![Consider the measurement of a sinusoidal voltage, V = Vmcos(φ(t)). Hey, I never
promised there wouldn’t be any math. Here φ(t) is the instantaneous phase
which is 2πf0t+φo, with f0 the line frequency and φo the phase at t=0. As you,
no doubt, recall this voltage can be represented as a phasor with real, Vr =
Vmcos(φ(t)) and Vi= Vm sin(φ(t)) imaginary parts. If the time base of the PMU is
off by Δt, then a phase error of ε = 2πf0Δt will occur. The IEEE C37.118.1
standard defines a metric Total Vector Error (TVE) to quantify the damage to our
measurement.
TVE2 = {[(Vr(means)-Vr]2 + [(Vi(means)-Vi]2}/{Vr2 + Vi2}
with
Vr(means) = Vm cos(φ(t) +ε)
Vi(means) = Vm sin(φ(t) +ε)
If you plug in the formulas for Vr, Vi, Vr(means), and Vi(means) then you can
reduce it to
TVE2 = 2[1-cos(ε)]
It is highly recommend that you verify the math yourself if you are feeling
nostalgic for the glory days when you learned trigonometry, or you are bored out
of your mind.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/networktimesyncforpowergenerationtransmissionanddistribution-180122050015/85/Network-time-sync-for-power-generation-transmission-and-distribution-9-320.jpg)
Network time sync for power generation, transmission and distribution
- 1. Solutions for Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Meinberg products make frictionless power transportation possible. By accurately synchronizing your IT-Network and reliably monitoring your power line frequency. • Accurate synchronization of your IT-Network • Reliable monitoring of your power line frequency Accurate synchronization of your IT-Network Normally power is not being produced where it is actually needed. So it is transported from the generating plant to the end user. Due to that, power is often being transported over long distances throughout power grids, which include medium-voltage power lines, sub-stations, pole-mounted transformers and low- voltage wiring. Such power networks require extensive controlling technology, like Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and a variety of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) like protection relays, bay controller units, etc. . By and large, to be able to properly detect, identify and solve problems, it is necessary to have your IT- Network synchronized. This enables you to see exactly where and when a problem occurred in your power grid.
- 2. Meinberg radio clocks offers a range of solutions to accurately synchronize your IT-Network: • Reliable monitoring of your power line frequency • Meinberg products will offer you reliable and accurate frequency control solutions • System frequency varies as load and generation change. It is therefore important to detect changes in the network-wide frequency -in real-time- to be able to prevent major outages... Meinberg's solutions for accurate and reliable frequency control: Next Slide……
- 3. GPS180XHS: Satellite Receiver with integrated power supply for DIN Mounting Rail The module is suitable for applications that only need a serial RS232 interface for synchronization. The satellite receiver with integrated power supply is assembled in an aluminium profile case for 35mm DIN mounting rail. The module provides a serial RS232 interface.
- 4. Key Features • RS232 interface • Meinberg GPS Antenna/Converter Unit connected with up to 300m of standard coaxial cable RG58 • DC-insulated antenna circuit • Remote control and monitoring with included PC-software (COM0) • Aluminium profile case for 35mm DIN mounting rail • Flash-EPROM with bootstrap loader FDM511: Frequency Deviation Monitor for 50/60Hz power line networks The module FDM511 was designed to calculate and monitor the frequency and its deviation in 50/60Hz power line networks.
- 5. Key Features • Monitoring of Mains Frequency • Pre-connected GPS, GLN or PZF Receiver as Reference • 2 analog outputs (time deviation and/or frequency deviation) • 5mm LED Display (optional) • Serial RS232 Interface • Calculation of Time based on the Local Frequency
- 6. Time Synchronization Requirement for Synchrophasers The IEEE Standard for Synchrophaser Measurements for Power Systems (IEEE C37.118.1 -2011) recommends that phase measurement equipment in power systems by synchronized to UTC to within 1 μs. That is fairly strict timing requirement for a system that deals with voltages and currents at the low frequencies of only 50 or 60 Hz. So where does the 1 μs come from? Let me see if I can answer that in five minutes or less. House with power requirements augmented by solar panels.
- 7. Power grid operators are responsible for a power grid which has becoming increasing complex. Once upon a time, power was generated by burning fossil fuels or nuclear reactors which generate power at constant rates in large power generation plants. Much of that power was consumed in incandescent lighting, which had the virtue of looking electrically like a simple resistor. Now more and more of the power is generated by solar panels and windmills, both of which have a strongly time dependent output, and can be large installations or individual homes or businesses. In addition more and more of the power is consumed in energy storage devices, which have a significant reactive components to their impedance. That’s right I’m talking about all the batteries we charge “now a days”. Batteries for cell phones, laptop computers, even cars! Electric powered car charging
- 8. To effectively monitor and control the increasingly complex power grids, grid operators are adding more synchrophaser measurement capability throughout the grid. These are time tagged measurements of voltage and current throughout the power grid. Operators can monitor the relationships between voltage and current due to reactive loads, compare the phase at two voltages which might be connected together to divert power from one part of the grid to another, or monitor the harmonic content of the signal. Often important data is aggregated from more than one phasor measurement unit, or PMU. The PMUs need to be synchronized so that the data can be directly compared in time. But how accurately? This brings us back to the IEEE C37.118.1 standard. Synchrophaser measurement capability is often integrated with other power equipment such as a protective relay.
- 9. Consider the measurement of a sinusoidal voltage, V = Vmcos(φ(t)). Hey, I never promised there wouldn’t be any math. Here φ(t) is the instantaneous phase which is 2πf0t+φo, with f0 the line frequency and φo the phase at t=0. As you, no doubt, recall this voltage can be represented as a phasor with real, Vr = Vmcos(φ(t)) and Vi= Vm sin(φ(t)) imaginary parts. If the time base of the PMU is off by Δt, then a phase error of ε = 2πf0Δt will occur. The IEEE C37.118.1 standard defines a metric Total Vector Error (TVE) to quantify the damage to our measurement. TVE2 = {[(Vr(means)-Vr]2 + [(Vi(means)-Vi]2}/{Vr2 + Vi2} with Vr(means) = Vm cos(φ(t) +ε) Vi(means) = Vm sin(φ(t) +ε) If you plug in the formulas for Vr, Vi, Vr(means), and Vi(means) then you can reduce it to TVE2 = 2[1-cos(ε)] It is highly recommend that you verify the math yourself if you are feeling nostalgic for the glory days when you learned trigonometry, or you are bored out of your mind.
- 10. In the case where the time base error is small compared to the line voltage period of 16.67 or 20 ms, then we can simplify even further. You do remember Taylor Series, don’t you? TVE ≅ ε. The IEEE standard recommends keeping the total vector error below 1%. That corresponds to time errors of ±26 μs for 60 Hz and ±31 μs for 50 Hz. If you stay below these time errors you keep the contribution to the TVE of the timing to within that goal of 1%. There are likely to be other errors in the measurement system as well. To make sure that timing does not use up much of the error budget the IEEE recommends timing accuracy of 1 μs , well below the thresholds we just calculated. That is realistic using IEEE 1588.
- 11. Meinberg Products For Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution • LANTIME M-Series: M300, M100 • LANTIME IMS Series: M1000, M3000, M500 • Railmount GPS Clocks: GPS164xHS
- 12. LANTIME M300: NTP Server in 1U Case for Server Rackmount The Meinberg LANTIME M300 time server provides accurate time to networks of any size. It synchronizes all NTP- or SNTP-compatible systems. The M300 time server uses as a reference time source either any compatible external or built-in Meinberg reference clock (Stratum 1 mode) or up to 7 NTP servers (Stratum 2 mode). LANTIME M300 Physical Dimensions NTP server backplane with programmable pulse outputs and RS232 COM port
- 13. Key Features of LANTIME M300 • Selectable Reference Time Sources: 1. GPS: Satellite receiver for the Global Positioning System 2. GNS: Combined GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou satellite receiver (L1 frequency band), can also be used for mobile applications 3. PZF: DCF77 correlation receiver for middle europe 4. MSF: Long wave receiver for Great Britain 5. WWVB: Long wave receiver for the US time signal 6. TCR: Time code receiver for IRIG A/B, AFNOR or IEEE1344 codes 7. MRS: (GPS, PPS, 10MHz, NTP): Multi Reference Source - several reference sources, adjustable following priority of signal 8. RDT: (external PPS or NTP): Time Server without internal receiver module • Synchronization of NTP and SNTP compatible clients • Web-based status and configuration interface (Demo) and console-based graphical configuration utility
- 14. • Supported net protocols: IPv4, IPv6, NTP, (S)NTP, DAYTIME, DHCP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, SSH, SCP, SYSLOG, SNMP, TIME, TELNET • Alert-Notification system of status change by Email, Win Mail, SNMP • or an external connected display. • Full SNMP v1,v2,v3 support with own SNMP-daemon for status and configuration and SNMP Trap messages • USB Port for installing firmware updates, locking front panel menu access and backup/restore of configuration and log files • Meinberg GPS Antenna/Converter Unit connected with up to 300m of standard coaxial cable RG58 • Meinberg's LANTIME time server is available with a variety of additional output options: IRIG Time Code, frequency synthesizer and programmable pulse outputs illustrate some of the many expansion options for your NTP server • Two (standard) or optional up to six independent RJ-45 Ethernet interfaces 10/100 Mbit. NTP server M300 with different receiver options (GS,WWVB,MSF...) Rear view M300RDT NTP Time Server with 1 x 10/100 Mbit and 3 x10/1000 Mbit Ethernet
- 15. LANTIME M100: NTP Time Server with internal Reference Clock for DIN Rail Installations LANTIME M100 time servers can be installed to provide accurate time to small and medium sized computer networks. This entry level time server synchronizes all systems either NTP- or SNTP-compatible utilizing a built-in Meinberg radio clock as its primary reference time source. A stable and precise oscillator is capable of bridging interferences or a temporary loss of reception. Its compact form factor offers an ideal solution to network time synchronization needs in industrial and power generation/distribution networks.
- 16. Key Features • Selectable Reference Sources: 1. GPS: Satellite receiver for the Global Positioning System 2. GNS: Combined GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/ BeiDou satellite receiver (L1 frequency band), can also be used for mobile applications 3. PZF: DCF77 correlation receiver for middle Europe • Synchronization of NTP and SNTP compatible clients • Web-based status and configuration interface (Demo) and console-based graphical configuration utility. • Supported net protocols: IPv4, IPv6, NTP, (S)NTP, DAYTIME, DHCP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, SSH, SCP, SYSLOG, SNMP, TIME, TELNET. • USB Port for installing firmware updates, locking front panel menu access and backup/restore of configuration and log files. • Meinberg GPS Antenna/Converter Unit connected with up to 300m of standard coaxial cable RG58.
- 17. IMS - LANTIME M1000: Time and Frequency Synchronization Platform in 1U Rackmount-Enclosure Versatile and Modular Solution for Time and Frequency Synchronization Application in 1U housing The 1U chassis has two power supply slots, optional two clock module slots, a CPU slot and four (three in case of a second reference clock) slots for additional input and output modules. Adding a second clock module and a second power supply transforms the IMS - M1000 into a fully redundant solution. Both, wide range AC and a 20-72 VDC power supply model can be mixed and matched as required.
- 18. Key Features of LANTIME M1000 Rear view LANTIME M1000 with redundant power Supply • Optimized space usage. • Synchronization of NTP and SNTP compatible clients. • Web-based status and configuration interface,and console-based graphical configuration utility. • IMS - Intelligent Modular System platform. • Up to 4 PTP (IEEE 1588-2008) modules. • Redundant power and receiver option (eg GPS / GLONASS combination). • Hot Plug. • Arbitrary combinations of modules. • Meinberg's LANTIME time server is available with a variety of additional output options: IRIG Time Code, frequency synthesizer and programmable pulse outputs illustrate some of the many expansion options for your NTP server. • Up to 16 additional LAN ports.
- 19. IMS - LANTIME M3000: Versatile and Modular Time and Frequency Synchronization Platform The new LANTIME M3000 is a field-upgradeable and extremely flexible system that covers your synchronization needs - today and in the future. The M3000 chassis has four power supply slots, two clock module slots, a seamless switchover card slot, a CPU slot and ten slots for additional input and output modules. Adding a second clock module and the required RSC switch module will turn the M3000 into a fully redundant solution. Up to four power supplies can be installed, offering protection against the failure of one or more power sources or power supply failures. Both wide range AC and a 18-72VDC power supply model can be mixed and matched as required.
- 20. The possibility to add input and output modules as well as specialized communication cards for NTP and PTP/IEEE1588 network synchronization and remote management ensures that a LANTIME M3000 will fulfill all your synchronization requirements and the scalability and flexibility of the IMS platform concept enables it to cope with the changing demands of your critical applications. Key Features of LANTIME M3000 Front cover of the M300- easily retrofitting of an ACM module M3000 in redundant Configuration (receiver and power supplies) • Optimized space usage. • Synchronization of NTP and SNTP compatible clients. • Web-based status and configuration interface (Demo), and console-based graphical configuration utility.
- 21. • IMS - Intelligent Modular System platform. • Up to 10 PTP (IEEE 1588-2008) modules. • Redundant power and receiver option (eg GPS / GLONASS combination). • Hot Plug. • Arbitrary combinations of modules. • Replacement or retrofitting of an ACM module (Active Cooling Module) possible during operation. • Meinberg's LANTIME time server is available with a variety of additional output options: IRIG Time Code, frequency synthesizer and programmable pulse outputs illustrate some of the many expansion options for your NTP server. • Up to 40 additional LAN ports. Input and output XHE- Rubidium Expansion Chassis modules-easy accessible on the rear panel of the system
- 22. IMS - LANTIME M500: Time and Frequency Synchronization in Rail Mount Chassis Modular Time- and Frequency Synchronization System for Industrial The full-featured DIN railmount package has one power supply slot, a clock module slot, a CPU slot and two slots for additional input and output modules. Both, wide range AC and a 20-72 VDC power supply model are available.
- 23. Key Features • Optimized space usage • Synchronization of NTP and SNTP compatible clients • Web-based status and configuration interface , and console-based graphical configuration utility • IMS - Intelligent Modular System platform • Up to 2 PTP (IEEE 1588-2008) modules • Hot Plug Module view M500 with PTP TSU and CPE Outputs IMS M500- Input and Output Connectors
- 24. • Arbitrary combinations of modules • Meinberg's LANTIME time server is available with a variety of additional output options: IRIG Time Code, frequency synthesizer and programmable pulse outputs illustrate some of the many expansion options for your NTP server • Up to 8 additional LAN ports M500- Rear view with rail and Grounding Connector