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- 1. Breastfeeding 1. 1. BREAST FEEDING 2. 2. DEFINITION OF BREASTFEEDINGBreastfeeding is the feeding of an infant oryoung child with breast milk directly fromfemale human breasts (i.e., via lactation) notfrom a baby bottle or other container. 3. 3. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST fat Lacteferous lobules ductschest wall/rib cage dilated section of duct to hold milkpectoralis major nipplemuscle normal duct cellsNipple:18-20 basementduct Enlargement: membrane lumen 4. 4. CON’T…• Nipple and aerola enlarge and darken during pregnancy.• Small bump on aerola called Montgomery gland. montgomery gland:• To soften the nipple (prepare the nipple for breastfeed) 5. 5. The milk ejection reflexThe Prolactin Reflex1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to brain2. (Short arrow) The pituitary gland releases prolactin into theblood3. (Breast) This causes the alveolar cells to secrete milk andswells the alveoliThe Milk Ejection Reflex1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to the brain2. (Short arow) The pituitary gland releases oxytocin into thebloodstream3. (Breast) This causes muscles around the alveoli in thebreast to squeez milk to the nipple 6. 6. HOW BREAST MILK IS PRODUCED• The let-down reflex• How body responds to baby’s suckling: Infant suckling stimulates the nerve endings in the nipple and areola, which signal the pituitary gland in the brain to release two hormones, prolactin and oxytocin. How Breast Responds to Baby’s Suckling:• Prolactin causes alveoli to take nutrients (proteins, sugars) from blood supply and turn them into breast milk.• Oxytocin causes the cells around the alveoli to contract and eject milk down the milk ducts. This passing of the milk down the ducts is called the “let-down” (milk ejection) reflex. 7. 7. CON’T…• Let-down is experienced in numerous ways including: – Infant begins to actively suck and swallow. – Milk may drip from the opposite breast. – Mother may feel a tingling or a full sensation (after the first week of nursing) in breasts or uterine cramping. – May feel thirsty. 8. 8. 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff.2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy.3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding.4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within half an hour of birth.5. Show mothers how to breastfeed, and howto maintain lactation even if they should be separated from their infants. 9. 9. CONT…6.Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk, unless medically indicated.7.Practise rooming-in - that is, allow mothers and infants to remain together - 24 hours a day.8.Encourage breastfeeding on demand.9.Give no artificial teats or pacifiers (also called dummies or soothers) to breastfeeding infants.10.Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from the hospital or clinic. 10. 10. BREAST MILK CONTENTSProteinsHuman milk contains two types of proteins: whey andcasein. Approximately 60% is whey, while 40% is casein.• Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of iron-dependent bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.• Secretory IgA also works to protect the infant from viruses and bacteria, specifically those that the baby, mom, and family are exposed to. It also helps to protect against E. Coli and possibly allergies. Other immunoglobulins, including IgG and IgM, in breast milk also help protect against bacterial and viral infections. 11. 11. BREAST MILK CONTENTS• Lysozyme is an enzyme that protects the infant against E. Coli and Salmonella. It also promotes the growth of healthy intestinal flora and has anti- inflammatory functions.• Bifidus factor supports the growth of lactobacillus that protects the baby against harmful bacteria by creating an acidic environment where it cannot survive.
- 2. 12. 12. CONT’Fats• It is necessary for brain development, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and is a primary calorie source.• Long chain fatty acids are needed for brain, retina, and nervous system development. They are deposited in the brain during the last trimester of pregnancy and are also found in breast milk. 13. 13. CONT’Vitamins• The amount and types of vitamins in breast milk is directly related to the mother’s vitamin intake. Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are all vital to the infant’s health. Water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and panthothenic acid are also essential.Carbohydrates• Lactose is the primary carbohydrate found in human milk.. Lactose helps to decrease the amount of unhealthy bacteria in the stomach, which improves the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. It helps to fight disease and promotes the growth of healthy bacteria in the stomach. 14. 14. BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING TO MOTHER1. This promotes mother and child bonding.2. It prevens uterine bleeding in the mother after delivery.3. This is a natural form of Family Planning.4. This reduces the risks of breast and ovarian cancer in the mother.5. This saves time and precious expenses need not be used for buying milk powder and health care. 15. 15. BENEFITS BREASTFEEDING FOR BABY1. This provides the best possible nutrion to the young child.2. It reduces the incidence of coughs and colds,ear infections,bronchitis,pneumonia,meningitis and diarrhoea through its protective factors.3. It protects the child from colic,asthma,eczema, nose and food allergies.4. It is essential for the optimal physical,emotional and mental development of the child.Breastfed child are also smarter. 16. 16. HOW LONG TO BREASTFEED• Newborns can nurse for 5 to 10 minute per breast; every 2 to 3 hours. This comes to about 10 to 12 feedings per day. In the beginning, there is only colostrum, and there’s not very much of it, so be ready to feed often but for short durations.• One month or more: as baby gets older, his stomach will get larger. He will nurse less frequently but for a longer duration at each feeding session. For example, he may nurse 20 to 40 minute per breast every 3 to 4 hours.• By 6 months, Baby may breastfeed for 20 to 40 minutes per breast; 3 to 5 times per day. 17. 17. CONTRAINDICATION TO BREASTFEEDING Active /untreated TB Mom takes radioactive compound(cancer for chemo) Mom take illegal drug HIV infection 18. 18. THE PROPER WAY TO BREASTFEED• Stimulate the baby mouth to open by touching the nipple.• Let the baby open the mouth wider.• Bring the baby near to the breast• Latch the baby to the breast 19. 19. PROPER LATCH-ON1. Baby open the mouth wider.2. The chin touching the breast3. The chick looked flatulent.4. The lip are flanged out.5. The breast looked full and round6. Can hear the sound suck and swallow7. The nipple looked long and round after breastfeed. 20. 20. DISLATCH BABY AFTER BREASTFEEDING• Used little finger press on the gum to open the baby mouth to dislatch from the nipple 21. 21. POSITIONING OFBREASTFEEDING 22. 22. Side lying position 23. 23. Football hold position 24. 24. Cradle hold position 25. 25. Cross cradle hold position 26. 26. Saddle Hold 27. 27. Twin Football Hold 28. 28. SIGNS THAT THE BABY IS GETTING ENOUGH BREAST MILK1. He is contented for 1- 2 hours after a feed2. He passes clear dilute urine 5-6 times a day3. He passes bright yellow watery stools 6-8 times a day4. He regains birth weight after 2weeks 29. 29. BREAST MILK SUPPLY CAN BE INCREASED BY:1. Frequent feeds day and night2. Allowing unlimited breastfeeding to satisfy baby’s suckling needs3. Mother to eat and drink sufficient quantities to satisfy baby’s suckling her hunger and thirst4. Cultural foods like ginger and rice wine are compatible with breastfeeding.
- 3. 30. 30. BREAST MILK STORAGE/THAWING: Unless being used immediately, refrigerate it within 1 hour. Thaw/warm the milk in container of lukewarm water or running water. Once milk is thawed, it should be used within 24 hours. Once milk is warmed and not used for the feeding, it should be discarded. 31. 31. Place of storage Temperature Maximum storage timeIn a room 25°C 77°F Six to eight hoursInsulated thermal bag with Up to 24 hoursice packsIn a refrigerator 4°C 39°F Up to five daysFreezer compartment -15°C 5°F Two weeksinside a refrigeratorA combined refrigerator -18°C 0°F Three to six monthsand freezer with separatedoorsChest or upright manual -20°C -4°F Six to twelve monthsdefrost deep freezer 32. 32. COMPLICATION Breast Pain Biting Too much milk Mastitis Breast abscess Breast engorgement Sore nipple 33. 33. CONT’Sore, Cracked NipplesThe causes of sore and/or cracked nipplesincludes :• Improper latching on by the baby• Thrush• Dry skin• Dermatitis• Biting 34. 34. NUTRITION WHILE BREASTFEEDING: Eat a well-balanced, varied diet Breastfeeding mothers burn 500+ calories daily Check with doctor about taking a multivitamin with iron Drink eight glasses of fluid (eight ounces each) daily Avoid or limit caffeinated drinks to one to two cups daily Avoid alcohol or limit to one serving (six ounces of wine or 12 ounces of beer) on a special occasion 35. 35. han