IRJET- Wireless Monitoring of Distribution Tranformer and Inform to Electrical Board

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1432
WIRELESS MONITORING OF DISTRIBUTION TRANFORMER AND INFORM
TO ELECTRICAL BOARD
SUBHASH HD (3BR15EE090)
Student, Bachelor of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, BITM Ballari, Karnataka, India
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Abstract- Power transformers are one of the most
important electrical equipment that is used in power
transmission system as they perform the function of
transforming the voltage levels. Hence maintenance of
power transformer is mandatory; as they are located at
different geographical areas periodical monitoring is not
possible all the time due to insufficient man power. Due to
this reason transformer failure may occur which leads to
unexpected power shutdown. To overcome this shutdown
due to transformer failure we proposed a system for
monitoring the transformer .The aim of our project is to
monitor and protect oil level, oil quality, temperature, etc, of
transformer without involving man power. If any critical
condition occurs the SMS will be send to the control unit
.This monitoring system consist of AT MEGA 16 micro
controller, LM35 temperature sensor, level sensor, GSM and
LCD.
Keyword: ATmega 16 microcontroller, GSM, LCD display,
light dependent resistor, Voltage and Current sensor and
Temperature and Oil level sensor
1. INTRODUCTION
In power systems, distribution transformer is
electrical equipment which distributes power to the low-
voltage users directly, and its operation condition is an
important component of the entire distribution network
operation. Operation of distribution transformer under
rated condition( as per specification in their nameplate)
guarantees their long life .However, their life is
significantly reduced if they are subjected to overloading,
resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a
large number of customers thus effecting system
reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of
transformers are the major causes of failure in distribution
transformers. The monitoring devices or systems which
are presently used for monitoring distribution transformer
exist some problems and deficiencies. Few of them are
mentioned below.
(1) Ordinary transformer measurement system generally
detects a single transformer parameter, such as power,
current, voltage, and phase. While some ways could detect
multi-parameter, the time of acquisition and operation
parameters is too long, and testing speed is not fast
enough.
(2) Detection system itself is not reliable. The main
performance is the device itself instability, poor anti-
jamming capability, low measurement accuracy of the
data, or even state monitoring system should is no effect.
(3) Timely detection data will not be sent to monitoring
centers in time, which cannot judge distribution
transformers three-phase equilibrium.
(4) A monitoring system can only monitor the operation
state or guard against steal the power, and is not able to
monitor all useful data of distribution transformers to
reduce costs.
(5) Many monitoring systems use power carrier
communication to send data, but the power carrier
communication has some disadvantages: serious
frequency interference, with the increase in distance the
signal attenuation serious, load changes brought about
large electrical noise. So if use power carrier
communication to send data, the real-time data
transmission, reliability cannot be guaranteed.
According to the above requirements, we need a
distribution transformer real-time monitoring system to
detect all operating parameters operation, and send to the
monitoring centre in time. It leads to online monitoring of
key operational parameters of distribution transformers
which can provide useful information about the health of
transformers which will help the utilities to optimally use
their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a
longer period. This will help to identify problems before
any serious failure which leads to a significant cost savings
and greater reliability. Widespread use of mobile networks
and GSM devices such GSM modems and their decreasing
costs have made them an attractive option not only for
voice media but for other wide area network applications.
1.1 REVIEW OF THE EARLIER SYSTEM
TO Monitoring of transformer is done using wired
network accompanied with temporary test unit &
involving man into action, here continuous monitoring is

not Possible all the time which may lead to malfunction or
failure of power transformer.
For this we have referred following research papers
Paper 1
 Vishakha shinge, Omika shukla, prateek panday & prof
. Megha chaple are worked on this project of wireless
transformer parameter monitoring system using RF
module published in the year of April 2016 , the
drawbacks are complex & bulky circuit , battery
backup is compulsory at monitoring is required . In
our project circuit is very simple & battery backup is
not required.
Paper 2
 Sonal A. mahajan, Vaibhav v. khedkar, prof. Akash
A.Gophane are worked on this project of monitoring
parameter of distribution transformer by using XBEE
technology published in the year of 2016, the
drawbacks are only oil level & temperature parameter
sensors are monitored. we overcome those drawbacks
in our projects are parameters like oil quality , under
voltage/over voltage , short circuit current are
monitored.
Paper 3
 Pathak A. K , Kolhe A.N , Gagare J.T , Khemnar S.M are
worked on this project of GSM based distribution
transformer monitoring & controlling system are
published in year of 2016 , the drawbacks are the
important parameters like oil quality & oil level is not
monitored .we included those parameters in our
project .
1.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
Our proposed system provides effective
monitoring and protection of power transformer by
measuring it oil level, oil quality, temperature and
operating voltage without involving human intervention.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Abnormality in distribution transformer is
accompanied with variation in different parameters like
Winding temperature , Top and bottom oil temperatures,
Ambient temperature, Load current, Oil flow (pump
motor), Moisture in oil ,Dissolved gas in oil, Bushing
condition, LTC monitoring, Oil level. However, we are
dealing with oil temperature and load current.
Online monitoring system consists of embedded system,
GSM modem, mobile-users and GSM networks and sensors
installed at transformer site Sensors are installed on
transformer side which reads and measures the physical
quantity from the distribution transformer and then it
converts it into the analog signal. The embedded module is
located at the transformer site. It is utilized to acquire
process, display, transmit and receive the parameters to
from the GSM modem. The second is the GSM module. It is
the link between the embedded system and the public GSM
network. The third is utility module that has a PC-based -
server located at the utility control center. The server is
attached to GSM modem and received transmits SMS
from/to the transformer site via the GSM module.
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
This chapter explains regarding the Hardware
Implementation of the project. It tells about the design and
working of the design with the help of circuit diagram and
explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the
features, programming and serial communication of
ATmega 16 microcontroller. It also explains the different
modules sed in this project.
FIG: 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
3. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 Microcontroller
 Power supply
 Potential transformer
 Light dependent resistaor
 Temperature sensor
 Oil level sensor
 GSM technology
 Current sensor
 Voltage sensor
 LCD Display

The above scheme depicts the sequence of
methodologies followed in the monitoring of distribution
transformer via GSM technology. First sensors which are
installed at the transformer site sense the various
parameters of transformers and convert into analog signal
to be processed in signal conditioning circuits Next the SCC
consisting of opamps and resistors manipulates the analog
signal to a compatible value so that can be read by the
embedded system. Next the signal is passed through
microcontroller. The ADC is used to read the parameters,
built-in EEPROM is used to host the embedded software
algorithm that takes care of the parameters acquisition,
processing, displaying, transmitting and receiving. The
built-in EEPROM is used to save the online measured
parameters along with their hourly and daily averages. The
GSM modem is interfaced with the microcontroller
through RS 232 adapter by which it uploads and
downloads SMS messages that contain information related
to the transformer parameters and status. This GSM
modem then sends this SMS to mobile users containing
information about parameters value of the distribution
transformers.
3.1 MICROCONTROLLER
FIG3.2.1: ATmega 16 MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller is defined as a system on
computer chip which includes number of peripherals like
RAM, EEPROM, etc. required to perform some predefined
task. There are number of popular families of
microcontrollers which are used in different applications
as per their capability and feasibility to perform various
task, mostly used of these are 8051, AVR and PIC
microcontrollers.
In this subject we will introduce you with AVR
family of microcontrollers. AVR is an 8-bit microcontroller
belonging to the family of Reduced Instruction Set
Computer (RISC). In RISC architecture the instruction set
of the computer are not only fewer in number but also
simpler and faster in operation. The other type is CISC. We
will explore more on this when we will learn about the
architecture of AVR microcontrollers in following section.
The microcontroller transmits and receives 8-bit
data. The input/output registers available are also of 8-
bits. The AVR families controllers have register based
architecture which means that both the operands for an
operation are stored in a register and the result of the
operation is also stored in a register.
Discussing about AVR we will be talking on Atmega16
microcontroller, which is 40-pin IC and it belong to mega
AVR category of AVR family. Some of the key features of
Atmega16 are:
 16KB Flash memory
 1KB SRAM
 512 Bytes EEPROM
 40-Pin DIP
 8-Channel 10 bit ADC
 Two 8 bit Timers/Counters
 One 16 bit Timer/Counter
 PWM Channels
 In System Programmer (ISP)
 Serial USART
 SPI Interface
 Digital to Analog Comparator
3.1.1 Why AT mega16?
The system requirements and control
specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit
micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these
may be earlier to implement due to large number of
internal features. They are also faster and more reliable
but, 8-bit micro controller satisfactorily serves the above
application. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller
will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive
market place.
Coming to the question of why to use AT89C51 of
all the 8-bit microcontroller available in the market the
main answer would be because it has 4 Kb on chip flash
memory which is just sufficient for our application. The
on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile
memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in

flash technology in today’s market place and hence using
AT 89C51 is the optimal solution.
3.1.2 ATmega16 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
The 89C51 architecture consists of these specific features:
 Eight –bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and
B
 Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer
(DPTR)
 Eight- bit stack pointer (PSW)
 Eight-bit stack pointer (Sp)
 Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0(8031) to 4K
(89C51)
 Internal RAM of 128 bytes:
 Four register banks, each containing eight registers
 Sixteen bytes, which maybe addressed at the bit level
 Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory
 Thirty –two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit
ports:p0-p3
 Two 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1
 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF
 Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and
IE
 Two external and three internal interrupts sources.
 Oscillator and clock circuits.
The block diagram of ATmega 16 microcontroller is shown
in figure below respectively 3.1.3
FIG3.1.2: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ATmega 16
MICROCONTROLLERS
3.2 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is the circuit from which we get a
desired dc voltage to run the other circuits. The voltage we
get from the main line is 230V AC but the other
components of our circuit require 5V DC. Hence a step-
down transformer is used to get 12V AC which is later
converted to 12V DC using a rectifier. The output of
rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC
signal due to which it is called as Pulsating DC. To remove
the ripples and obtain smoothed C power filter circuits are
used. Here a capacitor is used. The 12V DC is rated down
to 5V using a positive voltage regulator chip 7805. Thus a
fixed DC voltage of 5V is obtained.
A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:

FIG 3.2 EACH OF DAIGRAM DESCRIBED BELOW
Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low
voltage AC.
Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a
small ripple.
Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a
fixed voltage.
3.3 TRANSFORMER
Transformer is the electrical device that converts
one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC. There are two types of
transformers as Step-up and Step-down transformer. Step-
up transformers steps up voltage, step-down transformers
steps down voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down
transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
to a safer low voltage. Here a step down transformer is
used to get 12V AC from the supply i.e. 230V AC.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one
voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers
work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why
mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in
output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer
to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer
low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the
output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical
connection between the two coils; instead they are linked
by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron
core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the
circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste
very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in.
Note that as voltage is stepped own current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the
turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-
down transformer has a large number of turns on its
primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage
mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
FIG3.3 An ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
3.4 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR(LDR)
A photoresistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR,
or photo-variable resistor. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching
circuits.
FIG3.2.4: LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR(LDR)0-5V
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance
semiconductor. In the dark a photoresistor can have a
resistance as high as several megaohms, while in the light,
a photoreisitor can have a resistance as low as few
hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds
a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to
jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and
sensitivity of a phtotresistor can substantially differ

among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique substantially
differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or
extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge
carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example,
silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are
in the valence band, and hence the photon must have
enough energy to excite the electron across the
entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also
called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer
to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as
far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer
wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to
trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its
atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there
will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an
example of an extrinsic semiconductor.
3.5 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Temperature is the most often-measured
environmental quantity. This might be expected since most
physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological
systems are affected by temperature. Certain chemical
reactions, biological processes, and even electronic circuits
perform best within limited temperature ranges.
Temperature is one of the most commonly measured
variables and it is therefore not surprising that there are
many ways of sensing it. Temperature sensing can be done
either through direct contact with the heating source, or
remotely, without direct contact with the source using
radiated energy instead. There are a wide variety of
temperature sensors on the market today, including
Thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors
(RTDs), Thermistors, Infrared, and Semiconductor
Sensors. Digital output sensor usually contains a
temperature sensor, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a
two-wire digital interface and registers for controlling the
IC’s operation. Temperature is continuously measured and
can be read at any time. If desired, the host processor can
instruct the sensor to monitor temperature and take an
output pin high (or low) if temperature exceeds a
programmed limit. Lower threshold temperature can also
be programmed and the host can be notified when
temperature has dropped below this threshold. Thus,
digital output sensor can be used for reliable temperature
monitoring in microprocessor-based systems. Above
temperature sensor has three terminals and required
Maximum of 5.5 V supply. This type of sensor consists of a
material that performs the operation according to
temperature to vary the resistance. This change of
resistance is sensed by circuit and it calculates
temperature. When the voltage increases then the
temperature also rises. We can see this operation by using
a diode.
Temperature sensors directly connected to
microprocessor input and thus capable of direct and
reliable communication with microprocessors. The sensor
unit can communicate effectively with low-cost processors
without the need of A/D converters.
An example for a temperature sensor is LM35.
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35 is
operates at -55˚ to +120
FIG3.5: LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR (0-5V)
3.5.1 Features of temperature sensors:
 Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
 Rated for full l −55˚ to +150˚C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Low self-heating,
 ±1/4˚C of typical nonlinearity
3.5.2 Operation of LM35:
The LM35 can be connected easily in the same
way as other integrated circuit temperature
sensors. It can be stuck or
established to a surface and its temperature will be wi
thin around the range of 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.
This presumes that the ambient air temperature is
just about the same as the surface temperature; if the air
temperature were much higher or lower than the surface
temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die

would be at an intermediate temperature between the
surface temperature and the air temperature.
The temperature sensors have well known
applications in environmental and process control and also
in test, measurement and communications. A digital
temperature is a sensor, which provides 9-bit temperature
readings. Digital temperature sensors offer excellent
precise accuracy, these are designed to read from 0°C to
70°C and it is possible to achieve ±0.5°C accuracy. These
sensors completely aligned with digital temperature
readings in degree Celsius.
3.6 Oil level sensor
An alternate application is the remote observing
of merchant tanks in the fuel business. The certainty of
having a full guide with the distintive sellers needs permit
improving the conveyance, which deciphers in gigantic
funds and high effectiveness.
FIG3.6: Oil level sensor (0-5V)
The oil tank level sensor is connected on the
outside of the tank in diverse positions relying upon the
capacity (normal positions are top and base). It has the
capacity gather data with respects of the tank level and
different parameters utilizing advances like ultrasound
and Hall Effect. The sensor accompanies a connection
framework and normally controlled by a battery, in some
remote areas a sunlight based generator is added to keep
the battery charged.
The best approach that can be made to keep oil
burglary from the tanks is to utilize an oil tank level screen
along with the oil tank level indicator. By utilizing the steel
level estimation you can gauge the level of oil in the oil
tank. This keeps you educated about the measure of oil in
the tank and the level of utilization that is carried out. The
oil level screens accompany a sensor alongside a caution
that cautions you if there is a drop in the oil level
underneath a certain point, educating you therefore if
there is the right utilization happening or if the oil has
been stolen.
The steel level estimation utilized for oil tanks are
tank level pointers which utilize a transmitter over the
tank and the ultrasonic level estimation strategies to
quantify the high oil level. The basic system that it uses is
that, it has a recipient that conveys data get to; this is
further associated with an electric divider attachment that
can be kept inside the home. As and when the larger
amount of oil in the supply drops to 10 every penny or
underneath, the push image shows up, hence educating the
holder that the oil tank needs refilling level gauge.
3.7 GSM TECHNOLOGY
An embedded system is a special-purpose system
in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or
dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer,
an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined
tasks. Usually with very specific requirements. Since the
system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product.
Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting
from economies of scale.
3.7.1 What is GSM?
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is
a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a
digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85
countries in the world including such locations as Europe,
Japan and Australia1.
 Mobile Subscriber Roaming
When a mobile subscriber roams into a new
location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically
determines that it must update the HLR with the new
location information, which it does using an SS7 Location
Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is
routed to the HLR through the SS7 network, based on the
global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within the
SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The
HLR responds with a message that informs the VLR
whether the subscriber should be provided service in the
new location.
FIG3.7: GSM INTERFACING MODEL

 Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Call
Routing
When a user dials a GSM mobile subscriber's MSISDN,
the PSTN routes the call to the Home MSC based on the
dialed telephone number. The MSC must then query the
HLR based on the MSISDN, to attain routing information
required to route the call to the subscribers' current
location.
The MSC stores global title translation tables that are
used to determine the HLR associated with the MSISDN.
When only one HLR exists, the translation tables are
trivial.
When more than one HLR is used however, the
translations become extremely challenging; with one
translation record per subscriber.
3.8 VOLTAGE SENSOR
FIG3.2.8: VOLTAGE SENSOR (0-5V)
Sensors are basically a device which can sense or
identify and react to certain types of electrical or some
optical signals. Implementation of voltage sensor and
current sensor techniques has become an excellent choice
to the conventional current and voltage measurement
methods.
In this article, we can discuss in detail about
voltage sensor. A voltage sensor can in fact determine,
monitor and can measure the supply of voltage. It can
measure AC level or/and DC voltage level. The input to the
voltage sensor is the voltage itself and the output can be
analog voltage signals, switches, audible signals, analog
current level, frequency or even frequency modulated
outputs. That is, some voltage sensors can provide sine or
pulse trains as output and others can produce Amplitude
Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation or Frequency
Modulation outputs. In voltage sensors, the measurement
is based on the voltage divider. Mainly two types are of
voltage sensors are available- Capacitive type voltage
sensor and Resistive type voltage sensor.
3.9 CURRENT SENSOR
Current sensors can be split into two categories:
shunt resistors, which directly measure current through a
voltage drop; and magnetic field sensors, which measure
current-induced magnetic fields to retrieve the original
current. While galvanic insulated, protected against over
current spikes, and sparsely dissipating, the latter have
been the focus of considerable development efforts with a
wide offer, ranging from conventional current
transformers and Hall effect sensors to innovative fluxgate
or giant magneto-resistive (GMR) sensors. Of those,
Rogowski sensors are well known for measuring
alternating current (AC) such as high-speed transient,
pulsed currents, or power frequency sinusoidal currents.
They comprise an air-cored coil placed around
the conductor in a toroidal shape. Simple to retrofit, the
clip-around Rogowski coil sensor is thin, lightweight,
flexible, and robust. The main drawback of Rogowski coil
technology is that it only measures AC currents.
Fig3.9: current sensor
3.10 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
The display used is 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display); which means 16 characters per line by 2
lines.The standard is referred as HD44780U, which refers
to the controller chip which receives data from an external
source (Here Atmega16) and communicates directly with
the LCD. Here 8-bit mode of LCD is used, i.e., using 8-bit
data bus.
The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW.
The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is
used for telling the LCD that we are sending data. For
sending data to the LCD, the program should make sure
that the line is low and then set the other two control lines
or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are ready
completely, bring EN high (1) and should wait for the
minimum time required by the LCD datasheet and end by
bringing it low (0) again.
The RS line is "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the
data is treated as a command or special instruction (such
as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When the RS is high
(1), the data sent is text data which is displayed on the
screen. For example, to display the letter "B" on the screen
you would set RS high.

The RW line is "Read/Write" control line. When
RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is written to
the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
questioning (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction
("Get LCD status") is read command. All the others are
write commands--so RW will always be low. In case of an
8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2,
DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.
FIG3.10: LCD DISPLAY
4. Working model of entire project
In this project we required operating voltage for
Microcontroller ATmega16 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power
supply is needed for the IC’s. This regulated 5V is
generated by stepping down the voltage from 230V to 18V
now the step downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the
Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a.c
voltage is now filtered using a ‘C’ filter. Now the rectified,
filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. The
figure will be the model of wireless monitoring of
distribution transformer and inform to electrical board
Fig 3.10: working model of wireless monitoring of
distribution transformer and inform to electrical
board
In this project we required operating voltage for
Microcontroller ATmega16 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power
supply is needed for the IC’s. This regulated 5V is
generated by stepping down the voltage from 230V to 18V
now the step downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the
Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a.c
voltage is now filtered using a ‘C’ filter. Now the rectified,
filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This
voltage regulator provides/allows us to have a Regulated
constant Voltage which is of +5V. The rectified; filtered and
regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an
electrolytic capacitor 100μF. Now the output from this
section is fed to 40th pin of Atmega16 microcontroller to
supply operating voltage. The microcontroller Atmega16
with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of
11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of 30-33pf
capacitors is placed at 18th & 19th pins of Atmega16 to
make it work (execute) properly. In this project, we are
using two transformers. One is as mains supply to
corporate and second transformer as secondary (UPS)
supply. In the begining we are giving the main supply by
transformer one, but if due to some reason mains supply is
not working. Then by power detector circuit this
information goes to microcontroller and buzzer will
produce an alarming sound. Microcontroller will send the
message to authorised person by GSM modem. If person
wants to continue the power supply by second
transformer then that person has to send message to gsm
modem. Whenever the gsm modem receives sms message
to change the power supply connection it gives instruction
to microcontroller .The microcontroller simply connects
the second power supply and disconnects the existing
supply using relay based control circuit.
5. ADVANTAGES
 Efficient & low cost design
 Greater reliability
 Low power consumption
 Device can operate anywhere in the world
 Real time monitoring
6. APPLICATION
 Power quality monitoring
 Load forecasting
 Condition monitoring of transformer
7. CONCLUSION
The GSM based monitoring of distribution
transformer is quite useful as compared to manual
monitoring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to
monitor always the oil level, oil temperature rise, ambient
temperature rise, load current manually. After receiving of
message of any abnormality we can take action
immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of
distribution transformers. In a distribution network there
are many distribution transformers and associating each

transformer with such system, we can easily figure out
that which Transformer is undergoing fault from the
message sent to mobile. We need not have to check all
transformers and corresponding phase currents and
voltages and thus we can recover the system in less time.
The time for receiving messages may vary due to the
public GSM network traffic but still then it is effective than
manual monitoring.
7.1 FUTURE WORK
A server module can be included to this system for
receiving and storing transformer parameters information
periodically about all the distribution transformers of a
particular utility in a database application. This database
will be a useful source of information on the utility
transformers. Analysis of these data is stored to helps the
utility in monitoring the operational behavior of their
distribution transformers and identify faults before any
catastrophic failures thus resulting in significant cost
saving as well as improving system reliability.
REFERENCES
 Leibfried, T, “Online monitors keep transformers
in service”, Computer Applications in Power, IEEE,
Volume: 11 Issue: 3, July 1998 Page(s):36 -42.
 Chan, W. L, So, A.T.P. and Lai, L., L.; “Interment
Based Transmission Substation Monitoring”, IEEE
Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1,
February 1999, pp.293-298.
 Par S. Tenbohlen,T. Stirl, M. Rösner,” Benefit of
sensors for on-line monitoring systems for power
transformers”
 T. D. Poyser, "An On-Line Microprocessor Based
Transformer Analysis System to Improve the
Availability and Uti'lization of Power
Transformers". IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus
and Systems, Volume PAS-102, April 1983,
pp.957-962.
 Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi,
Rolin D.Mckinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller And
Embedded Systems Using Assembly And C,Second
Edition, Pearson Education, 2008, India.
BIOGRAPHIES
SUBHASH H D (3BR15EEE090)
completed bachelor of degree in
Electrical and electronic engineering
from Ballari institute of technology and
management. He was presented in final
year of the degree and this journal is
concerned with the final year project.

IRJET- Wireless Monitoring of Distribution Tranformer and Inform to Electrical Board

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IRJET- Wireless Monitoring of Distribution Tranformer and Inform to Electrical Board