Network Management 2nd Edition Mani Subramanian

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Author(s): Mani Subramanian
ISBN(s): 9788131791837, 8131791831
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 12.65 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english

Network Management
Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian
Georgia Institute of Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
NMSWorks Software Private Limited
With contributions from
Timothy A. Gonsalves
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
N. Usha Rani
NMSWorks Software Private Limited
Chennai • Delhi • Chandigarh
Title Page
2

Contents
Preface
Part I Background
1 Data Communications and Network Management Overview
1.1 Analogy of Telephone Network Management
1.2 Data (Computer) and Telecommunication Network
1.3 Distributed Computing Environment
1.4 TCP/IP-Based Networks: Internet and Intranet
1.5 Communication Protocols and Standards
1.5.1 Communication Architectures
1.5.2 Protocol Layers and Services
1.6 Networks, Systems, and Services
1.6.1 Broadband Networks, Systems, and Services
1.6.2 Wide Area Networks
1.6.3 Broadband Access Networks
1.6.4 Home/CPE Networks
1.6.5 Quality of Service in Broadband Systems
1.6.6 Security and Privacy in Broadband Systems
1.7 Case Histories on Network, System, and Service Management
Contents
4

1.7.1 Case History 1: Importance of Topology (“Case of the Footprint”)
1.7.2 Case History 2: Centrally Managed Network Issues
1.7.3 Transaction Delays in Client–Server Network
1.7.4 Service Impact in End-to-End Service of Customers
1.7.5 Some Common Network Problems
1.8 Challenges of IT Managers
1.9 Network Management: Goals, Organization, and Functions
1.9.1 Goal of Network Management
1.9.2 Network Provisioning
1.9.3 Network Operations and NOC
1.9.4 Network Installation and Maintenance
1.10 Network Management Architecture and Organization
1.11 Network Management Perspectives
1.11.1 Network Management Perspective
1.11.2 Service Management Perspective
1.11.3 OSS Perspective
1.11.4 e-Business Management
1.12 NMS Platform
1.13 Current Status and Future of Network Management
Summary
Exercises
Contents
5

2 Review of Information Network and Technology
2.1 Network Topology
2.2 Local Area Networks
2.2.1 Ethernet
2.2.2 Fast Ethernet
2.2.3 Gigabit Ethernet
2.2.4 Full-Duplex Ethernet
2.2.5 Switched Ethernet
2.2.6 10-Gigabit Ethernet
2.2.7 Virtual LAN
2.2.8 Token Ring
2.2.9 FDDI
2.2.10 Wireless LAN
2.3 Network Node Components
2.3.1 Hubs
2.3.2 Bridges
2.3.3 Remote Bridge
2.3.4 Transparent Bridge
2.3.5 Source-Routing Bridge
2.3.6 Routers
2.3.7 Gateways and Protocol Converters
Contents
6

2.3.8 Multiprotocol Routers and Tunneling
2.3.9 Half-Bridge Configuration of Router
2.3.10 Edge Routers
2.3.11 Switches
2.4 Wide Area Networks
2.5 Transmission Technology
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Wired Transmission
2.5.3 Wireless Transmission Media
2.5.4 Transmission Modes
2.6 Integrated Services: ISDN, Frame Relay, and Broadband
Summary
Exercises
Part II SNMP and Network Management
3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
3.1 Network Management Standards
3.2 Network Management Models
3.3 Organization Model
3.4 Information Model
3.4.1 Management Information Tree
Contents
7

3.4.2 Managed Object Perspective
3.5 Communication Model
3.6 Abstract Syntax Notation One: ASN.1
3.6.1 Terminology, Symbols, and Conventions
3.6.2 Objects and Data Types
3.6.3 Object Name
3.6.4 An Example of Use of ASN.1 from ISO 8824
3.7 Encoding Structure
3.8 Macros
3.9 Functional Model
Summary
Exercises
4 SNMPv1 Network Management: Organization and Information Models
4.1 Managed Network: Case Histories and Examples
4.2 History of SNMP Management
4.3 Internet Organizations and Standards
4.3.1 Organizations
4.3.2 Internet Documents
4.4 SNMP Model
4.5 Organization Model
4.6 System Overview
Contents
8

4.7 Information Model
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 Structure of Management Information
4.7.3 Managed Objects
4.7.4 Management of Information Base
Summary
Exercises
5 SNMPv1 Network Management: Communication and Functional Models
5.1 SNMP Communication Model
5.1.1 SNMP Architecture
5.1.2 Administrative Model
5.1.3 SNMP Protocol Specifications
5.1.4 SNMP Operations
5.1.5 SNMP MIB Group
5.2 Functional Model
Summary
Exercises
6 SNMP Management: SNMPv2
6.1 Major Changes in SNMPv2
6.2 SNMPv2 System Architecture
6.3 SNMPv2 Structure of Management Information
Contents
9

6.3.1 SMI Definitions for SNMPv2
6.3.2 Information Modules
6.3.3 SNMP Keywords
6.3.4 Module Definitions
6.3.5 Object Definitions
6.3.6 Textual Conventions
6.3.7 Creation and Deletion of Rows in Tables
6.3.8 Notification Definitions
6.3.9 Conformance Statements
6.4 SNMv2 Management Information Base
6.4.1 Changes to the System Group in SNMPv2
6.4.2 Changes to the SNMP Group in SNMPv2
6.4.3 Information for Notification in SNMPv2
6.4.4 Conformance Information in SNMPv2
6.4.5 Expanded Internet MIB-II
6.5 SNMPv2 Protocol
6.5.1 Data Structure of SNMPv2 PDUs
6.5.2 SNMPv2 Protocol Operations
6.6 Compatibility with SNMPv1
6.6.1 Bilingual Manager
6.6.2 SNMP Proxy Server
Contents
10

Summary
Exercises
7 SNMP Management: SNMPv3
7.1 SNMPv3 Key Features
7.2 SNMPv3 Documentation Architecture
7.3 Architecture
7.3.1 Elements of an Entity
7.3.2 Names
7.3.3 Abstract Service Interfaces
7.4 SNMPv3 Applications
7.4.1 Command Generator
7.4.2 Command Responder
7.4.3 Notification Originator
7.4.4 Notification Receiver
7.4.5 Proxy Forwarder
7.5 SNMPv3 Management Information Base
7.6 Security
7.6.1 Security Threats
7.6.2 Security Model
7.6.3 Message Format
7.7 SNMPv3 User-Based Security Model
Contents
11

7.7.1 Authentication Protocols
7.7.2 Encryption Protocol
7.8 Access Control
7.8.1 Elements of the Model
7.8.2 VACM Process
7.8.3 VACM MIB
Summary
Exercises
8 SNMP Management: RMON
8.1 What is Remote Monitoring?
8.2 RMON SMI and MIB
8.3 RMON1
8.3.1 RMON1 Textual Conventions
8.3.2 RMON1 Groups and Functions
8.3.3 Relationship Between Control and Data Tables
8.3.4 RMON1 Common and Ethernet Groups
8.3.5 RMON Token-Ring Extension Groups
8.4 RMON2
8.4.1 RMON2 Management Information Base
8.4.2 RMON2 Conformance Specifications
8.5 ATM Remote Monitoring
Contents
12

8.6 A Case Study on Internet Traffic Using RMON
Summary
Exercises
9 Network Management Tools, Systems, and Engineering
9.1 System Utilities for Management
9.1.1 Basic Tools
9.1.2 SNMP Tools
9.1.3 Protocol Analyzer
9.2 Network Statistics Measurement Systems
9.2.1 Traffic Load Monitoring
9.2.2 Protocol Statistics
9.2.3 Data and Error Statistics
9.2.4 Using MRTG to Collect Traffic Statistics
9.3 MIB Engineering
9.3.1 General Principles and Limitations of SMI
9.3.2 Counters vs. Rates
9.3.3 Object-Oriented Approach to MIB Engineering
9.3.4 SMI Tables
9.3.5 SMI Actions
9.3.6 SMI Transactions
9.3.7 Summary: MIB Engineering
Contents
13

9.4 NMS Design
9.4.1 Functional Requirements
9.4.2 Architecture of the NMS Server
9.4.3 Key Design Decisions
9.4.4 Discovery Module
9.4.5 Performance Manager
9.4.6 Fault Manager
9.4.7 Distributed Management Approaches
9.4.8 Server Platforms
9.4.9 NMS Client Design
9.4.10 Summary: NMS Design
9.5 Network Management Systems
9.5.1 Network Management
9.5.2 System and Application Management
9.5.3 Enterprise Management
9.5.4 Telecommunications Management Systems
Summary
Exercises
Part III TMN and Applications Management
10 Telecommunications Management Network
Contents
14

10.1 Why TMN?
10.2 Operations Systems
10.3 TMN Conceptual Model
10.4 TMN Standards
10.5 TMN Architecture
10.5.1 Functional Architecture
10.5.2 Physical Architecture
10.5.3 Information Architecture
10.6 TMN Management Service Architecture
10.7 TMN Integrated View
10.8 TMN Implementation
10.8.1 OMNIPoint
10.8.2 eTOM
Summary
Exercises
11 Network Management Applications
11.1 Configuration Management
11.1.1 Network Provisioning
11.1.2 Inventory Management
11.1.3 Network Topology
11.2 Fault Management
Contents
15

11.2.1 Fault Detection
11.2.2 Fault Location and Isolation Techniques
11.3 Performance Management
11.3.1 Performance Metrics
11.3.2 Data Monitoring
11.3.3 Problem Isolation
11.3.4 Performance Statistics
11.4 Event Correlation Techniques
11.4.1 Rule-Based Reasoning
11.4.2 Model-Based Reasoning
11.4.3 Case-Based Reasoning
11.4.4 Codebook Correlation Model
11.4.5 State Transition Graph Model
11.4.6 Finite State Machine Model
11.5 Security Management
11.5.1 Policies and Procedures
11.5.2 Resources to Prevent Security Breaches
11.5.3 Firewalls
11.5.4 Cryptography
11.5.5 Authentication and Authorization
11.5.6 Client–Server Authentication Systems
Contents
16

11.5.7 Message Transfer Security
11.5.8 Network Protection from Virus Attacks
11.6 Accounting Management
11.7 Report Management
11.8 Policy-Based Management
11.9 Service Level Management
Summary
Exercises
Part IV Broadband Network Management
12 Broadband Network Management: WAN
12.1 Broadband Network and Services
12.2 ATM Technology
12.2.1 Virtual Path–Virtual Circuit
12.2.2 ATM Packet Size
12.2.3 Integrated Service
12.2.4 WAN/SONET
12.2.5 ATM LAN Emulation
12.3 ATM Network Management
12.3.1 ATM Network Reference Model
12.3.2 Integrated Local Management Interface
Contents
17

12.3.3 ATM Management Information Base
12.3.4 Role of SNMP and ILMI in ATM Management
12.3.5 M1 Interface: Management of ATM Network Element
12.3.6 M2 Interface: Management of a Private Network
12.3.7 M3 Interface: Customer Network Management of a Public Network
12.3.8 M4 Interface: Public Network Management
12.3.9 ATM Digital Exchange Interface Management
12.4 MPLS Network Technology
12.4.1 MPLS Network
12.4.2 MPLS Traffic Engineering
12.4.3 MPLS Label
12.4.4 LSP, LSR, LDP, and Label
12.5 MPLS OAM Management
12.5.1 OAM in ATM and MPLS Network
12.5.2 Fault Management of LSP
12.5.3 Service Level Management
12.5.4 MPLS MIBs
12.5.5 Interdependencies of MPLS MIBS
12.5.6 MPLS MIB Group Composition
12.5.7 Use of Interface Stack in MPLS
12.5.8 Traffic Engineering Link MIB Group
Contents
18

12.5.9 MPLS Example
12.6 Optical and MAN Feeder Networks
12.6.1 Optical DWDM/SDH Network
12.6.2 SDH Management
12.6.3 SONET Transport Hierarchy and ifTables
12.6.4 WDM Optical Transport Network
Summary
Exercises
13 Broadband Network Management: Wired and Optical Access Networks
13.1 Broadband Access Network
13.2 Broadband Access Technology
13.3 Cable Modem Technology
13.3.1 Cable Transmission Medium and Modes
13.3.2 Cable Modem
13.3.3 Cable Modem Termination System
13.3.4 RF Spectrum for a Cable Modem
13.3.5 Data-Over-Cable Reference Architecture
13.4 Cable Access Network Management
13.4.1 Cable Modem and CMTS Management
13.4.2 HFC Link Management
13.4.3 RF Spectrum Management
Contents
19

13.5 DOCSIS Standards
13.5.1 DOCSIS 1.0
13.5.2 DOCSIS 1.1
13.5.3 DOCSIS 2.0
13.5.4 DOCSIS 3.0
13.6 DSL Access Network
13.7 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
13.7.1 ADSL Access Network in Overall Network
13.7.2 ADSL Architecture
13.7.3 ADSL-Channeling Schemes
13.7.4 ADSL-Encoding Schemes
13.8 ADSL Management
13.8.1 ADSL Network Management Elements
13.8.2 ADSL Configuration Management
13.8.3 ADSL Fault Management
13.8.4 ADSL Performance Management
13.8.5 SNMP-Based ADSL Line MIB
13.8.6 MIB Integration with Interfaces Group in MIB-2
13.8.7 ADSL Operational and Configuration Profiles
13.9 ADSL2, ADSL2+, and VDSL2
13.10 Passive Optical Network
Contents
20

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THE PRICELESS
PEARL
BY
ALICE DUER MILLER
AUTHOR OF
"Manslaughter," "Come Out of the Kitchen,"
"Are Parents People?" etc.
NEW YORK
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY
1924
Copyright 1923, 1924
By Alice Duer Miller
Printed in U. S. A.

CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER I 1
CHAPTER TWO 53
CHAPTER THREE 94
CHAPTER FOUR 141
THE PRICELESS PEARL

CHAPTER I
"The girl is simply too good-looking," said Bunner, the office
manager, in a high, complaining voice. "She is industrious,
intelligent, punctual and well-mannered, but simply too good-looking
—a disturbing element in the office on account of her appearance. I
made a grave mistake in engaging her."
The president, who had been a professor of botany at a great
university before he resigned in order to become head of The
Universal Encyclopedia of Necessary Knowledge Publishing
Corporation, was a trifle deaf, but had not as yet admitted the fact to
himself; and he inquired with the patient, slightly contemptuous
surprise of the deaf, "But I do not understand why she is crying."
"It is not she who is crying," answered the office manager
regretfully; "it is Mr. Rixon, our third vice president. He is crying
because he has most unfortunately become interested in the young
woman—fallen in love with her—so my stenographer tells me."
The president peered through his bifocal lenses. He did not wish to
be thought one of those unsophisticated scientists who understand
only the plain unpsychological process of plants. He inquired
whether the girl had encouraged the third vice president, whether, in
a word, she had given him to understand that she took a deeper
interest in him than was actually the fact, "the disappointment of the
discovery being the direct cause of the emotional outbreak which
you have just described."
Bunner hesitated. He would have liked to consider that Miss Leavitt
was to blame, for otherwise the responsibility was entirely his own.
In his heart he believed she was, for he was one of those men who
despise women and yet consider them omnipotent.

"I can't say I've ever seen her do more than say good morning to
him," he answered rather crossly. "But I believe there is a way of
avoiding a man—with her appearance. You have probably never
noticed her, sir, but——"
"Oh, I've noticed her," said the president, nodding his old head. "I've
noticed a certain youth and exuberant vitality, and—yes, I may say
beauty—decided beauty."
Bunner sighed.
"A girl like that ought to get married," he said. "They ought not to
be working in offices, making trouble. It's hard on young men of
susceptible natures like Mr. Rixon. You can hardly blame him."
No, they agreed they did not blame him at all; and so they decided
to let the young woman have her salary to the first of the month and
let her go immediately.
"That will be best, Bunner," said the president, and dismissed the
matter from his mind.
But Bunner, who knew that there was a possibility that even a
beautiful young woman might not enjoy losing her job, could not
dismiss the matter from his mind until the interview with her was
over. He decided, therefore, to hold it at once, and withdrew from
the president's room, where, as a directors' meeting was about to
take place, the members of the board were already beginning to
gather.
Bunner was a pale fat man of forty, who was as cold to the excessive
emotion of the third vice president as he was to the inconvenient
beauty which had caused it. He paused beside Miss Leavitt's desk in
the outer office and requested a moment of her time.
She had finished going over the article on Corals and was about to
begin that on Coronach—a Scotch dirge or lamentation for the dead.
She had just been wondering whether any created being would ever
want to know anything about coronach, when Mr. Bunner spoke to

her. If she had followed her first impulse she would have looked up
and beamed at him, for she was of the most friendly and
warmhearted nature; but she remembered that beaming was not
safe where men were concerned—even when they were fat and
forty—so she answered coldly, "Yes, Mr. Bunner," and rose and
followed him to his own little office.
Miss Pearl Leavitt, A. B., Rutland College, was not one of those
beauties who must be pointed out to you before you appreciate their
quality. On the contrary, the eye roving in her neighborhood was
attracted to her as to a luminary. There was nothing finicky or subtle
or fine-drawn about her. Her features were rather large and simple,
like a Greek statue's, though entirely without a statue's immobility.
Her coloring was vivid—a warm brunette complexion, a bright
golden head and a pair of large gray eyes that trembled with their
own light as they fixed themselves upon you, much as the reflection
of the evening star trembles in a quiet pool. But what had always
made her charm, more than her beauty, was her obvious human
desire to be a member of the gang—to enjoy what the crowd
enjoyed and do what was being done. It was agony to her to
assume the icy, impassive demeanor which, since she had been
working in offices, she had found necessary. But she did it. She was
hard up.
When Mr. Bunner had sent away his stenographer and shut the door
he sat down and pressed his small fat hands together.
"Miss Leavitt," he said, "I am sorry to be obliged to tell you that
during the summer months when so many of our heads of
departments are away on their vacations, we shall be obliged to
reduce our office staff; and so, though your work has been most
satisfactory—we have no complaint to make of your work—still I am
sorry to be obliged to tell you that during the summer months, when
so many of our heads of departments——"
He did not know what was the matter; the sentence appeared to be
a circular sentence without exits.

Miss Leavitt folded her arms with a rapid whirling motion. Of course,
since the first three words of his sentence she had known that she
had lost her job.
"Just why is it that I am being sent away?" she said.
Sulky children, before they actually burst into tears, have a way of
almost visibly swelling like a storm cloud. It would be wrong to
suggest that anything as lovely as Pearl Leavitt could swell, and yet
there was something of this effect as she stared down at the office
manager. He did not like her tone, nor yet her look.
He said with a sort of acid smile, "I was about to explain the reason
when you interrupted me. Although your work has been perfectly
satisfactory, we feel that during the summer months——" He
wrenched himself away from that sentence entirely. "It is the wish of
the president," he said, "that you be given your salary to the first of
the month—which I hereby hand you—and be told that it will not be
necessary for you to come here after today. In parting with you, Miss
Leavitt, I wish to assure you that the quality of your work for this
organization has been in every respect——"
"I want to speak to the president," said Miss Leavitt.
She did not raise her voice, but no one could have mistaken that her
tone was threatening. She vibrated her head slightly from side to
side, and spit out her t's in a way actually alarming to Bunner, who
was a man susceptible to fear.
"Our decision is quite final—quite final, I'm sorry to say," he said,
fussing with his papers as a hint that she had better go and leave
him in peace.
"That's why I want to speak to him."
"Quite impossible," answered Bunner. "The board is meeting at
present in his room——"

"What!" cried Pearl. "They're all there together, are they?" And
before the office manager took in her intention she was out of his
office, across the main office and in the board room.
Like so many people destined to succeed in New York, Pearl came
originally from Ohio. She was an orphan, and after her graduation
from an Eastern college she had gone back to her native state,
meaning to make her home with her two aunts. It had not been a
successful summer. Not only was it hot, and there was no swimming
where her aunts lived, and Pearl loved to swim, but two of her
cousins fell in love with her—one from each family—and it became a
question either of their leaving home or of her going. So Pearl very
gladly came East again, and under the guidance of her great friend
Augusta Exeter began to look for a job.
She had come East in September, and it was now July—hardly ten
months—and yet in that time she had had and lost four good jobs
through no fault of her own but wholly on account of her
extraordinary beauty. She was not insulted; no one threatened her
virtue or offered to run away with her. It was simply that, like Helen
of Troy, "Where'er she came she brought calamity."
Her first place had been with a publishing firm, Dixon & Gregory.
When Pearl came to them the business was managed by the two
sons of the original firm; the elder Dixon was dead, and the elder
Gregory, a man of fifty-six or eight, came to the office only once or
twice a week. A desk for her had been put in his private room, as it
was almost always vacant. It ceased, however, to be vacant as soon
as he saw Pearl. He had no idea that he had fallen in love with her—
perhaps he had not. He certainly never troubled, her with attentions;
as far as she knew he was hardly aware of her existence. His
emotion, whatever it was, took the form of quarreling with anyone
who did speak to her—even in the course of necessary business.
When at last one day he met her and the younger Dixon going out
to lunch at the same hour and in the same elevator, but purely by
accident, he made such a violent and inexplicable scene that the two
younger partners, after consultation, decided that the only thing to

do was to get rid of the girl quietly—get her to resign. They were
both very nice about it, and themselves found her another place—as
secretary to a magazine editor—a man of ice, they assured her. She
never saw the elder Mr. Gregory again, and a few months later read
in the papers of his death.
Her new position went well for several months. The editor was, as
represented, a man of ice; but, as Hamlet has observed, being as
pure as snow and as chaste as ice does not protect against calumny,
and the wife of the editor, entering the office one day to find her
husband and his secretary bending over an illegible manuscript,
refused to allow such dangerous beauty so near her husband, and
Pearl lost her second job.
Her next place was with an ambitious young firm which was putting
a new cleaning fluid on the market. At first, in a busy office, Pearl
seemed to pass almost unnoticed. Then one day the two partners,
young men both and heretofore like brothers, came to her together
and asked her if she would do the firm a great favor—sit for her
portrait to a well-known artist so that they might use her picture as
a poster to advertise their product. Pearl consented—she thought it
would be rather good fun. The result was successful. Indeed, the
only criticism of the picture—which represented Pearl in tawny
yellow holding up a saffron-colored robe at which she smiled
brilliantly, with beneath it the caption, Why Does She Smile? Because
Her Old Dress is Made New by—was that it would have been better
to get a real person to sit for the picture, as the public was tired of
these idealized types of female beauty. But the trouble started over
who was to own the original pastel. It developed that each partner
had started the idea from a hidden wish to own a portrait of Pearl.
They quarreled bitterly. The very existence of the firm was
threatened. An old friend of the two families stepped in and effected
a reconciliation, but his decision was that the girl must go. It did not
look well for two boys of their age—just beginning in business—to
have as handsome a woman as that in the office. People might talk.

It was after this—some time after—that Pearl took the place with the
Encyclopedia company. Her record began to tell against her.
Everyone wanted to know why she changed jobs so often. She
thought she had learned her lesson—not to beam, not to be friendly,
not to do anyone favors. She had made up her mind to stay with the
Encyclopedia forever. She had had no hint of danger. She hardly
knew the third vice president by sight—someone in the office had
told her a silly story about his crying one day, but she hadn't even
believed it. And now she had lost another job—and in July, too,
when jobs are hard to find.
Heretofore she had always gone docilely. But now she felt she could
bear it no longer—she must tell someone what she thought.
It was four o'clock on a hot summer afternoon, and round the
board-room table the members were saying "aye" and "no" and "I so
move," while their minds were occupied with the questions that do
occupy the mind at such times—golf and suburban trains, and
whether huckleberry pie in hot weather hadn't been a mistake—
when the glass door opened and a beautiful girl came in like a
hurricane. She had evidently been talking for some seconds when
she entered. She was saying, "——are just terrible. I want to tell you
gentlemen, now that I have you together, that I think men are just
terrible." She had a curious voice, deep and a little rough, more like
a boy's than a woman's, yet a voice which when you once knew
Pearl you remembered with affection. "This is the fourth job I've lost
because men have no self-control. I do my work. I don't even speak
to any of you—I'd like to—I'm human, but I don't dare any more. I
attend to business, there's no fault found with my work—but I've got
to go because some man or other can't work in the office with me.
Why not? Because he has no self-control—and not ashamed of it—
not ashamed, that's what shocks me. Why, if a girl found she
couldn't do her work because there was a good-looking man in the
office, she'd die rather than admit she was so silly. But what does a
man do? He goes whining to the president to get the poor girl
dismissed. There it is! I have to go!"

And so on, and so on. The board was so astonished at her entrance,
at the untrammeled way in which she was striding up and down,
digging her heels into the rug and flinging her arms about as she
talked, that they were like people stunned. They turned their eyes
with relief to Mr. Bunner, who came hurrying in behind her.
"Miss Leavitt has been dropped," he began, but she cut him short.
"I've been dropped," she said, "because——"
"Will you let me speak?" said Mr. Bunner—a rhetorical question. He
meant to speak in any case.
"No," answered Pearl. "Certainly not. Gentlemen, I have been
dismissed—I know—because some man in this office has no self-
control. I can't identify him, but I have my suspicions." And she cast
a dreadful glance at the third vice president. "Why should I go? Why
shouldn't he? Crying! Woof! How absurd!"
"Leave the room, Miss Leavitt," said the president; but he weakened
the effect of his edict by leaning forward with his hand to his ear so
as to catch whatever she was going to say next.
"I haven't shed a tear since my mother died," said Mr. Rixon rather
tearfully to the man next him.
"This is not the time to discuss your grievance, Miss Leavitt," said
the treasurer, wondering why he had never kept in closer touch with
the office; "but if you feel you have a just complaint against the
company come to my office tomorrow afternoon——"
"I'll not go near your office," said Pearl, and she began again to
stride about the room, occasionally stamping her right foot without
losing step. "I shall never again go into any office where men are. I
won't work for men. They're poor sports; they have no self——"
"You said that before," said the treasurer.

"——control," Pearl went on, for people in her frame of mind cannot
be stopped. "Why shouldn't he go? But no, you have to be protected
from a girl like a herd of sheep from a wolf—a girl who hasn't even
looked at you, at that. If I had ever spoken to the man——"
"Leave the room instantly, Miss Leavitt," said the president, and this
time he spoke as if he meant it, for he was afraid the identity of the
third vice president might be revealed. Little it mattered to Pearl
what the old man meant.
"I wouldn't mind so much," she went on, "if you did not all pretend
to be so brave and strong—to protect women. You protect each
other—that's who you protect."
"Come, come," said a member of the board. "This isn't the way to
keep a job, you know."
"I don't want to keep this job. I want you for once to hear what a
woman thinks of the men she works for—a lot of poor sports—and
not industrious—none of you work the way girls work for you. Slack,
that's what I call you, and lacking in self-control."
And she went out as suddenly as she had come in, and slammed the
door so hard behind that those members of the board, sitting near it
ducked their heads into their collars in fear of falling glass.
There was a minute's pause, and then the president said with a
slight smile, "Well, Mr. Bunner, I think we all see what you meant
when you said this young woman was a disturbing element in the
office."
"There has never been anything like this before," said Bunner;
"never anything in the least like this anywhere I have ever been."
"Well," said the treasurer, "I don't suppose we need distress
ourselves about her finding another job."
There was a certain wistful undercurrent in his tone.

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