New accountingbasicspart2
- 1. Accounting Basics, Part 2 Part 2 The Accounting Cycle, T-Accounts, Trial Balance, and from Ledger to Trial Closing Balance
- 2. What’s Here… Introduction The Accounting Cycle T-Accounts Trial Balance Adjusting Entries Closing Entries
- 3. Introduction, Page 1 of 2 This training picks up where Part 1 left off. This one illustrates and discusses: – The Accounting Cycle – T-Accounts – Trial Balance – Adjusting Entries – Closing Entries – Trial Closing Balance
- 4. Introduction, Page 2 of 2 Part 1, started with the Basics by discussing: Part 3, the next training in this series, illustrates and discusses the Balance Sheet, the Income Statement and analyzing financials • Business Types • Business Organization • Professional Advice • Accounting and Records • Accrual Accounting • Basic Bookkeeping • Chart of Accounts • Double-Entry Accounting • Debits & Credits • The Journal • The Ledger
- 5. Accounting Cycle Page 1 of 9 Journal Entries Adjusting Entries Closing Entries Balance Sheet and Income Statement Starts here:
- 6. Accounting Cycle, Page 2 of 9 Step 1 Business transactions occur that result in source documents such as receipts, bills, checks, etc. Step 2 Business transactions are recorded in the Journal chronologically by account name Step 3 Information is posted (copied) from the Journal to the General Ledger (book in which accounts are recorded) Steps are illustrated on next slide
- 7. Accounting Cycle, Page 3 of 9 Journal _______ __________ ____ _______ Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Steps 1 and 2 – Transactions occur resulting in business revenue and expense details that are recorded in the Journal Step 3 – Information from Journal is posted to applicable ledgers Recurring transactions are grouped together into like accounts (categories) such as cash, receivables, payables, equipment, etc.
- 8. Accounting Cycle, Page 4 of 9 Step 4 A trial balance is prepared which lists, in order, the ending monthly balances of all general ledger accounts Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Trial Balance Assets Liabilities Net Worth Revenue Expense
- 9. Accounting Cycle, Page 5 of 9 Journal _______ __________ ____ _______ Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Step 5 Adjusting entries are completed at the end of the accounting period (e.g., monthly) to match proper revenue with expenses in that period Step 6 Adjusting entries from the Journal are posted into the General Ledger
- 10. Accounting Cycle, Page 6 of 9 Step 7 An adjusted trial balance is prepared that reflects only the adjusting entries. (If an error has occurred, it was made in posting.) Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Adjusted Trial Balance
- 11. Accounting Cycle, Page 7 of 9 Journal _______ __________ ____ _______ Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Step 8 All temporary (nominal) accounts are closed and have a zero balance at the beginning of the next accounting period (month) All closing entries at the end of the accounting period are recorded in the Journal
- 12. Accounting Cycle, Page 8 of 9 Journal _______ __________ ____ _______ Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Step 9 Closing entries from the Journal are posted to the General Ledger Step 10 A post-closing trial balance is prepared which only shows permanent accounts Post-Closing Trial Balance
- 13. Accounting Cycle, Page 9 of 9 Step 11 Monthly (or periodic) financial statements are prepared: Income Statement Revenue – Expenses = Net Profit/Loss Balance Sheet Assets = Liabilities + Net Worth The Balance Sheet equation cannot balance until net income (or loss) is added to the Balance Sheet from the Income Statement.
- 14. T- Accounts, Page 1 of 7 Date 20XX Item PR Debit Date 20XX Item PR Credit Jan 1 J1 2500 Jan 2 J1 250 Jan 3 J1 175 2500 452 Jan XX Balance 2048 Footing (adding) helps balance the account. Ending balance is difference between the footings. Cash Account No. 101 Standard Ledger Account … the “T” Account
- 15. T- Accounts, Page 2 of 7 Assets = Liabilities + Net Worth Revenue - Expenses Debit Credit + - Balance Debit Credit - + Balance Debit Credit + Credit + Debit - Debit Credit + - Withdrawals Debits LEFT Credits RIGHT Balances are the differences between debits and credits in the accounts. Normal balance for all asset accounts are debits. Normal balance for liability accounts are credits.
- 16. T- Accounts, Page 3 of 7 Debit Credit 5000 Cash Debit Credit 100 Equipment Debit Credit 5100 Capital On Jan 1, 20XX, the business owner invested $5000 cash and $100 office equipment in the business. On Jan 15, 20XX, the business bought a used truck for $1000 cash and a note payable for $4000. Debit Credit 5000 1000 Cash Debit Credit 5000 Truck Debit Credit 4000 Note Payable
- 17. T- Accounts, Page 4 of 7 Debit Credit 5000 1000 2000 Cash Debit Credit 2000 Revenue On Jan 17, 20XX, the business earned $2000 for services. On Jan 20, 20XX, the business paid utilities on the building for $200. Debit Credit Cash Debit Credit 200 Utilities Expense 5000 1000 2000 200
- 18. T- Accounts, Page 5 of 7 Debit Credit 5000 1000 2000 200 500 Cash Debit Credit 500 Rent Expense On Jan 21, 20XX, the business paid its monthly building/office rent of $500. On Jan 22, 20XX, the business bought office supplies for $250. Debit Credit Cash Debit Credit 250 Office Supplies 5000 1000 2000 200 500 250
- 19. T- Accounts, Page 6 of 7 Debit Credit 5000 1000 2000 200 500 250 100 Cash Debit Credit 100 Withdrawals On Jan 24, 20XX, the business owner withdrew $100 cash to pay personal expenses.
- 20. T- Accounts, Page 7 of 7 At the end of the month the business transactions were summarized. Debit Credit 5000 1000 2000 200 500 250 100 Balance 4950 Cash Debit Credit 250 Office Supplies Debit Credit 100 Office Equipment Debit Credit 5000 Truck Debit Credit 4000 Note Payable Debit Credit 5100 Business Capital Debit Credit 100 Withdrawals Debit Credit 2000 Revenue Debit Credit 200 Utilities Debit Credit 500 Rent …to Trial Balance
- 21. Trial Balance, Page 1 of 2 Business Name Trial Balance Date Debit Credit Cash Supplies Equipment Vehicle Note Payable Capital Withdrawal Revenue Utilities Rent $4,950 250 100 5,000 100 200 500 4,000 5,100 2,000 TOTALS $11,100 $11,100 Debits = Credits When the Trial Balance matches (equals), everything is fine. But, when it doesn’t the bookkeeper must backtrack and verify all entries against the business transaction documentation until the discrepancy is discovered. Corrections are entered and annotated in the Journal, posted to the applicable ledger, and the Trial Balance.
- 22. Trial Balance, Page 2 of 2 Prepared at the end of the accounting period Prepared from the general ledger Each account balance is recorded in order starting with assets, liabilities, net worth, revenue and expenses Totals for debits and credits are compared and should equal Journals, ledgers and business transaction documentation are reconciled
- 23. Adjusting Entries, Page 1 of 11 Made at the end of the month or accounting period Made to: – Current Assets – Long-Term Assets – Liabilities – Revenue – Expense
- 24. Adjusting Entries, Page 2 of 11 Cash is never used in an adjusting entry An expense or revenue account is used in every transaction Expenses will normally be debits and revenue accounts will be credits Revenue and Expense Accounts that have been earned, but remain unrecorded, must be adjusted
- 25. Adjusting Entries, Page 3 of 11 Date Description of Entry PR Debit Credit 20XX 10 Cash 50000 Capital 50000 Invested in the business 10 Supplies 3500 Cash 3500 Shirts for resale Cash Accounts Accounts Payable Adjusted Trial Balance 1. Adjustments are recorded in the Journal .. Then posted to ledgers 2. An adjusted trial balance is prepared to guard against errors.
- 26. Adjusting Entries, Page 4 of 11 Asset – Accounts such as prepaid insurance, office supplies, prepaid rent have been paid in advance and recorded as assets. These should be expensed as used. Liabilities – A unique liability may be created when services are paid in advance for something the business has not yet done. This receipt of cash increased the cash account and a liability called Unearned Revenue which remains in this account until “earned”. As it is “earned” it is transferred out of this account and into Revenue.
- 27. Adjusting Entries, Page 5 of 11 Accrued Expense – These are expenses that have been incurred, but not yet paid. Accrued Revenue – A job will not be completed for several months and the business won’t get paid until the end of the job. At the end of the first month, an adjusting entry is needed for the amount of earnings in the current month, even though the job is not yet completed and no bill has been sent.
- 28. Adjusting Entries, Page 6 of 11Business Name: Date _______________ Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash 1000.00 Accounts Receivable 5000.00 Prepaid Insurance 600.00 Office Supplies 400.00 Equipment 10000.00 Automobiles 24000.00 Buildings 80000.00 Land 25000.00 Accounts Payable 25000.00 Notes Payable 15000.00 Unearned Revenue 1500.00 Mortgage Payable 80000.00 Capital 27500.00 Withdrawals 12000.00 Revenue (earnings) 90000.00 Wage Expense 48000.00 Utilities Expense 12000.00 Advertising Expense 6000.00 Repair Expense 15000.00 TOTAL 239000.00 239000.00 This sample trial balance will be used to demonstrate end-of- month/period adjusting entries for: • Current Assets • Long-Term Assets • Current Liabilities • Accrued Expense • Accrued Revenue While each of the examples are separate, all of these that are applicable would be made and an Adjusted Trial Balance prepared. Adjustments will appear in blue.
- 29. Adjusting Entries, Page 7 of 11 Business Name: Date _______________ Adjusted Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash 1000.00 Accounts Receivable 5000.00 Prepaid Insurance 600.00 Office Supplies 400.00 300.00 Equipment 10000.00 Automobiles 24000.00 Buildings 80000.00 Land 25000.00 Accounts Payable 25000.00 Notes Payable 15000.00 Unearned Revenue 1500.00 Mortgage Payable 80000.00 Capital 27500.00 Withdrawals 12000.00 Revenue (earnings) 90000.00 Wage Expense 48000.00 Office Supplies Expense 100.00 Utilities Expense 12000.00 Advertising Expense 6000.00 Repair Expense 15000.00 TOTAL 239000.00 239000.00 Date P.R. Debit Credit Dec 31 Office Supplies Exp 100 Office Supplies 100 Adjusting Current Assets: Current assets are adjusted by removing the used amount from the asset account and transferring it to the expense account.
- 30. Adjusting Entries, Page 8 of 11 Business Name: Date _______________ Adjusted Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash 1000.00 Accounts Receivable 5000.00 Prepaid Insurance 600.00 Office Supplies 400.00 Equipment 10000.00 Accumulated Depreciation 2000.00 Automobiles 24000.00 Accumulated Depreciation 5000.00 Buildings 80000.00 Accumulated Depreciation 4000.00 Land 25000.00 Accounts Payable 25000.00 Notes Payable 15000.00 Unearned Revenue 1500.00 Mortgage Payable 80000.00 Capital 27500.00 Withdrawals 12000.00 Revenue (earnings) 90000.00 Wage Expense 48000.00 Utilities Expense 12000.00 Advertising Expense 6000.00 Repair Expense 15000.00 Depreciation Expense 2000.00 Depreciation Expense 5000.00 Depreciation Expense 4000.00 TOTAL 239000.00 239000.00 Date P.R. Debit Credit Dec 31 Depreciation Expense, Equip J16 2000 Accumulated Depreciation J17 2000 Dec 31 Depreciation Expense, Auto J18 5000 Accumulated Depreciation J19 5000 Dec 31 Depreciation Expense, Bldg J20 4000 Accumulated Depreciation J21 4000 Adjusting Long-Term Assets: Long-term assets need to be adjusted for the amount of depreciation (use) for the accounting period. AN account called Accumulated Depreciation is used. This account is a contra-asset account (credit balance) instead of a the normal debit balance of an asset. The difference between cost and depreciation is known as book value. (e.g., equip cost 10000 – 2000 depreciation = 8000 book value.)
- 31. Adjusting Entries, Page 9 of 11 Business Name: Date _______________ Adjusted Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash 1000.00 Accounts Receivable 5000.00 Prepaid Insurance 600.00 Office Supplies 400.00 Equipment 10000.00 Automobiles 24000.00 Buildings 80000.00 Land 25000.00 Accounts Payable 25000.00 Notes Payable 15000.00 Unearned Revenue 1500.00 1000.00 Mortgage Payable 80000.00 Capital 27500.00 Withdrawals 12000.00 Revenue (earnings) 90000.00 90500.00 Wage Expense 48000.00 Utilities Expense 12000.00 Advertising Expense 6000.00 Repair Expense 15000.00 TOTAL 239000.00 239000.00 Date P.R. Debit Credit Dec 31 Unearned Revenue 500 Revenue 500 Adjusting Current Liabilities: Earnings of $500 are recorded as revenue from the liability account. The liability account was created when the company received cash in advance, but had not earned the amount. When the amount is earned, it is transferred to the revenue account.
- 32. Adjusting Entries, Page 10 of 11 Business Name: Date _______________ Adjusted Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash 1000.00 Accounts Receivable 5000.00 Prepaid Insurance 600.00 Office Supplies 400.00 Equipment 10000.00 Automobiles 24000.00 Buildings 80000.00 Land 25000.00 Accounts Payable 25000.00 Wage Payable 1500.00 Notes Payable 15000.00 Unearned Revenue 1500.00 Mortgage Payable 80000.00 Capital 27500.00 Withdrawals 12000.00 Revenue (earnings) 90000.00 Wage Expense 48000.00 49500.00 Utilities Expense 12000.00 Advertising Expense 6000.00 Repair Expense 15000.00 TOTAL 239000.00 239000.00 Date P.R. Debit Credit Dec 31 Wage Expense 1500 Wage Payable 1500 Adjusting Accrued Expense: This entry would be made by a company that pays payroll on the 5th and 20th of the month. The last days of the month would be recorded as a payable, because the expense had been incurred, but the company will not make a payment until the 5th.
- 33. Adjusting Entries, Page 11 of 11 Business Name: Date _______________ Adjusted Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash 1000.00 Accounts Receivable 5000.00 6000.00 Prepaid Insurance 600.00 Office Supplies 400.00 Equipment 10000.00 Automobiles 24000.00 Buildings 80000.00 Land 25000.00 Accounts Payable 25000.00 Notes Payable 15000.00 Unearned Revenue 1500.00 Mortgage Payable 80000.00 Capital 27500.00 Withdrawals 12000.00 Revenue (earnings) 90000.00 91000.00 Wage Expense 48000.00 Utilities Expense 12000.00 Advertising Expense 6000.00 Repair Expense 15000.00 TOTAL 239000.00 239000.00 Date P.R. Debit Credit Dec 31 Accounts Receivable 1000 Revenue 1000 Adjusting Accrued Revenue: This entry is made for a job that is not completed by the end of the accounting period, but needs to be recorded since the service was performed in the accounting period.
- 34. Closing Entries, Page 1 of 4 Journal Withdrawals Revenue ExpensesPost-Closing Trial Balance All Closing entries at the end of the accounting period are recorded in the Journal then posted to the Ledger Accounts. All ledger accounts with balances are listed in the Post-Closing Trial Balance
- 35. Closing Entries, Page 2 of 4 At the end of each month, the revenue, expense and withdrawal accounts are closed to zero balance Closing entries move the difference between revenue and expense from the income statement to net worth (owner’s equity)
- 36. Closing Entries, Page 3 of 4 Assets = Liabilities + Net Worth The Balance Sheet equation can not balance without the amount of profit or loss from the Income Statement Income Statement
- 37. Closing Entries, Page 4 of 4 All revenue accounts start over at the end of each month. The revenue accounts are closed to the Expense and Income Summary All expense accounts are closed into the Expense and Income Summary The Expense and Income Summary account is closed to equity The Withdrawal Account is closed to equity
- 38. Additional Information, Page 1 of 2 Basic Accounting Training Part 1, covers: • Business Types • Business Organization • Professional Advice • Accounting and Records • Accrual Accounting • Basic Bookkeeping • Chart of Accounts • Double-Entry Accounting • Debits & Credits • The Journal • The Ledger
- 39. Additional Information, Page 2 of 2 Basic Accounting Training Part 3, covers: – Balance Sheet – Income Statement – Analyzing financial reports