would meet him and ask people who he was, having
meanwhile quite forgotten all about him. This was sometimes
extremely embarrassing, and “many men who reckoned on their
familiar relations with the king fell into confusion, reflecting that they
themselves, who wanted to show as protectors and patrons to other
people, required a patron with the king.”

The domestic relations of Fulke were somewhat complicated, but
they bear a certain special interest for English readers.[62]
His father,
Fulke, the Count of Touraine and Anjou, was married three times,
and had one child from each marriage. His third wife, Bertrade, the
mother of King Fulke, ran away from him, and became the mistress
of King Philip of France, by whom she had three children. One of
them was that Cæcilia who married Tancred, and, after his death,
Count Pons. Fulke, by means of his mother’s influence, making a
wealthy marriage, was the father of that Geoffrey Plantagenet who
married Matilda of England, and produced the Plantagenet line. His
daughter Matilda was also betrothed to William, the son of Henry I.,
and, on the drowning of that prince, she went into a convent, where
she remained. Another daughter, Sybille, married Thierry, Count of
Flanders. By his second wife, Milicent, Fulke had two sons, Baldwin
and Amaury, both of whom became, in turn, Kings of Jerusalem.
62. See Genealogical Table, p. 268.
In the first year of King Fulke’s reign died that stout old warrior,
Jocelyn of Edessa. His end was worthy of his life. In the preceding
year he had been besieging a fort or castle near Aleppo, and had
ordered a certain town to be undermined. While he was personally
superintending the works, the tower suddenly fell and buried the old
count beneath its ruins. They extricated him, but his legs and limbs
were broken, and he never walked again. He retained, however, his
power of speech and his lofty courage, and when, next year, the
news came that the Sultan of Iconium was besieging in force one of
his strong places, he sent for his son and ordered him to collect all
the men and knights he could, and march at once to the rescue. But
young Jocelyn, who was, like most of the Syrian-born Christians,
little better than a cur, refused flatly, alleging as an excuse the
disproportion of numbers. The old man, sorrowful at heart on
account of his son’s cowardice, and foreboding the troubles which
would surely come after his own death, ordered his litter to be
prepared, and was carried at the head of his own army to the relief
of the fort. The news reached the Saracens that old Jocelyn was

coming himself, and at the very mention of his name they broke up
their camp and fled. “And when he heard this, the count ordered
those who carried his litter to place it on the ground; then raising his
hands to heaven, with tears and sighs, he returned thanks to God,
who had visited him in his affliction, and had thus favoured him by
suffering him once more, and for the last time, to be formidable to
the enemies of Christ. And while he poured out his thanks to
heaven, he breathed his last.” There was now no one left of the old
crusading chiefs, and their spirit was dead.
Most of them had married Armenians, and their sons were
degenerate, sensual, and cowardly. Young Jocelyn, for instance,
though married to the most beautiful and the best woman in the
East, the Lady Beatrice, was so given over to all kinds of licentious
excesses and luxuries that he was, says the historian, covered with
infamy. His daughter married Fulke’s son Amaury, and the evil life of
Jocelyn bore its fruits in the leprosy of his grandson, King Baldwin
IV.
Directly the Countess Alice of Antioch heard of her father’s death,
she began to plot and intrigue to break through the settlement made
in her daughter’s favour, and to get the town and principality for
herself. By means of gifts and promises, she drew over to her own
interests young Jocelyn of Edessa, and Pons, Count of Tripoli, and
the people of Antioch, alarmed for their future, sent hastily to the
king for assistance. Fulke went first to Beyrout, whence he intended
to proceed through the territories of the Count of Tripoli to Antioch.
But Pons, though his wife was the king’s own sister, positively
refused to allow him to pass. The king went by sea. Then Pons
followed him with a small army. Fulke, getting together some troops
at Antioch, went out to meet him, and an engagement took place, in
which Pons was defeated, and most of his knights taken prisoners.
After this the Count of Tripoli made his submission, and was
reconciled to the king, who confided the government of Antioch to
Renaud de Margat, and returned to his capital. But there was no
repose for a King of Jerusalem, and the news came that Zanghi, with
a large army, had passed the Euphrates, and was invading the
territory of Antioch. Once more the order for preparation was given,

and the king marched north. When he arrived at Sidon, he was met
by his sister Cæcilia, who told him how her husband was besieged in
Montferrand by the Saracens, and implored the king, with all a
woman’s tears and entreaties, to go first to his assistance. Zanghi
thought best to retire, and raising his camp, got back across the
Euphrates with all his plunder. But he only retired, “pour mieux
sauter”” and came back in overwhelming force. And then followed
one more, almost the last, of those splendid victories which seem to
have been won, unless the histories lie, against such fearful odds,
and entirely through the personal valour of each individual Christian.
The reputation of Fulke rose high by this victory, and he had time to
regulate some of his domestic matters. First it became necessary to
get a husband for little Constance of Antioch, in order to save
himself the trouble of perpetually interfering in the troubles caused
by Alice. He could think of no one so suitable as Raymond of
Poitiers. But there were difficulties in the way. Raymond was in
England at the court of Henry I. If deputies were sent publicly,
inviting him to Antioch, Alice would certainly use all her influence
with the Norman princes of Sicily, her late husband’s cousins, to stop
him on the way. A double deceit was therefore practised. Alice was
privately informed that Raymond was sent for to marry her, not her
daughter. Raymond was written to by a special messenger, a Knight
Hospitaller, named Gerard, and ordered to travel to the East in
disguise as a simple pilgrim. These precautions proved successful.
Alice, rejoiced at the prospect of another gallant husband, ceased
her intrigues. Raymond arrived safely in Antioch, where Alice and
the Patriarch were both waiting for him. And then he was married
without the least delay to Constance, a little girl of eleven or twelve.
The Countess Alice, who had been deceived up to the very hour of
the wedding, went away to Laodicea, mad with rage and
disappointment, and we hear no more of her. Fulke had checkmated
her.
His next trouble was on account of her sister, his own wife,
Milicent. At a council held in Jerusalem, one Walter, Count of
Cæsarea, son-in-law to Hugh, Count of Jaffa, rose and accused his
father-in-law of the crime of lèse-majesté. The accusation was

prompted by the king himself, who had, or thought he had, good
reason to be jealous of his wife’s relations with Count Hugh. And
accordingly he hated Hugh. The barons heard the charge, and
summoned Hugh to answer it in person, and to defend his honour,
en champ clos, against his accuser. On the appointed day Walter of
Cæsarea appeared in arms, but Hugh did not come. Whether that he
was guilty, or whether that he was unwilling to risk his honour and
life on the chance of a single fight, is uncertain. He was accordingly
judged guilty in default, and the king marched against him. But
Count Hugh was not so easily put down. He hastened to Ascalon,
and made an alliance, to the horror of all good Christians, with those
hereditary enemies of the faith, the inhabitants of that town. They
joyfully joined him, and engaged to harass the country while he
defended Jaffa. And then Hugh drew up his bridges, shut his gates,
and sat down, announcing his determination to hold out to the last.
There was no one in the kingdom with so great a reputation as he
for personal bravery; no one so handsome, no one so strong, and no
one of better birth. Moreover, he was the cousin-german to the
queen, which gave him a reason, or at least a pretext, for visiting
her frequently and privately.
But it could not be endured that civil war should rage so close to
the very capital of the realm, and negotiations were entered into
between the contending parties. Finally it was agreed that Hugh
should put away his unnatural alliance with the Saracens, and should
so far acknowledge the sentence of the barons by an exile of three
years. Hugh repaired to Jerusalem with the king, where he waited till
the preparations for his departure should be completed. One day,
while he was playing dice outside a shop in the street, a Breton
knight stabbed him with a sword, and Hugh fell apparently dead. He
was not dead, however, and was ultimately cured of his wounds, but
died in Sicily before the term of his exile was completed. Everybody
thought that King Fulke had ordered the assassination, but the
murderer stoutly declared, in the midst of the keenest tortures, that
he had no accomplices, and that he had acted solely in what he
thought obedience to the will of Heaven. Fulke ordered his limbs to
be broken and cut off one after the other, all but his tongue, which

was left free, in order that full confession might be made. Queen
Milicent’s resentment pursued those who had compassed the exile of
her lover. All who had been concerned in it went in terror and peril,
knowing, “furens quid fœmina possit;” and even the king found it
prudent to make the peace with his wife, and henceforth, even if he
should be jealous, to conceal that passion as much as possible. But
the count died in Sicily, and the queen’s resentment died with him.
There was not, however, very much more glory awaiting the much
troubled Fulke. Pons, Count of Tripoli, was taken prisoner by the
Damascenes, and being recognised by certain Syrians, living in
Lebanon, was put to death. Evidently the historian is wrong here, as
the time was quite gone by for putting illustrious prisoners to death.
There must have been some special reason for this barbarity.
However, his son Raymond believed the story, and in order to
avenge his death, marched a force to the mountains and brought
back to Tripoli, loaded with irons, all those whom he could catch, as
accessories to the death of his father. There, in presence of all the
people, the poor creatures, who appear to have done nothing at all,
were put to death with different kinds of tortures, all the most cruel,
“in just punishment of their enormous crimes.”
And now the misfortunes of the Christian kingdom began fairly to
set in. The emperor John Comnenus, son of Alexis, was marching
across Asia Minor with the intention of renewing his father’s claims
on Antioch. Raymond sent hurriedly to the king for assistance. Fulke
went northwards again. He arrival in time to hear that Zanghi was
again on Christian soil, ravaging and pillaging. He went to meet him,
and the Christian army was completely and terribly defeated. Fulke
took refuge in the fortress of Montferrand. Raymond of Tripoli was
made prisoner. In this juncture an appeal was made to Jocelyn of
Edessa and Raymond of Antioch to come to their assistance, and the
Patriarch of Jerusalem was ordered to muster every man he could
find.
It was the most critical moment in the history of the kingdom.
Fortunately John Comnenus was too wise to desire the destruction
of the Latin Christians, and he contented himself with the homage of
Raymond of Antioch, and came to their assistance. But the Franks

quarrelled with the Greeks, and were suspicious of their motives.
John retired in disgust with his allies; a year afterwards he came
back again; was insulted by the people of Antioch; was actually
refused permission to go as a pilgrim to Jerusalem, except in
disguise, and was killed by a poisoned arrow, very likely by a Frank.
Thus the Latins lost all hope of succour from Constantinople, at a
time when succour from some quarter was necessary to their very
existence, when the old ardour of crusading which had kept their
ranks full was dying out in Europe, and when their chiefs, the
children of the old princes, were spending their days in slothful
luxury, careless of glory, and anxious only for peace and feasting.
Fulke’s own son-in-law, Thierry of Flanders, arriving at this time
with a large following, the king made use of his men to go across
the Jordan and clear away a nest of brigands which had been
established in a cavern on a mountain side. While they were
occupied in the regular siege of this place, the Turks took advantage
of their absence, and made a predatory incursion into the south of
Palestine, taking and plundering the little town of Tekoa. Robert,
Grand Master of the Templars, went in hot haste against them. They
fled at his approach; but the Christians, instead of keeping together
and following up the victory, dispersed all over the plain. The Turks
rallied, and forming small detachments, turned upon their pursuers,
and slaughtered them nearly all. Among those who were killed was
the famous Templar, Odo of Montfaucon. Fulke was sore afflicted by
the news of this disaster, but persevered in the siege, and had at
least the satisfaction of destroying his robbers.
One more military expedition King Fulke was to make. Allied with
the Emir of Damascus, he laid siege to the town of Baucas, which
Zanghi had taken. The legate of the pope, Alberic of Ostia, was with
the army, and exhorted them to courage and perseverance. After an
obstinate resistance, the town capitulated on honourable terms.
The legate had come from Rome to act as judge between the
Patriarch of Antioch and the bishops. It is not easy to make out how
these quarrels arose, nor is it edifying to relate the progress of
squabbles which were chiefly ecclesiastical. Alberic of Ostia had been
recalled, and a new legate, Peter, Archbishop of Lyons, sent out in

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