Neurotechnology with Computing Systems
- 1. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 1 A Seminar Report on NEUROTECHNOLOGY WITH COMPUTING SYSTEMS Submitted by D.RAVI KRISHNA TEJA 151FA04080 (ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH "A" GRADE) MHRD NIRF 88RANK DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING VFSTR UNIVERSITY, VADLAMUDI GUNTUR-522213, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA. 2017
- 2. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “NEUROTECHNOLOGY WITH COMPUTING SYSTEMS” that is being submitted by D.RAVI KRISHNA TEJA bearing Regd. No. 151FA04080 in partial fulfilment for the award of III year I semester B.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering to Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research University, is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under the internal guidance of Ms.A,SARANYA of CSE Department. Signature of the faculty guide Signature of Head of the Department Ms.A.SARANYA Dr.D.VENKATESULU Asst. Professor Professor & HoD
- 3. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO TOPICS PAGE.NO 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 NEURONS 6 3 NEUROTECHNOLOGY 8 4 NEUROTECHNOLOGY WITH COMPUTING SYSTEMS 10 5 ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS 12 6 CONCLUSION 15 7 REFERENCES 16
- 4. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 4 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION The term Neurotechnology is defined in various ways, depending on the perspective of the writer. Generally speaking, Neurotechnology could be seen as any artificial means to interact with the workings of the brain. This version includes pharmacological adjustment of the activity of the brain, for example drugs treating Parkinson's Disease or senile dementia, or alcohol and nicotine, if one wants to stretch it. In a more technically inclined definition, we would see Neurotechnology. Technical and computational tools that measure and analyse chemical and electrical signals in the nervous system, be it the brain or nerves in the limbs. These may be used to identify the properties of nervous activity, understand how the brain works, diagnose pathological conditions, or control external devices (neuroprostheses, 'brain machine interfaces') Technical tools to interact with the nervous system to change its activity, for example to restore sensory input such as with cochlea implants to restore hearing or deep brain stimulation to stop tremor and treat other pathological conditions. Neurotechnology is any technology that has a fundamental influence on how people understand the brain and various aspects of consciousness, thought, and higher order activities in the brain. Practical applications include sniffing out volatile chemicals and explosives in airports Nigerian neuroscientist Oshiorenoya Agabi have found a way to solve one of life’s puzzling dilemmas: how to make air travel pleasant again. What if you could skip tedious airport security lines, while a special device able to sniff out explosives works silently in the background? This is only one of the possible uses of what Mr. Agabi says is the world’s first neurotechnology device developed byhis Silicon Valley-based start-up Koniku. The device was unveiled at the TEDGlobal conference in Tanzania on Sunday.
- 5. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 5 While those in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) are working furiously to create machines that can mimic the brain, or — like tech entrepreneur Elon Musk — implant computers in our brains, Mr. Agabi has found a way to merge lab-grown neurons with electronic circuitry. As many grapple with the finite processing power of silicon, the 38-year-old said he had looked to the brain which is “the most powerful processor the universe has ever seen”. To simulate the power of just 204 brain neurons would require a supercomputer, he said. “Instead of copying a neuron, why not just take the biological cell itself and use it as it is? That thought is radical. The consequence of this is mind-boggling,” he said. So he and a team of geneticists, physicists, bio-engineers, molecular biologists and others set about doing just that, focusing on the problems that were particularly hard for silicon devices to solve. This includes detecting volatile chemicals and explosives or even illnesses such as cancer.
- 6. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 6 CHAPTER 2 NEURONS The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Fig.2.1.Structure of neuron Fig.2.2.Locating Neurons There are several types of specialized neurons. Sensory neurons respond to stimuli such as touch, sound or light and all other stimuli affecting the cells of the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to cause muscle contractions and affect glandular outputs. Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain, or spinal cord in neural networks. A typical neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon. The term neurite is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly in its undifferentiated stage. Dendrites are thin structures that arise from the cell body, often extending for hundreds of micrometers and branching multiple times, giving rise to a complex "dendritic tree". An axon (also called a nerve
- 7. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 7 fibre when myelinated) is a special cellular extension (process) that arises from the cell body at a site called the axon hillock and travels for a distance, as far as 1 meter in humans or even more in other species. Fig.2.3.Dendrites,Axon,Soma Nerve fibres are often bundled into fascicles, and in the peripheral nervous system, bundles of fascicles make up nerves (like strands of wire make up cables). The cell body of a neuron frequently gives rise to multiple dendrites, but never to more than one axon, although the axon may branch hundreds of times before it terminates. At the majority of synapses, signals are sent from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another.
- 8. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 8 CHAPTER 3 NEUROTECHNOLOGY Neurotechnology is any technology that has a fundamental influence on how people understand the brain and various aspects of consciousness, thought, and higher order activities in the brain. The field of neurotechnology has been around for nearly half a century but has only reached maturity in the last twenty years. The advent of brain imaging revolutionized the field, allowing researchers to directly monitor the brain's activities during experiments. Neurotechnology has made significant impact on society, though its presence is so commonplace that many do not realize its ubiquity. From pharmaceutical drugs to brain scanning, neurotechnology affects nearly all industrialized people either directly or indirectly, be it from drugs for depression, sleep, ADD, or anti-neurotics to cancer scanning, stroke rehabilitation, and much more. As the field's depth increases it will potentially allow society to control and harness more of what the brain does and how it influences lifestyles and personalities. Commonplace technologies already attempt to do this; games like Brainage, and programs like Fast Forword that aim to improve brain function, are neurotechnologies. Fig.3.1.Imaging of Brain
- 9. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 9 Currently, modern science can image nearly all aspects of the brain as well as control a degree of the function of the brain. It can help control depression, over-activation, sleep deprivation, and many other conditions. Therapeutically it can help improve stroke victims' motor coordination, improve brain function, reduce epileptic episodes (see epilepsy), improve patients with degenerative motor diseases (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS), and can even help alleviate phantom pain perception. Advances in the field promise many new enhancements and rehabilitation methods for patients suffering from neurological problems. The neurotechnology revolution has given rise to the Decade of the Mind initiative, which was started in 2007. It also offers the possibility of revealing the mechanisms by which mind and consciousness emerge from the brain. Fig.3.2.Revolution due to Neuro-technology
- 10. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 10 CHAPTER 4 NEUROTECHNOLOGY WITH COMPUTING SYSTEMS Practical applications include sniffing out volatile chemicals and explosives in airports Nigerian neuroscientist Oshiorenoya Agabi have found a way to solve one of life’s puzzling dilemmas: how to make air travel pleasant again. Fig.4.1.Robo to sense as humans What if you could skip tedious airport security lines, while a special device able to sniff out explosives works silently in the background? This is only one of the possible uses of what Mr. Agabi says is the world’s first neurotechnology device developed byhis Silicon Valley-based start-up Koniku. The device was unveiled at the TEDGlobal conference in Tanzania on Sunday. While those in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) are working furiously to create machines that can mimic the brain, or — like tech entrepreneur Elon Musk — implant computers in our brains, Mr. Agabi has found a way to merge lab-grown neurons with electronic circuitry. As many grapple with the finite processing power of silicon, the 38-year-old said he had looked to the brain which is “the most powerful processor the universe has ever seen”.To simulate the power of just 204 brain neurons would require a supercomputer, he said.“Instead of copying a
- 11. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 11 neuron, why not just take the biological cell itself and use it as it is? That thought is radical. The consequence of this is mind-boggling,” he said. So he and a team of geneticists, physicists, bio-engineers, molecular biologists and others set about doing just that, focusing on the problems that were particularly hard for silicon devices to solve. This includes detecting volatile chemicals and explosives or even illnesses such as cancer.
- 12. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 12 CHAPTER 5 ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS Neurotechnology provides algorithms and software development products for biometric fingerprint, face, iris, voice and palm print recognition, computer-based vision and object recognition to security companies, system integrators and hardware manufacturers. More than 3,000 system integrators and sensor providers in more than 100 countries license and integrate company's technology into their own products. With millions of customer installations worldwide, Neurotechnology's products are used for both civil and forensic applications, including border crossings, criminal investigations, systems for voter registration, verification and duplication checking, passport issuance and other national-scale projects. Fig.5.1.Application using neurotechnology Drawing from years of academic research in the fields of neuro informatics, image processing and pattern recognition, Neurotechnology was founded in 1990 in Vilnius, Lithuania under the name Neurotechnologija and released its first fingerprint identification system in 1991. Since that time the company has released more than 130 products and version upgrades for identification and verification of objects and personal identity.With a combination of fast algorithms and high reliability, company's fingerprint, face, eye iris and voice biometric technologies can be used for access control, computer security, banking, time attendance control and law enforcement applications, among others.
- 13. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 13 Fig.5.2.Application using neurotechnology Neurotechnology's fingerprint identification algorithms have shown one of the best results for reliability in major biometric competitions and evaluations, including the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Minutiae Interoperability Exchange III (MINEX III), Proprietary Fingerprint Template Evaluation II (PFT II) and Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation for the US Department of Justice (FpVTE 2012). The company's Mega Matcher fingerprint identification engine has been recognized by NIST as fully MINEX compliant allowing to use it in U.S. Government Personal Identity Verification program (PIV) fingerprint recognition applications. Previously, the fingerprint recognition algorithms have received awards in the International Fingerprint Verification Competitions (FVC2006, FVC2004, FVC2002 and FVC2000). VeriEye iris identification engine has been tested in the NIST Iris Exchange (IREX) Evaluation and recognized as one of the most reliably accurate iris recognition algorithms among those tested. In 2004 Neurotechnology began research in artificial intelligence (A.I.), computer vision and mobile autonomous robotics fields, and in the same year the company's AI division was founded. The company's object recognition, surveillance, eye movement tracking and 3D object model reconstruction technologies use advanced computer-based vision algorithms and are applicable to a variety of applications, as well as for generic robot and machine vision. In 2014 Neurotechnology released SentiBotics – a ready-to-use robotics development kit. SentiBotics enables the rapid development and testing of mobile robots and comes with software,
- 14. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 14 sample programs, a tracked platform and grasping robotic arm, 3D vision, object recognition and autonomous navigation capabilities. In 2017 Neurotechnology researchers won first place in a Kaggle competition with deep neural network based computer vision solution for classifying fish species.
- 15. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 15 CHAPTER - 6 CONCLUSION 1. Neurotechnology can change the world from Adam&Eve to present day human. But it should not be used for illicit things for happening of good things. 2. The future of neurotechnologies lies in how they are fundamentally applied, and not so much on what new versions will be developed. 3. Current technologies give a large amount of insight into the mind and how the brain functions, but basic research is still needed to demonstrate the more applied functions of these technologies.
- 16. RAVI KRISHNA TEJA PAGE 16 CHAPTER - 7 REFERENCES 1.The Hindu News Paper 2.Neurotechnology(Company) http://www.neurotechnology.com/ 3.Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology