Network Surveillance Based Data Transference in Cognitive Radio Network with the Comparison of Different Routing Protocols

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1949
NETWORK SURVEILLANCE BASED DATA TRANSFERENCE IN COGNITIVE
RADIO NETWORK WITH THE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
G.ELANAGAI1 C.JAYASRI2
1PG Scholar, Dept. of ECE
2Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE
AVC College of Engineering , Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai.
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Abstract - Creation of Energy-Efficient Cognitive Radio
model is a challenging task. There are many traditional
methods which are highly energy efficient, but it does not
bother about network security. Hence in this paper we are
comparing different wireless routing protocols and find best
protocol to create energy efficient Cognitive Radio network
(CRN) model having attacker nodes in it. Finally energy
consumption comparison graph was generatedbetweenthose
routing protocols and finds the efficient model i.e. thecreation
of energy efficient CRN model.
Key Words: Network Security,Energy Efficiency,Cognitive radio
(CR), X Graph
1. INTRODUCTION
Cognitive radio is a Software-defined radio that can
able to access unused radio spectrum holes efficiently. The
definition adopted by Federal CommunicationsCommission
(FCC):“Cognitive radio: A radio or system that senses its
operational electromagnetic environment and can
dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating
parameters to modify system operation, such as maximize
throughput, mitigate interference, facilitateinteroperability,
access secondary markets.” Cognitive radio (CR) techniques
provide the capability of detecting spectrum holes and
sharing the spectrum in an opportunistic manner. DSA
techniques can select the best available channel from the
spectrum pool for CR devices to operate [4]. More
specifically, CR enables secondary users (SUs) to perform a
series of operations as follows: 1) spectrum sensing to
predict what spectrum is available and recognize the
presence of the primary user (PU) when a PU reoccupiesthe
licensed channel; 2) spectrummanagementtoselectthe best
available channel from the spectrum pool for special
services; 3) spectrum sharing to coordinate access to all
available channels with other SUs; and 4) spectrummobility
to vacate the channel as soon as possible when a PU is
detected [4]. Spectrum sensing is one of the most important
components in the cognition cycle .Routing protocols plays
an important role to choose an efficientCRN model.Hence in
this paper we are going to compare the reactive, Proactive
and Hybrid routing Protocols. The below figure 1.1
shows the basic cognition cycle [13].
2. WIRELESS ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Figure 2.1 Routing Protocols Classification
Wireless Routing
protocols
Eg: AODV,
DSR
Reactive Proactive
Hybrid Eg: DSDV,
OLSR

 Reactive (AODV,DSR,TORA) on demand
 Proactive (DSDV,OLSR,WRP) table driven
 Hybrid (ZRP) combination of reactive and
proactive.
In this paper we are going to compare three routing
protocols to choose the best one.
2.1 Reactive Protocol
Reactive Protocol has lower overhead since routes
are determined on demand. It employs flooding (global
search) concept. Constantly updatingofroutetables with the
latest route topology is not required in on demand concept.
Reactive protocol searches for the route in an on-demand
manner and set the link in order to send out and accept the
packet from a source node to destination node. Route
discovery process is used in on demand routing by flooding
the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network.
Examples of reactive routing protocols are the dynamic
source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector
routing (AODV).
2.1.1 AODV
Adhoc-Ondemand–Distance-Vectoristhealgorithm
used here it enables dynamic, multihop routing betweenthe
nodes.It allows the nodes to obtain the routes quickly and
the operation is loop-free one and it has setup of
reverse/forward pointers. The major advantage of this
algorithm is it avoids link breakage, AODV causes affected
set of nodes to be notified, so we can invalidate the route
using lost link. Route Request (RREQ’s), Route Replies
(RREP’s) and Route Errors (REER’s) are the message types
defined by AODV algorithm.
Advantages of AODV
Highly suitable for more number of nodes.Use of
periodic indication messages to track neighbours the
messages supporting the routes maintenance are range-
limited, so they do not cause unnecessary overhead in the
network. The connection setup delay is less. RERR (Route
error) is defined so we can avoid link breakage.
2.1.2 DSR
DSR uses source routing concept. When packets
are flooded by a source node, the sender node caches
complete hop-by-hop routetothereceivernode.These
route lists are caches in a route cache. The datapackets
carry the source route in the packet header. DSR uses
Route Discovery process to send the data packetsfrom
sender to receiver node for which it does not already
know the route; it uses a route discovery process to
dynamically determine such a route. In Route
discovery DSR works by flooding the data packets in
network with route request (RREQ) packets. RREQ
packets are received by every neighbor nodes and
continue this flooding process by retransmissions of
RREQ packets, unless it gets destination or its route
cache consists a route for destination .Such a node
replies to the RREQ with a route reply (RREP) packet
that is routed back to real source node .source routing
uses RREQ and RREP packets. The RREQ builds up the
path traversed across the network. The RREP routes
itself back to the source by traversing this path toward
the back. The source caches backward route by RREP
packets for upcoming use. If any connection on a
source route is wrecked, a route error (RERR)packetis
notified to the source node.
2.2 Proactive Protocol
Each node in the network has routing table for
the broadcast of the data packets and want toestablish
connection to other nodes in the network.Thesenodes
record for all the presented destinations, number of
hops required to arrive at each destination in the
routing table. The routing entry is tagged with a
sequence number which is created by the destination
node. To retain the stability, each station broadcasts
and modifies its routing table from time to time. How
many hops are required to arrive that particular node
and which stations are accessible is result of
broadcasting ofpacketsbetweennodes.Eachnodethat
broadcasts data will contain its new sequencenumber.
The proactive protocols are appropriate for less
number of nodes in networks, as they need to update
node entries for each and every node in the routing
table of every node. It results more Routing overhead
problem. There is consumption of more bandwidth in
routing table. Example of Proactive RoutingProtocol is
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV).

2.2.1 DSDV
The DSDV routing protocol is an enhanced
version of the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm
where each node maintain a table that contain the
shortest distance and the first node on the shortest
path to every other node in the network. Each node,
upon receiving an update, quickly disseminatesittoits
neighbors in order to propagate the broken-link
information to the whole network. Thus a single link
break leads to the propagation of table update
information to the whole network.
Advantage
It can be applied to MANETs with few
modifications. The updatesarepropagatedthroughout
the network in order to maintain an up-to-date viewof
the network topology at all the nodes.
Disadvantages
(1) The DSDV suffers from excessive control
overhead that is proportional to the number of nodes
in the network and therefore is not scalable in
MANETs, which have limited bandwidth and whose
topologies are highly dynamic.
(2) In order to obtain information about a
particular destination node, a node has to wait for a
table update message initiatedbythesamedestination
node. This delay could result in stale routing
information at nodes.
2.2.2 OLSR
Optimized Link State Protocol (OLSR) is a
proactive routing protocol, so the routes are always
immediately available when needed. OLSR is an
optimization version of a pure link state protocol. So
the topological changes cause the flooding of the
topological information to all available hosts in the
network. To reduce the possible overhead in the
network protocol uses Multipoint Relays (MPR). The
idea of MPR is to reduce flooding of broadcasts by
reducing the same broadcast in some regions in the
network, more details about MPR can be found later in
this chapter. Another reduce is to provide the shortest
path. The reducing the time interval for the control
messages transmissioncanbringmorereactivitytothe
topological changes.
Advantages
OLSR is also a flat routing protocol; it does not
need central administrative system to handle its
routing process. The proactive characteristic of the
protocol provides that the protocol has all the routing
information to all participated hosts in the network.
However, as adrawbackOLSRprotocolneedsthateach
host periodic sends the updated topology information
throughout the entire network, this increase the
protocols bandwidth usage. But the flooding is
minimized by the MPRs, which are only allowed to
forward the topological messages.
2.2.3 Hybrid Routing Protocol (HRP)
HRP is a hybrid protocol that separates the
network into several zones, which makes a
hierarchical protocol as the protocol ZHLS (zone-
based hierarchical link state). HRP is based on GPS
(Global positioning system), which allows each node
to identify its physical position before mapping an
area with table to identify it to which it belongs. The
number of messages exchanged in high ZHLS is what
influences the occupation of the bandwidth. Our
protocol attempts to reduce the number of messages.
Hence the network is zoned in HRP thereisnoneedof
periodic updates about the network’s source and the
bandwidth consumption and the number of reports
exchanged is highly reduced.
Operation of the Protocol HRP
HRP is a protocol that is based on the concept of
zones; each zone can contain multiple nodes
So we can define tree levels:
- Level node.
- Level Getaway.
- Level Cluster Head
Each node deploys a relocation method to find its
physical location and determines its zone ID by
mapping its physical location to the zone map.
Equipped with this zone ID, the node can start the

intrazone (level of node) clustering and then the
interzone (level of getaway) clustering procedures to
build itsroutingtables.Eachasynchronouslybroadcast
a link request. Nodes within its communication range
in turn reply with link responses node ID, zone ID.
After all link responses are received, the node
generates its node LSP that contains the node ID of its
neighbors of the same zone and the zone ID of its
neighbors of different zones. Nodes may receive link
responses from the nodes of their neighboring zones.
After LSP receipt, cluster head communicates with the
getaway that is sending a scope on the tablecontaining
the nodes belongingtothearea.Theirgetawayschange
the tables receivedbytheclusterheadandupdatetheir
routing table.
3. ANALYSIS SNAPSHOT
Figure 3.1 Working Snap of NS2
Figure 3.2 Energy Consumption Comparison of
DSDV and HRP
In the Fig 3.2 Red strike shows DSDV output and green shows
HRP
In the Below Figure 3.3 Red strike shows AODV and green
shows DSR
Figure 3.3 AODV and DSR Comparison
Figure 3.4 AODV and Hybrid Comparison
In the above figure 3.4 Red strike shows AODV and
Green Strike Shows the Hybrid Protocol.This graph proves
that our Hybrid routing protocol is more energy efficient
than AODV.
4.CONCLUSION
Different Routing Protocols are applied in our
proposedCRNmodelandEnergyConsumptionXgraph
was generated for all the protocols.Based on X graph
result we Proves that AODV protocols Suits to the
network having highest number of nodes and DSR is
best for the network having less number of nodes and
for Hybrid protocol there is no need of periodic HELLO
messages. Hence for creating Energy Efficient model
Hybrid routing protocol plays an important role i.e,
Highly enrgy efficient which means it consumes very
less energy When compared with other protocols.
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