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Design and Implementation of a Network Security Model for Cooperative
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26 International Arab Journal of e-Technology, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2009
Design and Implementation of a Network Security
Model for Cooperative Network
Salah Alabady
Computer Engineering Department, University of Mosul, Iraq
Abstract: In this paper a design and implementation of a network security model was presented, using routers and firewall.
Also this paper was conducted the network security weakness in router and firewall network devices, type of threats and
responses to those threats, and the method to prevent the attacks and hackers to access the network. Also this paper provides a
checklist to use in evaluating whether a network is adhering to best practices in network security and data confidentiality. The
main aim of this research is to protect the network from vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, configuration weaknesses and security
policy weaknesses.
Keywords- Network security, network management, threats, security policy
Received December 17, 2008; Accepted March 2 2009
1. Introduction
Security on the Internet and on Local Area Networks is
now at the forefront of computer network related issues
[1]. The evolution of networking and the Internet, the
threats to information and networks have risen
dramatically. Many of these threats have become
cleverly exercised attacks causing damage or
committing theft. The Internet continues to grow
exponentially. As personal, government and business-
critical applications become more prevalent on the
Internet, there are many immediate benefits. However,
these network-based applications and services can pose
security risks to individuals as well as to the
information resources of companies and government.
In many cases, the rush to get connected comes at the
expense of adequate network security. Information is
an asset that must be protected [2].
Without adequate protection or network security,
many individuals, businesses, and governments are at
risk of losing that asset. Network security is the
process by which digital information assets are
protected, the goals of security are to protect
confidentiality, maintain integrity, and assure
availability. With this in mind, it is imperative that all
networks be protected from threats and vulnerabilities
in order for a business to achieve its fullest potential.
Typically, these threats are persistent due to
vulnerabilities, which can arise from mis-configured
hardware or software, poor network design, inherent
technology weaknesses, or end-user carelessness. A
router is similar to many computers in that it has many
services enabled by default. Many of these services are
unnecessary and may be used by an attacker for
information gathering or for exploitation. All
unnecessary services should be disabled in the router
configuration to prevent the attacker from using it to
damage the network or to stealing the important
information, or network devices configuration. In this
paper a review of attacks on routers, and how can
prevent, or mitigating it will be described. Routers and
firewall are very critical parts of network operations
and network security. Careful management and
diligent audit of router and firewall operations, can
reduce network downtime, improve security, prevent
the attacks and hackers, network threats decrease, and
aid in the analysis of suspected security breaches.
2. Network Security and Protection
Security has one purpose, to protect assets. With the
advent of personal computers, LANs, and the wide-
open world of the Internet, the networks of today are
more open. As e-business and Internet applications
continue to grow, finding the balance between being
isolated and being open will be critical. With the
increased number of LANs and personal computers,
the Internet began to create untold numbers of security
risks. Firewall devices, which are software or hardware
that enforce an access control policy between two or
more networks, were introduced. This technology gave
businesses a balance between security and simple
outbound access to the Internet, which was mostly
used, for e-mail and Web surfing.
Network security is the most vital component in
information security because it is responsible for
securing all information passed through networked
computers [3, 4]. Network security refers to all
hardware and software functions, characteristics,
features, operational procedures, accountability
measures, access controls, administrative and
management policy required to provide an acceptable
level of protection for hardware, software, and
information in a network. Network security, in order
for it to be successful in preventing information loss,

Design and Implementation of a Network Security Model for Cooperative Network 27
must follow three fundamental precepts. First, a secure
network must have integrity such that all of the
information stored therein is always correct and
protected against fortuitous data corruption as well as
willful alterations. Next, to secure a network there
must be confidentiality, or the ability to share
information on the network with only those people for
whom the viewing is intended. Finally, network
security requires availability of information to its
necessary recipients at the predetermined times without
exception. The three principles that network security
must adhere to evolved from years of practice and
experimentation that make up network history.
Real-world security includes prevention, detection,
and response. If the prevention mechanisms were
perfect, you wouldn’t need detection and response. But
no prevention mechanism is perfect. Without detection
and response, the prevention mechanisms only have
limited value. Detection and response are not only
more cost effective but also more effective than piling
on more prevention. On the Internet, this translates to
monitoring. In Network Protection, there are
fortunately many preventative techniques to properly
secure network against threats. The first method of
protection is to address the actual physical layer of the
network to assure that it is properly equipped. Next,
three network administrative guidelines should be
adhered to [5, 6].
Additionally, firewalls and encryption should be
incorporated into a network to heighten its security.
Finally, several other passwords, variations of capital
and small letters further increase the strength of a
password. Proper authentication is an integral part of
the administrative step in securing a network. Firewalls
are yet another measure used in increasing the level of
security in a network. A firewall is in essence a portal
through which information enters and exits.
On one side of the portal is the internal network that
must remain secure, and on the other is the information
needed from the outside world combined with the
undesirable threats of external networks. Three of the
major types of firewalls, listed in order of increasing
quality and price, are packet-filtering routers,
application-level gateways, and circuit-level gateways.
Although it is not the best available firewall, a positive
step in increasing network security is the use of packet-
filtering routers. A packet filtering router allows the
network to determine which connections can pass
through the router into the local area network and
which connections will be denied. The application-
level gateway is designed specifically as a firewall that
authenticates the user for individual applications. Its
primary function is to identify and validate the user
and then provide access to specific applications such as
E-Mail or file browsers depending on which one the
user is requesting. Finally, a circuit-level gateway
performs all of the packet-filtering that a router does
and a bit more. The primary enhancement is the use of
identification and authentication before an insider can
access your in-house network.
3. Weaknesses, Threats and Attacks on
Router
When discussing network security, three common
terms used are vulnerability, threat, and attack.
Vulnerability is a weakness, which is inherent in
every network and device. This includes routers,
switches, desktops, servers, and even security
devices themselves. There are three primary
vulnerabilities or weaknesses: [7, 8, and 9]
1. Technology weaknesses
2. Configuration weaknesses
3. Security policy weaknesses
Technological Weaknesses: Computer and
network technologies have intrinsic security
weaknesses. These include TCP/IP protocol
weaknesses, operating system weaknesses, and
network equipment weaknesses.
Configuration Weaknesses: Network administrators
or network engineers need to learn what the
configuration weaknesses are and correctly configure
their computing and network devices to compensate.
Some common configuration weaknesses are listed in
Table 1. [10, 11]
Security Policy Weaknesses: Security policy
weaknesses can create unforeseen security threats. The
network may pose security risks to the network if users
do not follow the security policy. Some common
Security Policy Weaknesses are listed in table 2.
Threats are the people eager, willing, and qualified to
take advantage of each security weakness, and they
continually search for new exploits and weaknesses.
Finally, the threats use a variety of tools, scripts, and
programs to launch attacks against networks and
network devices. In this paper we will discuss the two
primary classes of threats to network security, there are
internal threats and external threats. Internal threats to
a network are a major source of strain on the level of
security attained by that network.[10] These threats
generally stem from either disgruntled or unethical
employees.
External threats to network security, generally
referred to as hackers, can be equally and sometimes
more dangerous than internal threats. To obtain entry
into a network or view sensitive information, hackers
must use some tools such as: 1- password sniffers, 2-
IP snooping, 3- E-Mail attacks. Password sniffers
actually work with the execution of a packet sniffer
that monitors traffic on a network passing through the
machine on which the sniffer resides. The sniffer
acquires the password and log-on name used when the
source machine attempts to connect to other machines
and saves this information in a separate file later

obtained by the hacker. IP spoofing involves the
capturing of the information in an Information Packet
(IP) to obtain the necessary address name of a
workstation that has a trusted relationship with yet
another workstation. In doing so, a hacker can then act
as one of the workstation and use the trusted
relationship to gain entry into the other workstation
where any number of actions can be performed.
Finally, E-Mail is extremely vulnerable and quite
susceptible to a number of different attacks.
Regardless of the method used to gain entry onto a
network or view communications therein, hackers can
truly jeopardize a network, security and potentially do
severe damage to the data and systems within.
Additional forms of malicious software, such as Trojan
horses, worms, and logic bombs exist as threats to
network security. Table 3, shows identify the potential
“threats” to each of these elements. The general threats
on router or firewall network device include but are not
limited to: unauthorized access, session hijacking,
rerouting, masquerading, denial of service (DoS),
eavesdropping, and information theft. While Attack
techniques include: password guessing, routing
protocol attacks, simple network management protocol
(SNMP) attacks, IP fragmentation attacks – to bypass
filtering, redirect (address) attacks, and circular
redirect – for denial of service. Here we will explain
the action of some attacks.
1. The session replay attacks use a sequence of packets
or application commands that can be recorded,
possibly manipulated, and then replayed to cause an
unauthorized action or gain access.
2. Rerouting attacks can include manipulating router
updates to cause traffic to flow to unauthorized
destinations. These kinds of attacks are sometimes
called “route injection” attacks.
3. Masquerade attacks, these attacks occur when an
attacker manipulates IP packets to falsify IP
addresses. Masquerades can be used to gain
unauthorized access or to inject bogus data into a
network.
4. Session hijacking attack: this attack may be occur if
an attacker can insert falsified IP packets after
session establishment via IP spoofing, sequence
number prediction and alteration, or other methods.
5. Land attack, the land attack involves sending a
packet to the router with the same IP address in the
source and destination address fields, and with the
same port number in the source port and destination
port fields. This attack may cause denial of service
or degrade the performance of the router.
6. TCP SYN Attack, the TCP SYN attack involves
transmitting a volume of connections that cannot be
completed at the destination. This attack causes the
connection queues to fill up, thereby denying
service to legitimate TCP users.
7. Smurf Attack, this attack involves sending a large
amount of ICMP echo packets to a subnet's
broadcast address with a spoofed source IP address
from that subnet. If a router is positioned to forward
broadcast requests to other routers on the protected
network, then the router should be configured to
prevent this forwarding from occurring. This
blocking can be achieved by denying any packets
destined for broadcast addresses.
8. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks,
several high-profile DDoS attacks have been
observed on the Internet. While routers and firewall,
cannot prevent DDoS attacks in general, it is usually
sound security practice to discourage the activities
of specific DDoS agents by adding access list rules
that block their particular ports. But some of these
rules may also impose a slight impact on normal
users, because they block high-numbered ports that
legitimate network clients may randomly select.
Therefore, you may choose to apply these rules only
when an attack has been detected. Otherwise, these
rules would normally be applied to traffic in both
directions between an internal or trusted network
and an untrusted network examples of denial of
service attacks are (Ping of death, SYN flood attack,
Packet fragmentation and reassembly, E-mail
bombs, CPU hogging, Malicious applets,
Misconfiguring routers, The chargen attack, Out-of-
band attacks such as WinNuke, Land.c, Teardrop.c,,
Targa.c, Masquerade/IP Spoofing).
4. Router and Firewall Security Policy
Routers perform many different jobs in modern
networks, forwards traffic between two or more local
networks within an organization or enterprise routes.
Interior routers may impose some restrictions on the
traffic they forward between networks. Forwards
traffic between different enterprises (sometimes called
different ‘autonomous systems’). The traffic between
the different networks that make up the Internet is
directed by backbone routers.
The level of trust between the networks connected
by a backbone router is usually very low. Typically,
backbone routers are designed and configured to
forward traffic as quickly as possible, without
imposing any restrictions on it. The primary security
goals for a backbone router is to ensure that the
management and operation of the router are conducted
only by authorized parties, and to protect the integrity
of the routing information it uses to forward traffic.
Backbone routers typically employ Exterior Gateway
Protocols to manage routes [5].
Configuring backbone routers is a very specialized
task. The border router forwards traffic between an
enterprise and exterior networks. The key aspect of a
border router is that it forms part of the boundary
between the trusted internal networks of an enterprise,

and untrusted external networks (e.g. the Internet). It
can help to secure the perimeter of an enterprise
network by enforcing restrictions on the traffic that it
controls. A border router may employ routing
protocols, or it may depend entirely on static routes.
Security policy is the definition of security function
against a network intrusion. Security engine provides
security functions of a packet filtering, an
authentication, an access control, an intrusion analysis
and an audit trail in the kernel region of router [10, 12].
Router is a key component of the Internet, and an
important part of networks that controls a data packet
flow in a network and determines an optimal path to
reach a destination, and their security is a vital part of
the overall security for the networks they serve. An
error of the router or an attack against the router can
damage an entire network. Since the router is
connected to at least two networks and manages
network traffic, the security is necessary to control of
an unauthorized router access and an illegal network
intrusion. Secure router technology has security
functions, such as intrusion detection, IPsec and access
control, are applied to legacy router for secure
networking. A router may be responsible for filtering
traffic, allowing some packets to pass through and
rejecting others [13]. Filtering can be a very important
function of routers; it allows them to help protect
computers and other network components. It is also
possible that at the destination end a router may have
to break large packets up to accommodate the size
limits of the destination LAN. Modern routers do not
only perform relaying functions, but also filtering,
separation, encryption and monitoring of data streams.
Furthermore, they provide various management
interfaces for configuration, (remote) maintenance, and
monitoring. All these functions potentially affect the
availability, integrity, and confidentiality of data
connections, thus making routers highly security-
critical network components. However, configuring a
router is a difficult and error prone task.
A firewall can protect a network from external
attacks by examining all packets of a message
attempting to pass through the network and rejecting
the packets that do not meet the security restrictions.
However, it does not protect the data as it is
transmitted from one network to another. Data
transmitted from one network to another via the
Internet is susceptible to access at many points
between the source and destination. The secure socket
layer (SSL) is one means of providing secure
communications between points connected via the
Internet.
Routers and firewall support a large number of
network services at layers 2, 3, 4, and 7 [14]. Some of
these services are application layer protocols that allow
users and host processes to connect to the router,
firewall and others network devices. Others are
automatic processes and settings intended to support
legacy or specialized configurations, which are
detrimental to security. Some of these services can be
restricted or disabled to improve security without
degrading the operational use of the router and the
network performance. Also attacks and hackers can
utilize these services to find the weakness point in the
network. General security practice for routers and
firewall should be to support only traffic and protocols
a network needs. Examples for these services are:
1. CDP, the Cisco Discovery Protocol is a proprietary
protocol that Cisco routers use to identify each
other on a LAN segment. It is useful only in
specialized situations, and is considered deleterious
to security.
2. TCP and UDP Small Servers, the TCP and UDP
protocol standards include a recommended list of
simple services that hosts should provide. In
virtually all cases, it is not necessary for routers to
support these services, and they should be disabled.
3. Finger Server, the IOS finger server supports the
Unix ‘finger’ protocol, which is used for querying a
host about its logged in users.
4. HTTP Server, most router and firewall support web-
based remote administration using the HTTP
protocol. While the web access features are fairly
rudimentary on most routers, they are a viable
mechanism for monitoring, configuring, and
attacking a router. If web-based remote
administration is not needed, then it should be
disabled as shown below. Web-based remote
administration is useful primarily when intervening
routers or firewalls prevent use of Telnet for that
purpose. However, it is important to note that both
Telnet and web-based remote administration reveal
critical passwords in the clear. Therefore, web-
based remote administration should be avoided.
5. Bootp Server, Bootp is a datagram protocol that is
used by some hosts to load their operating system
over the network. Cisco routers are capable of
acting as bootp servers, primarily for other Cisco
hardware. This facility is intended to support a
deployment strategy where one Cisco router acts as
the central repository of IOS software for a
collection of such routers. In practice, bootp is very
rarely used, and offers an attacker the ability to
download a copy of a router’s IOS software.
6. Configuration Auto-Loading, some routers such as
Cisco routers and Linksys routers, are capable of
loading their startup configuration from local
memory or from the network. Loading from the
network is not secure, and should be considered.
7. IP source routing, source routing is a feature of IP
whereby individual packets can specify routes. This
feature is used in several kinds of attacks. Cisco
routers normally accept and process source routes.
Unless a network depends on source routing, it
should be disabled on all the net’s routers.

8. Proxy ARP, network hosts use the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) to translate network
addresses into media addresses. A router can act as
intermediary for ARP, responding to ARP queries
on selected interfaces and thus enabling transparent
access between multiple LAN segments. This
service is called proxy ARP. Because it breaks the
LAN security perimeter, effectively extending a
LAN at layer 2 across multiple segments, proxy
ARP should be used only between two LAN
segments at the same trust level, and only when
absolutely necessary to support legacy network
architectures.
9. IP Directed Broadcast, directed broadcasts permit a
host on one LAN segment to initiate a physical
broadcast on a different LAN segment. This
technique was used in some old denial of- service
attacks. Therefore it must disable this function.
10. IP Unreachable, Redirects, and Mask Replies: the
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) supports
IP traffic by relaying information about paths,
routes, and network conditions. Cisco routers
automatically send ICMP messages under a wide
variety of conditions. Three ICMP messages are
commonly used by attackers for network mapping
and diagnosis: ‘Host unreachable’, ‘Redirect’, and
‘Mask Reply’. Automatic generation of these
messages it is important to be disabled on all
interfaces, especially interfaces that are connected to
untrusted networks.
11. SNMP Services, the Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) is the standard Internet protocol
for automated remote monitoring and
administration. There are several different versions
of SNMP, with different security properties. If a
network has a deployed SNMP infrastructure in
place for administration, then all routers on that
network should be configured to securely participate
in it. As example a Cisco router can be configured
to act as a client for SNMP. When SNMP service is
enabled on a router, network management tools can
use it to gather information about the router
configuration, route table, traffic load, and more. In
the absence of a deployed SNMP scheme, all SNMP
facilities on all routers should be disabled using
these steps:
1. Erase all existing community strings.
2. Disable SNMP system shutdown and trap
features.
3. Disable SNMP system processing.
5. Creating and Implementing a Security
Policy.
Turning off a network service on the router or firewall
itself does not prevent it from supporting a network
where that protocol is employed. For example, a router
may support a network where the bootp protocol is
employed, but some other host is acting as the bootp
server. In this case, the router’s bootp server should be
disabled. Turning off an automatic network feature
usually prevents a certain kind of network traffic from
being processed by the router or prevents it from
traversing the router. For example, IP source routing is
a little-used feature of IP that can be utilized in
network attacks. Unless it is required for the network
to operate, IP source routing should be disabled. Figure
(1) shows the structure of the suggested network
security model.
In this section of paper we will mention some setups,
that must be considered to applied in configuration
mode for the router and firewall in the network to
achieve the best security and to prevent several kinds of
attacks, and to protect against the mentioned types of
vulnerabilities, threats and attacks on the network. The
philosophy of the suggested security solutions is based
on using multiple tips of protection and it could be
explained as followed:
1. The first is to build physical security by creating
security policy, considered who is authorized to
install, de-install, move both the router and firewall,
and to change the physical configuration or physical
connections to the router or firewall. Designates who
is authorized to log in directly to the router via the
console or other direct access port connections.
Also, define the password policy for user/login
passwords, and for administrative or privilege
passwords.
2. Designates who is authorized to log in to the router
remotely (Telnet, SSH) and limits on use of
automated remote management and monitoring
facilities (e.g. SNMP).
3. Configure and enable secret password for console,
auxiliary port, and VTY ports on each network
device. This will prevent unauthorized from access
direct to any network devices.
4. Encrypting all passwords by using service
password-encryption command to prevent the
attacks and hacker from recovery the secret
password. Also it is important to disable the service
password-recovery, to deny the attack from recover
the password or to erase the password when reboot
the router.
5. Set the minimum character length for all routers,
firewall passwords. This provides enhanced security
access to the router by allowing you to specify a
minimum password length.
6. Controlling the virtual terminal lines (VTYs), any
VTY should be configured to accept connections
only with the protocols actually needed. Also the
last VTY might be restricted to accept connections
only from a single, specific administrative
workstation, whereas the other VTYs might accept
connections from any address in a corporate

network. Another useful tactic is to configure VTY
timeouts using the exec-timeout command.
7. Enabling Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) keep
lives on incoming connections, this can help guard
against both malicious attacks and orphaned
sessions caused by remote system crashes.
8. Disabling all non-IP-based remote access protocols,
and using SSH, SSL, or IP Security (IPSec)
encryption for all remote connections to the router
instead of TELNET, this can provide complete
VTYs protection. Remote administration is
inherently dangerous because anyone with a
network sniffer on the right LAN segment can
acquire the router passwords and would then be able
to take control of the router.
9. Disable unneeded features and services on route
such as: CDP, http server, bootp server, IP directed
broadcasts, TCP small services, UDP small services,
IP source routing.
10. Disable (shut down) unused interfaces on all
routers and firewall, this helps discourage
unauthorized use of extra interfaces, and enforces
the need for router administration privileges when
adding new network connections to a router.
11. Set up usernames and passwords for all
administrators. Or one can use AAA user access
control, AAA will give more control and better
audit. AAA is the acronym for authentication,
authorization, and accounting.
12. Applied access control lists, to filtering the
malicious traffic packets, and to rate limiting, this
filtering can usually be done based on two criteria:
• The source and destination IP addresses of the
traffic.
• The type of traffic.
The access control lists can reject all traffic from
the internal networks that bears a source IP address
which does not belong to the internal networks,
reject all traffic from the external networks that
bears a source address belonging to the internal
networks and reject all traffic with a source or
destination address belonging to any reserved,
unroutable, or illegal address range.
13. It is important to allow only local access because
during remote access, all telnet passwords or SNMP
community strings are sent in the clear to the router.
If an attacker can collect network traffic during
remote access then he can capture passwords or
community strings. However, there are some
options if remote access is required. Establish a
dedicated management network. The management
network should include only identified
administration hosts and a spare interface on each
router. Another method is to encrypt all traffic
between the administrator’s computer and the
router, by setting up IPSec encryption or SSH
encryption. SSH also prevents session hijacking and
many other kinds of network attacks.
14. No local user accounts are configured on the
router. Routers must use Terminal Access
Controller Access Control System Plus
(TACACS+) or Remote Authentication Dial In User
service (RADIUS) protocols for all user
authentications.
15. Configure local AAA (Authentication
Authorization Account) on router and firewall, the
local data base, and Authentication using AAA,
additionally configure Authentication proxy. This is
Cisco’s new access control facility for controlling
access, privileges, and logging of user activities on a
router. Authentication is the mechanism for
identifying users before allowing access to a
network component. Authorization is the method
used to describe what a user has the right to do once
he has authenticated to the router. Accounting is the
component that allows for logging and tracking of
user and traffic activities on the router which can be
used later for resource tracking or trouble shooting.
16. Using NAT, a router can hide the structure of the
trusted network, by transparently translating all IP
addresses and coalescing distinct IP addresses into a
single one.
17. Using Cisco IOS firewall Intrusion Detection
System (IDS) is a real-time IDS designed to
enhance border router security by detecting,
reporting, and terminating unauthorized activity.
This facility is available in IOS releases for many,
but not all, Cisco routers. A unique benefit of
implementing an IDS on a router, especially a
border router, is that all network traffic flows
through it and may be examined.
18. A poor router filtering configuration can reduce the
overall security of an network, expose internal
network components to scans and attacks, and make
it easier for attackers to avoid detection. Careful
router configuration can help prevent a
(compromised) site from being used as part of a
distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, by
blocking spoofed source addresses. DDoS attacks
use a number of compromised sites to flood a target
site with sufficient traffic or service requests to
render it useless to legitimate users.
19. Apply port security on the switch to mitigate CAM
table overflow attacks. once can apply port security
in three ways: Static secure MAC addresses,
Dynamic secure MAC addresses and Sticky secure
MAC addresses. The type of action taken when a
port security violation occurs falls into the following
three categories: Protect, Restrict, Shutdown.
20. Using PacketShaper, it is a traffic management
appliance that monitors and controls IP network
traffic going over wide-area networks (WAN) links.
It keeps critical traffic moving at an appropriate
pace through bandwidth bottlenecks and prevents

any single type of traffic from monopolizing the
link. Also PacketShaper identifies and analyzes
inbound and outbound WAN traffic up to and
including the OSI Application Layer (Layer 7).
PacketShaper manages WAN link utilization and
throughput based on the bandwidth reservations and
policies applied to the identified traffic classes. In
addition,PacketShaper provides a comprehensive
view of the applications that are running on your
network. And by using PacketShaper, once can:
• Determine what is running on the network and
traversing the link
• Find out how each application is performing
• Determine how much bandwidth each application
is using
• Guarantee bandwidth to mission-critical
applications and keep non-critical applications
from overwhelming the link.
6. Test Bed and Performance Testing
In order to test the security and performance of the
suggested network model, a test bed was build and
establish as shown in Figure (2). The test bed is
consisted from the two Cisco router 2811, Cisco
firewall (PIX) 516E , Cisco switch 2960, AAA server
with TACACS+ protocol and two workstation work as
real attacker and hacker.
The following procedures were taken to examine the
network operation to test the network security
robustness against different types of attacks. Also some
scanning tools are used to simulate real network
attacks and intrusions on the target system.
1. Ethereal program (network traffic capture and
analysis tool) was used to simulate real
reconnaissance network attacks on the target
network. This program used to see what is on the
network (as the hacker does before his attack), also
this program is an effective "sniffer". Try to obtain
the password for network devices and other
information in the network such as routing table or
CAM table, but because encrypting all passwords
by using service password-encryption command,
and disable the CDP on the routers, and using SSH,
SSL, IP Security (IPSec) encryption for all remote
connections instead of TELNET, the attacks and
hacker prevent from recovery the secret password
and theft the information.
2. Super Scanner program used to simulate a real
access attacks to find which the IP address is active
or which port is active and open in the network, the
purpose to obtain the network IP address of a
workstation or IP address of a network device, port
scanner to discover which port is used and open.
This action was detected and prevented by the
firewall, techniques security and the accesses
control list that applied on the router and firewall.
3. Nmap program which is used to scan for open TCP
and UDP ports on a router and firewall interface
ports. The attack and hacker use a port scanner tools
to estimate the network map then he can find how
the network structured and what software is running
on it. This action was prevented and denies by the
disable unneeded features and services on route and
firewall such as: CDP, http server, bootp server, IP
directed broadcasts, TCP small services, UDP small
services.
4. Nessus program, this program used to search the
vulnerabilities in the network. This action was
prevented by disable (shut down) unused interfaces
on all routers and firewall, Disable unneeded
features and services on route such as: CDP, http
server, bootp server, IP directed broadcasts, TCP
small services, UDP small services, IP source
routing. Also the network address translation (NAT)
is hides information about the network by making it
seem that all outgoing traffic originates from the
firewall rather than the network.
5. Trying to use the TELNET service to access to the
router and firewall. This action was prevented
because disabling all non-IP-based remote access
protocols, and using SSH, SSL, IP Security (IPSec)
encryption for all remote connections, there are
secret password for console, auxiliary port, and
VTY ports on each network device, also the routers
use TACACS+ protocols for all user
authentications.
6. Used Dsniff programs (a collection of tools to do
ARP spoofing) to simulate a DoS attacks , this
action was stopped and prevented by applied access
control lists on router and firewall to filtering the
malicious traffic packets, and reject all traffic from
the internal networks that bears a source IP address
which does not belong to the internal networks.
7. Unauthorized attempts to access to the network
resources and devices, this action was detected and
prevented by AAA server and firewall network,
because the firewall and AAA server and screen
both incoming and outgoing traffic in the network.
8. Kiwi Syslog program, which is used to capture and
preserve log messages from Cisco routers and many
other network devices, this action prevented by
Disabling some protocols on the network devices, to
prevent attacks and hackers used it, but without
affects on the performance of the networks, such as
finger protocol requests, Network Time Protocol,
Cisco Discovery Protocol (when used Cisco
network device), Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP), multicast route caching Protocol , proxy
ARP Protocol.
9. Used Macof tools program to do MAC spoofing and
CAM table overflow attacks. This action was
prevented by apply port security on the switch in
three ways: static secure MAC addresses, dynamic

secure MAC addresses and sticky secure MAC
addresses.
After doing the previous several tests, the proposed
configuration showed a very efficient security
performance keeping a high performance of the
network speed and services. Also from the test results,
we can protect the network from various types of
attacks such as Access attacks, Password Attacks,
Denial of service attacks and make it easier for
attackers to avoid detection.
7. Conclusion
This paper deals with and discusses the security
weakness in router and firewall configuration system
and risks when connected to the Internet .Also this
paper presented the tips and recommendations to
achieve a best security and to protect the network from
vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks by applying the
security configurations on router and firewall. Also one
can use this suggested security policy as a checklist to
use in evaluating whether a unit is adhering to best
practices in computer security and data confidentiality.
This work appears the firewall provides additional
access control over connections and network traffic
and perform user authentication. Using a firewall and a
router together can offer better security than either one
alone. A poor router filtering configuration can reduce
the overall security of a network, expose internal
network components to scans and attacks.
References
[1] Akin T.," Hardening Cisco Routers," O’Reilly &
Associates, 2002.
[2] Kim J., Lee K., Lee C.," Design and
Implementation of Integrated Security Engine for
Secure Networking," In Proceedings
International Conference on Advnaced
Communication Technology, 2004.
[3] Chen S., Iyer R., and Whisnant K., " Evaluating
the Security Threat of Firewall Data Corruption
Caused by Instruction Transient Errors," In
Proceedings of the 2002 International
Conference on Dependable Systems & Network,
Washington, D.C., 2002.
[4] Kim H., "Design and Implementation of a Private
and Public Key Crypto Processor and Its
Application to a Security System," IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 50,
no. 1, FEBRUARY 2004
[5] Rybaczyk P., "Cisco Router Troubleshooting
Handbook ", M&T Books, 2000
[6] Jo S., "Security Engine Management of Router
based on Security Policy," proceedings of world
academy of science, engineering and technology,
volume 10, ISSN 1307-688, 2005.
[7] Q. Ali., and Alabady S., "Design and
Implementation of A Secured Remotely
Administrated Network," In Proceedings
International Arab Conference on Information
Technology, ACIT'2007.
[8] Alabady S. , "Design and Implementation of a
Network Security Model using Static VLAN and
AAA Server," In Proceedings International
Conference on Information & Communication
Technologies: from Theory to Applications,
ICTTA’2008
[9] Shastry Y., Klotz S., and Russell R., "Evaluating
the effect of iSCSI protocol parameters on
performance, " In Proceedings of the Parallel
and Distributed Computing and Networks, 2005
[10] " Network Security 1 ", Cisco system,Inc. 2006
[11] Eld G., and Hundley K., "Cisco Security
Architectures", McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1999.
[12] Wa Y., "The design and implementation of router
security subsystem based on IPSEC,"
proceedings of IEEE TENCON'2002
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for Embedded Systems, " in: H. Weghorn (Ed.),
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Salah Alabady was born in Mosul, Iraq, on October
,1972, he received the B.Sc. degree in
Electronic and Communications
Engineering from the University of
Mosul, Iraq in 1996, and in 2004 he
received the M.Sc. degree in Computer
Engineering from University of Mosul.
From 2004 till now he is being a
lecturer in Computer Engineering Department, Mosul
University. His research interests include optical fiber
communications, optical network architecture, network
security and computer networks design. Alabady gets
10 certifications from Cisco Networking Academy,
and he is working as Instructor, Curriculum Leader,
and Legal Main Contact in Mosul University Regional
Academy for Cisco Networking Academy program.

Table 1. Common configuration weaknesses Table 2. Common security policy weaknesses
How the weakness is exploited
Weakness
User account information may
be transmitted insecurely across
the network, exposing
usernames and password to
snoopers.
Unsecured user
accounts
This common problem is the
result of poorly selected and
easily guessed user password.
System accounts
with easily guessed
passwords
A common problem is to turn on
JavaScript in Web browsers,
enabling attacks by way of
hostile JavaScript when
accessing untrusted sites,
IIS,FTP, and Terminal Services
also pose problems.
Misconfigured
Internet services
Many products have default
settings that enable security
holes.
Unsecured default
settings within
products
Misconfigurations of the
equipment itself can cause
significant security protocols, or
SNMP community strings can
open up large security holes.
Misconfigured
network equipment
How the weakness is exploited
Weakness
An unwritten policy cannot be
consistently or enforced.
Lack of written
security policy
Political battles and turf wars can
make it difficult to implement a
consistent security
Politics
Frequent replacement of
personnel can lead to an erratic
approach to security
Lack of continuity
Poorly chosen, easily cracked, or
default passwords can allow
unauthorized access to the
network.
Logic access
controls not
applied
Unauthorized changes to the
network topology or installation
of unapproved application create
security holes.
Software and
hardware
installation and
changes do not
follow policy
The lack of a disaster recovery
plan allows chaos, panic, and
confusion to occur when
someone attacks the enterprise.
Disaster recovery
plan is nonexistent
Table 3. Identify the threats
Threat Internal External Threat consequences
e-mail with virus External origination,
internal use
Could infect system reading email and subsequently
spread throughout entire organization.
Network virus External Could enter through unprotected ports, compromise
whole network.
Web based virus Internal browsing to
external site
Could cause compromise on system doing browsing
and subsequently affect other internal systems.
Web server attack External to web servers If web server is compromised hacker could gain access
to other systems internal to network
Denial of service
attack
External External services such as web, email and ftp could
become unusable. If router is attacked, whole network
could go down
Network User
Attack
(internal
employee)
Internal to anywhere Traditional border firewalls do nothing for this attack.
Internal segmentation firewalls can help contain
damage.

Figure 1. Structure of the suggested network security model
Figure 1. Structure of the suggested network security model
Gateway Router
ISP
WAN
Firewall
Core switch
Switch
Web, DNS server
E-mail server
WAN
Internal or local net
router
AAA server
DHCP Server
SQL server
Management
server
Switch
DMZ
Packet Shaper
Packet Shaper
Router
Router
Router
Main Site
Branch
Branch

Figure 2. Router with firewall configuration for a network test bed
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